TEKNIK REAKSI KIMIA 2

TUGAS 3

Disusun Oleh:

Aqila Luthfiana /1706038576

Jonathan Kurnianto /1706038166
Meaikhel Nikolas /1706038374
Piero Collin. S /1706038273

DEPARTEMEN TEKNIK KIMIA

FAKULTAS TEKNIK
UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA
DEPOK
2020
 1. PR 01 – Biodiesel @MIT is working to convert the waste cooking oils from local dining
halls and restaurants into diesel fuel to run the MIT shuttle buses.
Waste cooking oils can be converted to biodiesel in several ways. One way is by gas-
phase pyrolysis:
(RC(O)OCH2)3 → (RCH2)3 + 3 CO2
This can be modeled as first-order irreversible reaction with a measured 𝑘 =
5×10() 𝑚𝑖𝑛(. at 150℃ and a measured 𝐸𝑎 = 85 𝑘𝐽 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒.
Pure cooking oil is injected into a hot (T=227℃) reactor at a rate of 2,5 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑛. At
this temperature all the species are in the vapor phase. The steady-state pressure in the
reactor is 10 atm.
a. If the reactor is a CSTR, what reactor volume is required to achieve 90% conversion?
(RC(O)OCH2)3 :A
(RCH2)3 :B
CO2 :C
Mencari nilai k pada suhu reaksi:
;< . .
(
𝑘 𝑇 = 𝑘 𝑇: ×𝑒 = >? >
@ABC DEFG . .
(
𝑘 𝑇 = 5×10() 𝑚𝑖𝑛(. ×𝑒 = .A:℃HIJ) IIJ℃HIJ)

𝑘 𝑇 = 0,207 𝑚𝑖𝑛(.
Perhitungan stokiometri
Spesi Mula-mula Bereaksi Sisa
A 𝐹M: −𝐹M: 𝑋 𝐹M = 𝐹M: 1 − 𝑋
B 0 𝐹M: 𝑋 𝐹P = 𝐹M: 𝑋
C 0 3𝐹M: 𝑋 𝐹R = 3𝐹M: 𝑋
Total 𝐹M: 𝐹> = 𝐹M: 1 + 3𝑋

Menetukan persamaan laju alir volume (fasa gas)

𝐹> 𝐹M: 𝑅𝑇
𝑣 = 𝑣: = 1 + 3𝑋
𝐹>: 𝑃
Volume CSTR
𝐹M: 𝑋 𝐹M: 𝑅𝑇 1 + 3𝑋 𝑋
𝑉RX>= = =
−𝑟< GZ[\ 𝑃𝑘 1 − 𝑋
 𝑎𝑡𝑚
(2,5𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝑚𝑖𝑛)(0,082𝐿. . 𝐾)(500 𝐾) 1 + 3 0,9 (0,9)
𝑉RX>= = 𝑚𝑜𝑙
(10 𝑎𝑡𝑚)(0,207 𝑚𝑖𝑛(. ) 1 − 0,9

𝑉RX>= = 1,7×10) 𝐿
b. If the reactor is PFR and the pressure drop is negligible, what reactor volume is
required to achieve 90% conversion?
Volume PFR
h h
𝑑𝑋 𝐹M: 𝑅𝑇 1 + 3𝑋
𝑉ef= = 𝐹M: = 𝑑𝑋
−𝑟M 𝑃𝑘 1−𝑋
: :

𝐹M: 𝑅𝑇 1
𝑉ef= = 1 + 𝑚 ln − 3𝑋
𝑃𝑘 1−𝑋
𝑎𝑡𝑚
(2,5𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝑚𝑖𝑛)(0,082𝐿. . 𝐾)(500 𝐾) 1
𝑉ef= = 𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 + 3 ln − 3(0,9)
(.
(10 𝑎𝑡𝑚)(0,207 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ) 1 − 0,9
𝑉ef= = 3,2×10I 𝐿
c. If you had a PFR half the volume you computed in part b, and then fed its output into
a CSTR half the volume you computed in part a, what would the conversion be?
What if you hooked them up the other way round: the half-size CSTR first and the
half-size PFR afterwards?
• PFR then CSTR

