Importance of Safety

Anirudh Singh Rathore

 OSHA Guidelines
Management Leadership:

Should be fully committed

Provide sufficient resources for safety

Set an example by following safety procedures

themselves.

Worker Participation: It means all workers -

Should be encouraged to participate in safety programs.

Have access to all safety information.

 OSHA Guidelines
Hazard Identification and Assessment:

Collect all the information about the hazards likely to be

present in the workplace.

Determine the risk associated with each hazard.

Hazard Prevention and Control:

Identify and evaluate options for controlling hazards.

Implement a hazard control plan.

Evaluate the effectiveness of plan to determine if

additional measures may be needed.
 OSHA Guidelines
Education and Training:

Workers should have the sufficient education and training

needed to carry out work safely.

They should receive specialized training when their work

involves unique hazards.

Program Evaluation and Improvement:

Establish, report, and track whether the program is

effective.

Evaluate program periodically to identify deficiencies and

improvement opportunities.
Workstation Ergonomics
Fire Safety
Sprinklers
Sprinklers include a network of pipes filled with water under
pressure.

Individual sprinklers are placed along the piping to protect the

areas beneath them.

If fire breaks out, the air temperature above the fire rises and
the sprinkler activates when the air temperature gets high
enough.

Only the sprinkler nearest the fire activates. Smoke will not
activate sprinklers.

They react quickly and dramatically reduce heat, flames and

smoke.
Fire Hydrants
Fire trucks do have tanks of water, but they can't hold
enough water to fight a fire effectively.

Fire hydrants allow firefighters to access a local water

supply quickly.

Fire hydrants can typically supply a large volume of

water.

This water is pumped through hoses to the fire truck,

where it is pressurized and divided into several streams
to supply water to multiple fire hoses at once.
Stand Pipe
Standpipe is a type of rigid water piping which is built
into multi-story buildings in a vertical position or
bridges in a horizontal position,

Fire hoses can be connected to Stand Pipes allowing

manual application of water to the fire.

In the context of a building or bridge, a standpipe

serves the same purpose as a fire hydrant.
Deluge
Deluge systems are connected to a water supply through a
deluge valve that is opened by the operation of a smoke or heat
detection system.

Deluge Fire Sprinkler Systems differ from conventional Fire

Sprinkler Systems in the sense that all nozzles employed in the
system are open and when water is released into the system it
flows from all discharge devices.

Deluge systems are used in places that are considered high

hazard areas such as power plants, aircraft hangars and
chemical storage or processing facilities. Deluge systems are
needed where high velocity suppression is necessary to prevent
fire spread.
Foam
Foam is made up by three component parts: foam
concentrate + water + energy.

Energy can take the form of air or mechanical agitation

and when added to foam solution finished foam is
produced through means of a discharge device.

The finished foam is very fluid and readily flows over

liquid surfaces to extinguish fire in four ways:
• Excludes oxygen (separates fuel from vapour).
• Cools fuel surface (water content of foam).
• Prevents release of vapours (flammable fuel).
• Separates flame from fuel surface.
Emulsion
Emulsifying agents are effective at extinguishing fires on
small, thin-layer spills of flammable liquids (Class B fires).

They encapsulate the fuel in a fuel-water emulsion,

thereby trapping the flammable vapors in the water
phase.

Emulsifiers are not effective at extinguishing large fires

involving bulk/deep liquid fuels, because the amount of
emulsifier agent needed for extinguishment is a function
of the volume of the fuel, whereas other agents such as
aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) need cover only the
surface of the fuel to achieve vapor mitigation.
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide extinguishes fire by physically attacking all
three points of the fire triangle.

The primary attack is on the oxygen content of the

atmosphere. The introduction of CO2 into the fire zone
displaces sufficient oxygen in the atmosphere to extinguish
the open burning.

At the same time, the extinguishing process is aided by a

reduction in the concentration of gasified fuel in the fire
area.

And finally, CO2 does provide some cooling in the fire zone
to complete the extinguishing process.
Dry Chemical Powder (DCP)
Dry Chemical is a powder composed of very small
particles usually of sodium bicarbonate (baking soda),
potassium bicarbonate, urea-based potassium
bicarbonate, or monoammonium phosphate.

The idea behind DCP fire extinguisher is to blanket

the fuel with an inert solid (similar to dirt and sand).

DCP works by separating fuel from fire and also by

creating a barrier between the oxygen element and
the fuel element.
Halogenated Agents
The Halons are chemical derivatives of Methane (CH4) or
Ethane (C2H6), in which some or all the H atoms are replaced
with Flourine (F), Chlorine (Cl) or Bromine (Br) atoms, or by
combinations of these halogen elements.

Halogenated extinguishing agents, though a relatively recent

innovation in fire protection, are already being phased out,
since they have very high Ozone Depletion Potential or ODP.

Of the various Halons, Halon 1301 (Bromo-trifluoro-methane,

CF3Br) is the most commonly used, since it has the lowest
toxicity and highest extinguishing efficiency. Most of the
fires could be extinguished with 4 to 6 percent by volume of
H1301.
Water Mist
Water Mist
It relies on fine droplet sprays (<200 micron).

It removes fire by three mechanisms:

Mist droplets evaporate removing heat and

producing cooling.

Fine droplets evaporate before reaching fire

generating steam and removing oxygen.

