PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA

University of the City of Manila

College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

PRECIPITATION TANK 2

DESIGN PROBLEM
A precipitation tank is used to precipitate extracted carrageenan from
carrageenan solution by mixing a feed of 8242.69 kg ethanol with 4121.34 kg
carrageenan solution. The process is to be kept for 30 minutes at 25 oC. Design
a precipitation tank for the process.
DESIGN SELECTION
 Standard ASME or torispherical heads are usually specified for pressures up
to 20 bar (Hall, S. Branan’s Rules of Thumb for Chemical Engineers, Chapter
8, pp. 150).
 High-efficient, three blade impeller with pitch angle and tip angle of 30 and 10
degrees respectively is used because it produces more fluid motion and it is
used for liquid mixtures of different range of viscosities (Principles of
Transport Processes and Separation Processes by Geankoplis, 3rd Edition
155).
DESIGN DESCRIPTION
The batch stirred tank is selected because it is most commonly used for
process industries and for small throughput rate The carrageenan solution and
ethanol are directly piped to the tank, and the components are mixed in
consistency for 15 minutes to allow the carrageenan from the solution to
precipitate. The precipitated carrageenan is allowed to settle inside the tank for
another 15 minutes. the precipitate mixture is transferred into the next equipment
using a pipeline beneath the tanks with the aid of a centrifugal pump. The tank is
cylindrical and has a torispherical head and bottom.

Polymerization of Pectin from Mango (Mangifera indica) Peels and Carrageenan

from Red Seaweed (Eucheuma cottonii) for the Production of Co-polymer Precipitation
Composite Film
1
Tank 2
Alicando, J.M.A.P., Baoas, C.B., Calingasan, V.R.D., Garcia, A.C.M., Tabuzo, A.F.D.
 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

PARTS AND FUNCTIONS

Figure 8.XX Parts of Precipitation Tank 2

Table 8.XX Parts and Functions of Precipitation Tank 2

Parts Functions
Causes the impeller to rotate by converting electrical
Motor
energy to mechanical energy
Carrageenan Solution
This is where the carrageenan solution enters
Feed Inlet
Ethanol Feed Inlet This is where the ethanol enters
Tank Contains the reactor mixture
Outlet This is where the precipitate mixture is discharged
It uniformly agitates the mixture that give better intimacy
Impeller
between the two phases.
Helps prevent vortex formation that lessens the reaction
Baffles
rate.
DATA AND ASSUMPTIONS
1. The mass of the carrageenan solution entering the tank is 4121.34 kg / batch.
(Basis: Material Balance)
2. The mass of the ethanol entering the tank is 8242.69 kg / batch. (Basis:
Material Balance)

Polymerization of Pectin from Mango (Mangifera indica) Peels and Carrageenan

from Red Seaweed (Eucheuma cottonii) for the Production of Co-polymer Precipitation
Composite Film
2
Tank 2
Alicando, J.M.A.P., Baoas, C.B., Calingasan, V.R.D., Garcia, A.C.M., Tabuzo, A.F.D.
 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

3. The density of the extracted carrageenan solution is 1020 kg / m 3. (Basis:

Experimental Study)
4. The density of ethanol is 780 kg / m3. (Basis: Experimental Study)
5. The reaction temperature is at 25 oC and the residence time is 30 minutes.
6. The time needed to fill the reactor is 15 minutes.
7. The time of emptying the reactor is 15 minutes.
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
1. A 20% safety factor is used for a batch stirred tank mixer. (Source: Peters
and Timmerhaus, Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers, page
37)
2. The filling capacity of the reactor is 80% of the volume of the reactor. (Source:
Hall and Branan: Rules of Thumb for Chemical Engineers ed., page 150)
3. The level of the fluid is equal to the diameter of the tank. (Source: McCabe
and Smith, Unit Operations in Chemical Engineering, 5 th ed. Page 241)
4. Standard torispherical heads are the most commonly used end closure for
vessels up to operating pressures of 15 bar. (Source: Towler and Sinnott,
Chemical Engineering Design Vol. 6, 4e, p. 987).
5. The corrosion allowance for known corrosive conditions is 0.35 in. (Source:
Rules of Thumb for Chemical Engineers, Branan, Fourth Edition, page 458).
6. 317 Stainless steel is the material of construction to be used because it is
primarily used for process equipment involving strong acids or chlorinated
solvent (Source: Plant Design and Economics by Peters and Timmerhaus 4 th
ed. Page 427 Table 4)
7. The geometric proportions for standard agitation system is D a/Dt = 1/3. Also,
L/Da = 1/4, W/Da = 1/5, C/Dt = 1/3, H/Dt = 1 (Principles of Transport Processes
and Separation Processes by Geankoplis, 3rd Edition, Table 3.4-1 pp. 158).
8. High-efficient, three blade impeller with pitch angle and tip angle of 30 and 10
degrees is selected as the impeller because it is used for liquids of different
range of viscosities and is useful for suspension of solids (Principles of
Transport Processes and Separation Processes by Geankoplis, 3rd Edition
155).
9. Impeller’s rotational speed is 20 to 200 rpm, wherein the maximum of 200
rpm is used. (Source: Geankoplis, Principle of Transport Processes and
Separation Processes, page 155)
10. The efficiency of the double welded butt joint is 80% based upon the material
factor 1.00. This type of weld is selected because they are stronger than

