The Boiling Points of Solutions:

Solution has a lower freezing point than the pure solvent, provided no solute
separates in the solid phase, so it has a higher boiling point, provided the
solute is non-volatile and hence is not present in the vapour phase. The
problem of the variation of the boiling point of a solution with composition,
at constant pressure, may be treated by means of equations already derived,
provided the solution is dilute enough for the solvent to behave ideally. If the
solute is non-volatile, as mentioned earlier in this book, the vapour consists
entirely of solvent molecules, and hence 𝑁1′ is unity.

The equation related to boiling point of solution is mentioned below

𝑑 ln N1 ∆𝐻𝑣
( 𝑑𝑇
) = 𝑅𝑇 2
----- (1)
𝑃

Where ΔHv is the molar heat of vaporization of the solvent at the specified
temperature and pressure. By assuming this quantity to remain constant in a
small temperature range, integration of equation (1) gives
∆𝐻𝑣 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑜
ln N1 = – ( ) ----- (2)
𝑅 𝑇 𝑇𝑜

Where T is the boiling-point of the solution and To is that of the pure solvent
at the same pressure. If the system does not contain an inert gas this constant
pressure is that of the atmosphere, for the temperature is then the normal
boiling point. Because N1 is always less than unity, lnN1 is negative, and
hence T – To must be positive; consequently, the boiling point of the solution
is greater than that of the solvent. The presence of a non-volatile solute thus
raises the boiling point.
If the rise of boiling point T – To is represented by θ, it follows that for a
dilute solution,
∆𝐻𝑣
ln N1 = – 𝜃 ----- (3)
𝑅𝑇𝑜2

𝑅𝑇𝑜2
For a very dilute solution, θ = N2 ----- (4)
∆𝐻𝑣

θ ≈ λm ----- (5)
𝑅𝑇𝑜2 𝑀1
The molal boiling point elevation constant λ is equal to where ΔHv
1000∆𝐻𝑣
is the molar heat of vaporization at the boiling point To of the pure solvent, of
formula weight M1. The results given above may be used for determining the
molecular weight of a solute from the rise of boiling point of the solution.