Mencari konversi 1 dari PFR dengan rumus setengah volume pfr

1 𝐹M: 𝑅𝑇 1
𝑉ef= = 1 + 3 ln − 3𝑋
2 𝑃𝑘 1−𝑋
𝑉ef= 𝑃𝑘 1
− 1 + 3 ln − 3𝑋 = 0
𝐹M: 𝑅𝑇 1−𝑋
Dengan menggunakan goal seek pada excel didapatkan konversi pertama sebesar 75%
Kemudian mencari konversi 2 dari CSTR
 𝑉RX>=
0 = 𝐹M. − 𝐹MI + 𝑟M
2
𝑘𝑉RX>= 𝐹MI
0 = 𝐹M: 𝑋I − 𝑋. −
2 𝑣
𝑘𝑉RX>= 𝑃 1 − 𝑋I
𝐹M: 𝑋I − 𝑋. − =0
2𝑅𝑇 1 + 3𝑋I
Dengan menggunakan goal seek pada excel didapatkan konversi kedua sebesar 95%
• CSTR then PFR

1 𝐹M: 𝑅𝑇 1 + 3𝑋 𝑋
𝑉RX>= =
2 𝑃𝑘 1 − 𝑋
1 𝐹M: 𝑅𝑇 1 + 3𝑋 𝑋
𝑉RX>= − =0
2 𝑃𝑘 1 − 𝑋
Dengan menggunakan goal seek pada excel didapatkan konversi pertama sebesar 83%
Lalu mencari konversi kedua dengan persamaan neraca mol PFR
hk h
1 𝑑𝑋 𝐹M: 𝑅𝑇 1 + 3𝑋
𝑉 = 𝐹M: = 𝑑𝑋
2 ef= −𝑟M 𝑃𝑘 1−𝑋
hl :

1 𝐹M: 𝑅𝑇 1 − 𝑋.
𝑉ef= = 1 + 𝑚 ln − 3 𝑋. − 𝑋I
2 𝑃𝑘 1 − 𝑋I
𝐹M: 𝑅𝑇 1 − 𝑋. 1
1 + 𝑚 ln − 3 𝑋. − 𝑋I − 𝑉ef= = 0
𝑃𝑘 1 − 𝑋I 2
Dengan menggunakan goal seek pada excel didapatkan konversi kedua sebesar 93%
 Suppose the reaction is carried out in a batch reactor, by filling it with enough cooking oil
and heating rapidly to 277℃, so that when the oil all vaporizes, but before any significant
reaction has occurred, the initial pressure in the reactor will be 2,7 atm.
d. What will the pressure be in the isothermal batch reactor when the reaction has run to
90% conversion?
Melakukan rekalkulasi stokiometri
Spesi Mula-mula Bereaksi Sisa
A 𝑁M: −𝑁M: 𝑋 𝑁M = 𝑁M: 1 − 𝑋
B 0 𝑁M: 𝑋 𝑁P = 𝑁M: 𝑋
C 0 3𝑁M: 𝑋 𝑁R = 3𝑁M: 𝑋
Total 𝑁M: 𝑁> = 𝑁M: 1 + 3𝑋

Mencari besar tekanan pada reaktor batch dengan persamaan sebagai berikut
𝑃 = 𝑃: 1 + 3𝑋
𝑃 = 2,7 𝑎𝑡𝑚 1 + 3(0,9) = 9,99 𝑎𝑡𝑚
e. What would the batch reactor volume have to be if we were to process
3600 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑎𝑦 (= 2,5 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑛) of cooking oil this way? Assume that the batch
reactor can be emptied and refilled very rapidly, and that it is not necessary to clean
the reactor between batches.
𝑁M:
= 2,5 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑡pG<Bq[
𝑁M: = (2,5 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑛)𝑡pG<Bq[
Asumsikan gas ideal
𝑁M: 𝑅𝑇 (2,5 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑛)𝑡pG<Bq[ 𝑅𝑇
𝑉P<\rs = =
𝑃: 𝑃:
Mencari 𝑡pG<Bq[ dengan persamaan volume konstan pada batch reactor
𝑑𝑋 −𝑟M 𝑉
= =𝑘 1−𝑋
𝑑𝑡 𝑁M:
h \
𝑑𝑋
=𝑘 𝑑𝑡
1−𝑋
: :