Polymerization of Pectin from Mango (Mangifera indica) Peels and Carrageenan

from Red Seaweed (Eucheuma cottonii) for the Production of Co-polymer Precipitation
Composite Film
3
Tank 2
Alicando, J.M.A.P., Baoas, C.B., Calingasan, V.R.D., Garcia, A.C.M., Tabuzo, A.F.D.
 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

single-welded joints and may be used for either longitudinal or circumferential

seams. (Source: Hesse and Rushton, Process Equipment Design page 84)
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
1. Tank Dimensions 5. Baffle Design
a. Tank Diameter a. Width
b. Tank Height b. Number of Baffles
c. Capacity of the Tank 6. Power Requirement
2. Shell Thickness
3. Head and Bottom Thickness
4. Impeller Design
a. Diameter
b. Width
c. Height
DESIGN CALCULATIONS
1. Tank Dimensions
Using the upscale values for feed of mixing process:
M pectin solution kg M ethanol kg
V =( + )
kg kg
ρ pectin solution 3 ρethanol 3
m m
4121.34 kg 8242.69 kg
V =( + )
kg kg
1020 3 780 3
m m
V =17.5297 m3
Using 20 % Safety Factor :17.5297 m 3 x 1.20=17.5297 m 3
Use: 18 m3
a. Tank Diameter
According to McCabe and Smith, Unit Operations in Chemical
Engineering 5th ed. Page 24, the level of the fluid is equal to the
diameter of the tank. To get the diameter of the tank:
π
V = D 2 hshell +0.513 hhead D 2
4
The height of the head is equal to 0.1577D, therefore:
π 2
V= D (h fluid−hhead )+ 0.513 hhead D 2
4

Polymerization of Pectin from Mango (Mangifera indica) Peels and Carrageenan

from Red Seaweed (Eucheuma cottonii) for the Production of Co-polymer Precipitation
Composite Film
4
Tank 2
Alicando, J.M.A.P., Baoas, C.B., Calingasan, V.R.D., Garcia, A.C.M., Tabuzo, A.F.D.
 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

π 2
V= D (h fluid−0.1577 D)+0.513 hhead D 2
4
Since D=hfluid:
π 2
17.5297 m 3= D ( D−0.1577 D)+0.513(0.1577 D)D 2
4
D=2.8688m
Use: Tank Diameter =2.9 m
b. Tank Height
The total tank height is equal to the height of the shell and the
height of top and bottom. Calculating for the shell height:
π
V = D 2 hshell +(2 x 0.513 h head D 2 )
4
π 2
V= D hshell +(2 x 0.513 (0.1577 D) D 2)
4
π
17.5297 m 3= (2.8688 m)2 ( h shell m ) +(2 x 0.513 ( 0.1577 x 2.8688 m ) (2.8688 m)2)
4
h shell=2.1210m
According to Perry’s Chemical Engineering Handbook 7th ed. Pg.
10-140 Table 10-65, the height of the head is equal to 0.1577D,
calculating for the height of the top and the bottom:
h head=0.1577 D
h head=0.1577( 2.8688 m)
h head=0.4524 m
Therefore, the total height of the tank is equal to:
H=2.1210 m+0.4524 m+0.4524 m=3.0258 m
Use: Tank Height= 3.10 m
The height diameter ratio is equal to:
H 3.0258 m
= =1.05
D 2.8688 m
2. Shell Thickness
To calculate the thickness of the shell, the equation from Hesse
and Rushton, Process Equipment Design is used.

Polymerization of Pectin from Mango (Mangifera indica) Peels and Carrageenan

from Red Seaweed (Eucheuma cottonii) for the Production of Co-polymer Precipitation
Composite Film
5
Tank 2
Alicando, J.M.A.P., Baoas, C.B., Calingasan, V.R.D., Garcia, A.C.M., Tabuzo, A.F.D.
 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