Blocks radiative heat transfer between the fire and

the combustible.
Classification of Fire
Class Fuel Extinguisher

Solid combustible materials of organic

Class - A nature such as wood, paper, rubber, Water & Foam
plastics, etc.
DCP, Foam,
Class - B Flammable liquids
CO2

Class - C Flammable gases under pressure DCP, CO2

Combustible metals such as magnesium,

Class - D sodium, potassium, etc.
DCP
 Safety in Construction
Major hazards and risks in
Construction are:

1. Risks of slips, trips and falls.

 Safety in Construction
2. Trench collapse.

• Use a protective system for

trenches of depth 5’ or more.

• Hire a professional for trenches

of 20’ depth or more.

• Keep spoils at least 2’ away

from edge of a trench.
 Safety in Construction
3. Scaffolding.

• Must be strong enough to

carry own weight + 4x.

• Must not be supported on

unstable objects.
• Must be at least 10’ from
electric power lines at all
times.
 Safety in Construction
4. Head Protection.

• Class A hats provide impact,

penetration and voltage
resistance up to 2,200 volts.
• Class B hats provide impact,
penetration and voltage
resistance up to 20,000 volts.
• Class C hats provide
lightweight comfort and impact
protection but no protection
from electrical hazards.
 Safety in Construction
5. Risks related to Electricity.

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 Safety in Demolition
5. Risks related to Electricity.

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 Safety in Demolition
1. Demolition of exterior walls and floors must begin
at top and proceed downwards.

2. All roof cornices or other ornamental stonework

must be removed prior to pulling walls down.

3. Shut off or cap all electric, gas, water and other

service lines before proceeding demolition work.

4. Structural or load supporting members on any floor

must not be cut or removed until all stories above
that floor have been removed.
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 Ladder Safety
1. Always maintain a 3-point
(two hands and a foot, or
two feet and a hand) contact
on the ladder when climbing.

2. Ladders must be free of any

slippery material on the
rungs, steps or feet.

3. Do not use top rung of

ladder.

4. Make sure spreaders are

fully open and in place.
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Machine Guarding
FIXED GUARDS

▪ Permanent part of the machine.

▪ Not dependent upon moving
parts to perform its intended
function.
▪ Constructed of sheet metal,
screen, wire cloth, bars, plastic or
other substantial material.
▪ Usually preferable to all other
types because of its relative
simplicity and permanence.

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Machine Guarding
INTERLOCKED
GUARDS
▪ Guards the dangerous part before the
machine can be operated.
▪ Keeps the guard closed until the
dangerous part is at rest.
▪ Prevent operation of the machine if the
interlocking device fails
▪ May use electrical, mechanical,
hydraulic, or pneumatic power or any
combination of these.
▪ Should not prevent “inching” by remote
control, if required.
▪ Replacing the guard should not
automatically restart the machine.
▪ All moveable guards must be interlocked
to prevent hazards.

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Machine Guarding
ADJUSTABLE GUARDS
▪ Provides a barrier that may be adjusted
to facilitate a variety of production
operations.
▪ Can be adjusted to admit varying sizes
of stock.
▪ Hands may enter danger area -
protection may not be complete at all
times
▪ May require frequent maintenance and/
or adjustment
▪ The guard may be made ineffective by
the operator

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Machine Guarding
SELF ADJUSTING
GUARDS
▪ The openings of self-adjusting guards
are determined by the movement of the
stock.
▪ As the operator moves the stock into the
danger area, the guard is pushed away,
providing an opening which is only large
enough to admit the stock. After the
stock is removed, the guard returns to
the rest position.
▪ May require frequent maintenance and
adjustment

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Machine Guarding
SELF ADJUSTING
GUARDS
▪ The openings of self-adjusting guards
are determined by the movement of the
stock.
▪ As the operator moves the stock into the
danger area, the guard is pushed away,
providing an opening which is only large
enough to admit the stock. After the
stock is removed, the guard returns to
the rest position.
▪ May require frequent maintenance and
adjustment

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 Mobile Equipment Working Platform
(MEWP)
1. Outriggers must be extended
and chocked before raising the
platform.

2. Barrier off the area around the

platform so that falling tools or
objects do not strike people
below.

3. Safe Working Load (SWL) to be

marked in platforms as
identification for carrying
loads.

4. Set a maximum safe wind

speed for operation.
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 Highway Safety
SPOTTER SAFETY
▪ Use spotters to lookout for
danger, when loading and
unloading equipments from
vehicles.
▪ Understand all
communication signals.
▪ Wear high visibility clothes,
hats and vests, preferably
fluorescent and reflective.

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 Highway Safety
SIGNAGES

▪ Use signages for wild animal

crossings.
▪ Place proper regulatory signs
wherever required.

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 Mobile Cranes

Truck Mounted
All Terrain Crane
Crane

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 Mobile Cranes

Crawler Crane Rough Terrain Crane

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 Mobile Cranes

Telescopic Handler
Sidelifter Crane
Crane

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 Mobile Cranes
1. Mobile cranes can deal with a variety of terrain and
specific site issues therefore, they are very
versatile.

2. They are easy to get to the job site, require little set
up so they are very simple in operation and
unsophisticated.

3. They are designed to easily transport to a site and

[2]

use with different types of load and cargo with little

or no setup or assembly.

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 Noise Pollution
Ambient Air Quality with respect to noise

Area Category of Day Time Night Time

Code Area/Zone Limit [dB(A) Limit [dB(A)
Leq] Leq]
(A) Industrial Area 75 70

(B) Commercial Area 65 55

(C) Residential Area 55 45

(D) Silence Zone 50 40

Thank You