1 1
𝑡pG<Bq[ = ln
𝑘 1−𝑋
Memasukkan persamaan 𝑡pG<Bq[ kedalam 𝑉P<\rs
 1
(2,5 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑛) ln 𝑅𝑇
𝑉P<\rs = 1−𝑋
𝑘𝑃:
2,5 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑛 0,082×500𝐾
𝑉P<\rs =
0,207 𝑚𝑖𝑛(. ×2,7 𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑉P<\rs = 4,2×10I 𝐿
f. Which reactor (CSTR, PFR, batch) would you recommend be used for this process?
Explain briefly.
Pada soal ini memiliki beberapa variasi dan aspek pemilihan. Jika memikirkan
aspek keekonomisan yang dapat dilihat dari volume reaktor, dapat dipilih reaktor PFR
saja. Namun jika meginginkan konversi yang besar maka dapat dipilih opsi reaktor
campuran dimana urutan berupa PFR lalu CSTR.

2 Two configurations of CSTRs are contemplated for performing reversible hydrolysis of

compound A to produce compounds B and C. The forward reaction is pseudo-first-order
-4 -1
with respect to A, with rate constant k1= 1.82 x 10 s . The reverse reaction is second-
-4 -1 -1
order with rate constant k-1 = 4.49 x 10 M s .
(1) A → B + C; r1 = k1[A]
(2) B + C → A; r2 = k−1[B][C]
The feed is a dilute aqueous solution of A (concentration 0.25 mol/L) at a rate of 0.25
liters per hour. Consider the following two configurations:

a) a single 15 liter CSTR.

b) three 5-liter CSTRs in series, with 75% of product species B & C selectively removed
between stages 1 and 2 and between stages 2 and 3, with appropriate adjustment in flow
rate; the volumetric flow rates in the two streams leaving a separator are proportional to
the total number of moles of A, B, and C in each stream. See the separator diagram below.

If q is the volumetric flow rate and F is the molar flow rate, then the separator follows the
relationships:
 A full flow diagram is shown below

Determine the steady-state production of compound B in mol/h for options a) and b) .

Jawab
(a) First, consider the 1-reactor case. Draw a diagram of the situation (the control volume).

Define extents of reaction:

Steady state A, B, and C material balances give the following equations:

These three equations can be written in terms of only three variables: [A], [B], and [C]. The system
is fully specified. We must solve these equations simultaneously. The algebra is easier if we
combine equations creatively to make them simpler. When you combine two equations, you keep
the new equation and only one of the old ones, just as is done in linear algebra.
Notice that:

Hence, subtracting the B balance equation from the C balance equation gives the result:

Let this new equation replace the C mole balance

The equality of concentrations of C and B is true whenever[C]0 and [B]0 are equal. [B]0 has been
intentionally left as a variable so that the same equations derived here will also apply to the reactors
in part b, where [B]0 will not necessarily equal zero.
Adding together the B and A balance gives the following equation:

Dividing by q0 and solving for [A] we get:

Let this new equation replace the B mole balance.

Now we can write the A balance as a single equation with a single variable, [B] using our two new
equations:
This quadratic equation in [B] can be solved with the quadratic formula:

Since the coefficient b will always be POSITIVE, we know that we have to take the (+) root. The
(-) root will always be negative. Also notice that a is always positive and c is always negative, so
that the discriminant,

is always positive, and both roots are real. Hence, we may write:

with no fear of getting a negative or imaginary result. Converting all time to hours, we find that
for part a
Plugging the values of the coefficients into the quadratic equation, we find:

Hence, the desired production rate of B is:

(b) In order to do part b, it is helpful to notice that everything flows from left to right, with no
recycle loops. Hence we can solve each reactor and separator in sequence, and add up the total B
recovery at the end of the process. Also, we could get it from an overall balance (a box around the
entire system) once we knew the final outlet concentration of A. For simplicity of notation, let the
zero subscript refers to the current reactor feed; no subscript refers to the current reactor output.