pD
t= +c
2 Se− p
Where:
P=Design Pressure
S=Maximum Allowable Stress
e=Joint Efficiency
c=Corrosion Allowance
The maximum allowable stress is calculated as follows:
S=S u x F m x F a x Fr x F s
Where:
Su=Ultimate Tensile Strengths= 89900 psi
(Source:http://www.matweb.com/search/DataSheet.aspx?
MatGUID=9d2771f82a1847f3a98529f4489047c2)
Fm=Material Factor=1.0
Fs=Allowable Fraction of Su=0.25
Fr=Stress Relieving Factor=1.0
Fa=Radiograph Factor=1.0
S=89900 psi x 1.0 x 1.0 x 1.0 x 0.25=22475 psi
The design pressure is calculated as:
P= ρgh+ P atm
The density of the solution inside the tank is calculated as:
M kg 4121.34 kg +8242.69 kg kg
ρ= total 3 = =846.3829 3
V total m ( 4121.34 kg + 8242.69 kg ) m
kg kg
1020 3 780 3
m m
Therefore, the design pressure is equal to:
kg m 17.5297 m3 1 Pa
(
P= 846.3829
m3 )(
9.81 2
s )( π
(2.8688 m)2 )( )
1
kg
+101325 Pa=123842.4888 Pa=17.966
4 m−s 2
Computing for the shell thickness:
pD
t= +c
2 Se− p
1000 mm
(17.9668 psi)(2.8688 m x )
1m
t= +0.35∈¿
2 ( 22475 psi ) ( 0.80 )−17.9668 psi

Polymerization of Pectin from Mango (Mangifera indica) Peels and Carrageenan

from Red Seaweed (Eucheuma cottonii) for the Production of Co-polymer Precipitation
Composite Film
6
Tank 2
Alicando, J.M.A.P., Baoas, C.B., Calingasan, V.R.D., Garcia, A.C.M., Tabuzo, A.F.D.
 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

Use: Shell Thickness= 10.5 mm

3. Head and Bottom Thickness

The torispherical head and bottom thickness is calculated using the
equation given by Sinnott (page 581):
0.885 P Rc
t= +c
S E j−0.1 P
Since the crown radius is equal to the diameter of the head minus 6
inch (0.1524 m) (Hesse, Process Equipment Design pg. 69).
1000 mm
0.885 x ( 17.9668 psi ) x ( ( 2.8688 m−0.1524 m ) x )
1m
t= +0.35∈¿
(22475 psi)(0.80)−0.1(17.9668 psi)
Use: Head and Bottom Thickness= 11.50 mm
For uniform thickness, use: 11.50 mm
4. Impeller Design
a. Diameter of Impeller
The impeller diameter can be calculated using the relationship
given by Geankoplis, Principles of Transport Processes and
Separation Processes pg. 158, Table 3.4-1:
Da
=0.3
Dt
Da =0.3 D t
Da =0.3 ( 2.8688m )=0.8606 m
Use: Da= 1 m
b. Width of Impeller
For flat six-blade open turbine,
W 1
=
Da 5

Polymerization of Pectin from Mango (Mangifera indica) Peels and Carrageenan

from Red Seaweed (Eucheuma cottonii) for the Production of Co-polymer Precipitation
Composite Film
7
Tank 2
Alicando, J.M.A.P., Baoas, C.B., Calingasan, V.R.D., Garcia, A.C.M., Tabuzo, A.F.D.
 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

(Source: Geankoplis, Principles of Transport Processes and

Separation Processes, pg. 159).
W 1
=
0.8606 m 5
W =0.1721 m
Use: W= 0.2 m
c. Elevation of Impeller
The elevation of impeller is equal to the 1/3 of the tank diameter
according to Geankoplis, Principles of Transport Processes and
Separation Processes pg. 158 Table 3.4-1:
1
E= ( 2.8688 m ) =0.9563 m
3
Use: E= 1 m
d. Length of Shaft
The length of shaft is equal to the difference between the total
height of the reactor and elevation, according to Geankoplis, Principles
of Transport Processes and Separation Processes pg. 158 Table 3.4-
1:
H a=H t−E=3.0258 m−0.9563 m=2. 0695 m
Use: Ha = 2.10 m
5. Baffle Design
a. Width of Baffle
The width of the baffle is equal to the 1/12 of the tank diameter
according to Geankoplis, Principles of Transport Processes and
Separation Processes pg. 158, Table 3.4-1:
1
J= ( 2.8688 m )=0.2391 m
12
Use: Da= 0.25 m
b. Number of Baffles
To prevent swinging and vortex formation, four baffles are to be
used in the reaction. (McCabe and Smith, Unit Operations in Chemical
Engineering, 5th ed. Page 240).
Use: 4 baffles

Polymerization of Pectin from Mango (Mangifera indica) Peels and Carrageenan

from Red Seaweed (Eucheuma cottonii) for the Production of Co-polymer Precipitation
Composite Film
8
Tank 2
Alicando, J.M.A.P., Baoas, C.B., Calingasan, V.R.D., Garcia, A.C.M., Tabuzo, A.F.D.
 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

6. Power Requirement

To compute the power requirement, we need to determine the power

number Np by computing the Reynolds number of the mixture using the equation
given by Geankoplis (Principles of Transport Processes and Separation
Processes Equation 3.4-1 pp. 158).
Da2 Nρ
N ' ℜ=
μ

Where:
N’Re = Reynolds number
Da = Diameter of impeller, 0.8606 m
ρ = density, 846.3829 kg/m3
N = rpm, 200 rpm (Principles of Transport Processes and Separation Processes
by Geankoplis, 3rd Edition 155).
μ = Viscosity of the mixture, 2.30 cp
rev 1 min kg
( 0.8606 m )2 (200 x )(846.3829 3 )
min 60 s m
N ' ℜ= =908490
kg
0.001
m∙ s
(2.30 cp x )
1 cp
Using Curve 6 for high-efficiency impeller in Principles of Transport
Processes and Separation Processes Figure 3.4-5 pp. 159. The power number
Np is 0.3. The power requirement of a polymerization tank reactor can now be
calculated using the equation given by Geankoplis (Principles of Transport
Processes and Separation Processes Equation 3.4-2 pp. 158).
P
N p=
ρ N 3 D a5
Where:
Np = power number, 0.3
ρ = density, 846.3829 kg/m3
N = rpm, 200 rpm (Principles of Transport Processes and Separation Processes
by Geankoplis, 3rd Edition 155).
Da = Diameter of impeller, 0.8606 m

Polymerization of Pectin from Mango (Mangifera indica) Peels and Carrageenan

from Red Seaweed (Eucheuma cottonii) for the Production of Co-polymer Precipitation
Composite Film
9
Tank 2
Alicando, J.M.A.P., Baoas, C.B., Calingasan, V.R.D., Garcia, A.C.M., Tabuzo, A.F.D.
 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

kg ∙ m2 1W
(P 3
)( )
s kg ∙ m2
1
s3
0.3=
kg rev 1min 3
846.3829 3 × 200
m (
min
×
60 s )
× ( 0.8606 m)
5

P=399.5523 W =0. 5356 hp

Use: P= 1 hp

Polymerization of Pectin from Mango (Mangifera indica) Peels and Carrageenan

from Red Seaweed (Eucheuma cottonii) for the Production of Co-polymer Precipitation 1
Composite Film Tank 2 0
Alicando, J.M.A.P., Baoas, C.B., Calingasan, V.R.D., Garcia, A.C.M., Tabuzo, A.F.D.
 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS
PRECIPITATION TANK 2
Operating Data
Number of Units Required 1
4121.34 kg Carrageenan Solution, 8242.69 kg
Materials Handled
Ethanol
Function To precipitate carrageenan from the solution
Residence Time 20 minutes
Operating Temperature 25 ºC
Materials of Construction 317 Stainless Steel
Technical Data
Parameters Proposed Existing
3
Capacity 18 m 0.05 – 30 m3
Tank Diameter 2.9 m 0.40 – 2.60 m
Total Tank Height 3.10 m 1.00 – 5.00 m
Shell Thickness 11.5 mm -
Head and Bottom Thickness 11.5 mm -
Impeller Type High-efficient Impeller Flat Blade 45º Impeller
Number of Impellers 1 1-2
Impeller Diameter 1m 1.0 – 2.0 m
Blade Width 0.11 m 0.1 – 1.0 m
Impeller Elevation 0.61 m 1–5m
Shaft Height 2.20 m 1 –5 m
Impeller Speed 200 rpm 10 – 150 rpm
Baffle Width 0.16 m 0.1 – 1.0 m
Power Requirement 0.7 hp 0.8-29.5 hp (0.6-22 kW)
SUPPLIER INFORMATION
Company Name WeiHai Global Chemical Machinery MFG Co., Ltd.
No.2, South No.1 Road, YangTing Village, Hauncui
Company Address
District, WeiHai City, ShanDong, China
Contact No. +86-0631-5766828
Price of Equipment Php 5,500,000
ACCESSORIES
Instrumentation and Control Electric Motor

DESIGN CONFIGURATION
PRECIPITATION TANK 2

Polymerization of Pectin from Mango (Mangifera indica) Peels and Carrageenan

from Red Seaweed (Eucheuma cottonii) for the Production of Co-polymer Precipitation 1
Composite Film Tank 2 1
Alicando, J.M.A.P., Baoas, C.B., Calingasan, V.R.D., Garcia, A.C.M., Tabuzo, A.F.D.
 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
University of the City of Manila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering

Polymerization of Pectin from Mango (Mangifera indica) Peels and Carrageenan

from Red Seaweed (Eucheuma cottonii) for the Production of Co-polymer Precipitation 1
Composite Film Tank 2 2
Alicando, J.M.A.P., Baoas, C.B., Calingasan, V.R.D., Garcia, A.C.M., Tabuzo, A.F.D.