Reactor 1 follows the same relationships as the single reactor system, but with different volume.
Hence the same material balances apply, and the final equation in terms of [B] is once again:
Plugging in the numbers, we find the quadratic coefficients to be:

Plugging the quadratic coefficients into the formula for

[B] we find:

Using our formula for [A] in terms of [B], we find:

Next we proceed to separator 1, carry forward our inputs, and rename our subscripted variables,
so that they refer to the current separator
First we need to find the flow rate partitioning, then we can calculate the new concentrations from
an A and B balance. (Since the separator treats B and C the same, these concentrations will
continue to be equal in all streams exiting the separator.) The separator equations are:

Hence using the definition of molar flow rate, the knowledge that [B]0 = [C]0, and the above
separator relationships, we find that:

Assuming a constant density liquid phase, we have a volume balance:

Thus we have recovery of product B at this stage of:

The last things to calculate at this step are the concentrations that are fed to the next reactor. Using
the mole balance on A:

Using the separator relationships for B and C:

Next we proceed to reactor 2 using the results from separator 1 and rename our variables so they
refer to the current reactor.

All the same equations apply with different initial concentrations and flow rates

The quadratic solution gives:

Solving for [A] from the [A]/[B] relationship we find:

These concentrations will be fed to separator 2.

Next we proceed to separator 2 and rename our subscripted variables.

The flow rate partitioning is given by:

Hence, from the constant density volume balance:

The amount of [B] recovered is:

The concentrations of [A], [B], and [C] into the next reactor are:
Lastly, we rename our concentrations and proceed to reactor 3
Lastly, we proceed to reactor 3 using the results from separator 2.

All the same equations apply with different initial concentrations and flow rates

The quadratic solution gives:

Solving for [A] from the A/B relationship equation we find:

Since there is no separator, the amount of B recovered on this step is just the amount leaving the
reactor:

Thus the total amount of B recovered by this path is:

Another way to calculate it, and check our consistency, is to calculate the amount of B recovered
from the overall A and B balances around the whole reaction system (any A that disappears must
be present as B):

From the agreement of the numbers, it appears that mass was conserved overall. Notice that
incorporating the selective separation process to remove product along the way, the amount of B
recovered was improved with the same total volume of reactor.

Due to the truncation error and numerical rounding, accept any answers within 2% of these values.

The modular setup of this problem (reactor units, separator units) makes a Matlab
implementation straight forward. See included Matlab m-file hw3prob3.
3 P4-2B (k) Web Module on Wetlands from the CD-ROM. Load the Polymath program and
vary a number of parameters such as rainfall, evaporation rate, atrazine concentration, and
liquid flow rate, and write a paragraph describing what you find. This topic is a hot Ch.E,
research area.

Dengan asumsi bahwa degradasi bahan kimia mengikuti kinetika homogen orde pertama yang
tidak dapat dipulihkan, dan bahwa sebagian air menguap dari permukaan saat mengalir melalui
lahan basah, kita perlu membuat persamaan yang mewakili aliran molar toksik (FA) sebagai
fungsi jarak (z). Kita juga harus mempertimbangkan bahwa penguapan superfisial terjadi pada
tingkat yang konstan (Q = kmol air / jam * m2) dan bahwa tidak ada bahan kimia yang hilang
ke udara oleh penguapan.

Informasi tambahan terkait masalah:

Langkah pertama terdiri dalam menurunkan persamaan untuk aliran molar toksik, FA, sebagai
fungsi jarak melalui lahan basah, z. Pertama-tama kita harus mempertimbangkan de persamaan
yang berkaitan dengan PFR dalam kaitannya dengan konversi. Sebagai contoh, kita tahu bahwa
aliran terakhir racun, FA, tergantung pada aliran awal, FAO, dan apa yang tidak bereaksi (1).
Kita juga tahu persamaan yang menghubungkan laju reaksi, konversi, dan perubahan volume
(2). Karena reaksinya homogen orde pertama, persamaannya haruslah (3).

(1)
(2)
(3)

Kita sekarang harus menghubungkan konsentrasi dan aliran molar ke laju aliran volumetrik,
yang diberikan dalam kondisi data awal. Karena debit volumetrik akhir, v, adalah perbedaan
antara vo awal dan debit volumetrik pada pintu keluar, kita dapat menyatakannya sebagai
pengurangan sederhana. Namun, untuk vf kita harus mempertimbangkan penguapan
superfisial air (Q) yang dikalikan dengan luas permukaan lahan basah (W*L atau W*z) dan
dibagi dengan densitas molar akan menghasilkan unit adecuate (m3 / jam) sebagai ditunjukkan
dalam persamaan (4).

(4)

Rumus yang menghubungkan CA dan FA adalah (5):

(5)
Menggabungkan persamaan (1), (4), dan (5), didapat persamaan umum (6) yang
menghubungkan konsentrasi sebagai fungsi jarak.

(6)

Setelah itu, untuk menggabungkan laju reaksi dengan ekspresi baru untuk konsentrasi, kita
harus mengganti persamaan (3) menjadi persamaan (2). Kemudian, perbedaan volume (dV)
dalam (2) harus direpresentasikan sebagai perkalian dari W * D * dz, yang berarti bahwa
panjang lahan basah masih bervariasi, dan Lebar dan Kedalaman adalah konstan.
Menggunakan persamaan (5), kita dapat menerjemahkan nilai FAO sebagai perkalian CAO * vo.
Akhirnya, CA dalam (3) diganti dengan ekspresi yang diperoleh dalam (6). Hasilnya adalah
persamaan PFR siap untuk integrasi, persamaan (7):

(7)

Dengan pengubahan dan pengelompokkan konstanta diperoleh (8):

(8)

dimana

Menghitung integral dengan batas x = 0 at z = 0, and x = X at z = Z, didapat (10):

(9)

(10)

dimana

Menyelesaikan persamaan untuk konversi (X) dalam fungsi jarak (Z), didapat (11):

(11)
dimana

Dengan memasukkan hasil ini ke persamaan awal (1) untuk FAO, diperoleh persamaan akhir
untuk model PFR (12):
 (12)
dimana

Tip: jika dipilih model kasusu tanpa evaporasi atau hujan di wetland (Q = 0 dan v = vo), didapat
solusi berikut (13):

(13)
dimana

4 S 13.4. Reaksi isomerisasi fasa likuid A ⇋ B terjadi secara isotermal pada CSTR yang
volumenya 1000 galon. Reaksi tersebut orde dua baik reaksi maju maupun sebaliknya.
Likuid masuk ke bagian atas reaktor dan ke luar melalui bagian bawah. Data eksperimen
menunujukkan bahwa konversi CSTR yaitu sebesar 40%. Reaksi tersebut merupakan
reversible dengan 𝐾R = 3 pada 300 K, dan ∆𝐻°=h = −25000 cal/mol. Asumsikan data
diambil pada suhu 300 K dan E = 15000 cal/mol, berapa suhu yang anda rekomendasikan
untuk mencapai konversi maksimum? Berikut adalah rumus yang dapat digunakan:
1 1 ∆𝐻=
𝐾r 𝑇 = 𝐾r (𝑇: exp −
𝑇: 𝑇 𝑅
JAWAB
A⇋B
𝑇: = 300 𝐾
𝐾R| 300𝐾 = 3.0 𝑉 = 1000 𝑔𝑎𝑙 = 3785.4 𝑑𝑚)

Mole Balance:
𝐹M| 𝑋
𝑉=
−𝑟M

Hukum laju reaksi :

𝐶PI
−𝑟M = 𝑘E 𝐶MI −
𝐾R

Stoikiometri:
𝐶M = 𝐶M| (1 − 𝑋)
𝐶P = 𝐶P| 𝑋

𝐹M| 𝑋
𝑉= I
𝑘E 𝐶M| I 𝑋I
1−𝑋 −
𝐾R

I 𝑋I
𝐹M| 𝑉 1−𝑋 − 3785.4 0.4I
𝐾R I
𝑍= I = 0.6 −
𝑘E 𝐶M| 𝑋 0.4 3

𝑍 = 2902.2 𝑑𝑚)
𝑘 𝐸 1 1
𝑍= = 𝑒𝑥𝑝 −
𝑘E 𝑅 𝑇: 𝑇

Dengan menggunakan

𝑍 𝑋 𝑍 𝑋
𝑉= ⟹ 𝑓 𝑋 = 0 = 𝑉 −
𝑧 I 𝑋I 𝑧 I 𝑋I
1−𝑋 − 1−𝑋 −
𝐾R 𝐾R

Dimana
𝑘 𝐸 1 1
𝑍= = 𝑒𝑥𝑝 −
𝑘E 𝑅 𝑇: 𝑇
dan
1 1 ∆𝐻=
𝐾r 𝑇 = 𝐾r (𝑇: exp −
𝑇: 𝑇 𝑅

Dengan menggunakan Polymath, maka tabel X vs T dapat diketahui

T (K) X
300 0.4
301 0.4075
303 0.4182
304 0.4213
305 0.4228
305.5 0.4229
305.9 0.4227
307 0.421
310 0.4072
315 0.3635
 T vs X
0,43

0,42

0,41

0,4
X

0,39

0,38

0,37

0,36
298 300 302 304 306 308 310 312 314 316
Temperature

Dari data di atas, maka didapatkan nilai maksimum X = 0.4229 pada T = 305.5 K

5 S 13.6. Reaksi fasa gas A à B + 2C terjadi secara isotermal pada reaktor PFR tanpa ada
pressure drop. Laju spesifik pada 50oC yaitu sebesar 10-4/menit dan energi aktivasi sebesar
85 kJ/mol. Umpan A murni memasuki reaktor dengan laju alir molar 2,5 mol/menit dan
kondisi operasi pada 10 atm dan 127 oC. hitunglah volume reaktor dan waktu tinggal yang
dibutuhkan untuk mencapai konversi hingga 90% pada:
(a) Reaktor PFR
(b) Reaktor CSTR
(c) Jika terdapat penurunan tekanan pada PFR yaitu α = 0,001/dm3, tentukan nilai X dan
y pada volume reaktor 500 dm3
JAWAB

f…† .h (.H‡h)
(a) 𝑉= ; −𝑟M = 𝑘. 𝐶M ; 𝐶M = 𝐶M|
(p… (.Hh)

𝜀 = 𝑦M. . 𝛿 = 1 2 + 1 − 1 = 2

e…† .: DEF
𝐶M| = = = 0.3
=.> (:,:@I)(Š::) ‹D Œ

Z ‹h f…†Z .H‡h f…† .

𝑉 = 𝐹M| : (p…
= 𝑑𝑥 = 1 + 𝜀 𝑙𝑛 − 𝜀. 𝑥
B.R…† : .(h B.R…† .(Z
 •Ž•
I,A .
••‘’“
= •Ž• 1 + 2 𝑙𝑛 − 2(0,9)
:,:ŠŠ DG”[\ •l :,) Œ .(:,—
–•

𝑉 = 𝟗𝟔𝟕 𝒅𝒎𝟑

f…†. h(.H‡h)
(b) 𝑉=
R…†. B(.(h)
žŸ.??? l l
(Š (
𝑘 = 10 𝑒 ž.Œl ŒkŒ ?? = 0.044/menit
•Ž•
I,A :,— .HI :,—
𝑉 = ••‘’“
•Ž• = 𝟒𝟕𝟕𝟐 𝒅𝒎𝟑
:,:ŠŠ DG”[\ •l :,) Œ .(:,—
–•

(c) Digunakan polymath dengan penulisan: dimana:

Dan menghasilkan:

Sehingga diperoleh pada

V= 500 dm3
besar X = 0.656 dan y = 0.172