Running Head: DECENTRALISED ENERGY

Decentralised Energy and Managing and Planning Oil & Gas Assets
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 Decentralised Energy2

Table of Contents

Introduction........................................................................................................................3
Social and Economic Profile of Iraq...................................................................................4
Overview of Iraq’s Climate.................................................................................................6
Social, Economic and Environmental factors....................................................................7
Energy Profile Resources in Iraq.......................................................................................8
Power Supply Scenarios and Outlook in Iraq..................................................................10
Demographic trends........................................................................................................10
Oil and gas sector............................................................................................................11
Iraq solar energy..............................................................................................................12
Conclusion.......................................................................................................................13
References.......................................................................................................................15
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Decentralised Energy and Managing and Planning Oil & Gas Assets

Introduction
Interest in energy, especially clean energy, is growing rapidly around the world.
The safety of nature through pollution control, especially the release of ozone-depleting
substances, has become a major concern worldwide. Even thoughDespite the fact that
energy remains from petroleum products and will not disappear quickly, an endless
period of energy with minimal effort does not last long. Therefore, research into
generating electricity, especially renewables, and addressing natural problems related
to energy sources was crucial. Renewable energy must be part of the European Union
by 2040, about 30% in China and Japan and more than 25% in the United States and
India; on the other hand, coal will make up about 15% of energy sources outside
Asia(Froggatt and Weiman, 2020).
Progressive plants use charcoal or regular gas to produce basic concentrations
that cause pollution and increase the impact on nurseries. Target plants that work in the
sun use the sun as a source of heat to power the machine and produce heat. This
process is associated with conventional fuels that rely on ignition of petroleum products,
which also rely on thermal engines to convert from thermalhot energy to electricity.
Using warm energy in sunlight is not new. Thermal Sunlight-based energy was first
created in Germany in 1907. In the United States, the sun was first used in 1973 as a
central focal point for the oil government . California Central Station was built in the late
1980s(Anderson, 2017). At that time, renewable energy costs and government
expenditures were forced to destroy plans that favouredfavored the targeting of solar
energy. In 2006, the renewable energy market appeared in Spain and the United
States, in light of government measures such as income taxes and utility withdrawal
plans from renewable energy sources, especially solar energy. In mid-2010, CSP had a
global delivery of 1 gigawatt.gigawatts.
The high carbon costs of non-renewable energy as a result of the global
economic crisis in 2008 increased the demand for affordable energy, which will not be
subject to fluctuations in costs and supplies under political influence. Sunlight-based
energy is a source of low-carbon renewable energy and is expected to be converted
 Decentralised Energy4

into a dangerous mass source for maximum and average loads by 2020. Whilst solar
energy, which uses solar energy that contributes to the Rankin cycle, has some
preferences, its production cost and developing them is not an interesting option for
energy capital experts(Desfosses, 2018).

Social and Economic Profile of Iraq

Iraq's GDP growth declined to 1.1% in 2017, a real decline in the past two years
as household use and speculation have decreased compared to normal wildlife and
sleepy oil exposure. The Iraqi government received the third phase of SBA funding from
the International Monetary Fund in 2016 in August 2017, which aims to balance their
accounts by improving currency management, the need for economic change and the
use of cuts (Anderson, 2017). Also,In addition, Iraq received more than $ 1.4 billion from
the world's currencies at the end of 2017. Part of it was created with a $ 1 billion
guarantee for the reconstruction and restoration of ISIS-exempt areas.
Advising and disseminating key departments are key components of Iraq's long
economic progress and require an improved business environment with greater legal
and administrative control to support private sector engagement (McPherson, et al.,
2018). The general way of life depends on global oil costs, a central component of
important changes in government policy, a stable security situation under ISIS and the
goals of a common conflict with the Kurdish regional government (KRG) (Desfosses,
2018). Iraq is generally controlled by the state oil industry, which generates an average
of 85% of government revenue and 80% of distant trade revenue, and is an important
determinant of economic prosperity. Iraqi agreements with large oil companies could
further boost oil prices and revenues, but Iraqis should take big steps towards oil
production, pipelines and tariffs to strengthen this mechanism to achieve its economic
potential (Ite, 2016).
As the cost of light sources continues to decrease, the CSP industry, focused on
solar energy, has sought significant cost savings to combat PV. Additionally, if the
CSP's hot power supply is coordinated, the appropriate solar policy can work around the
clock, seven days a week(Anderson, 2017). Therefore, TSP has been combined with
TES to transform into a convincing innovation for power transmission. The world's view
 Decentralised Energy5

of economic progress will change increasingly according to the basic economic

principles of solutions, reducing reuse - reuse without worry. One of the most important
ways of life is the subtle progression of renewable energy. Then we haveare torn apart,
we talk about, and we discover the ability to use renewable energy, both holistically and
for solar energy, especially in Iraq. The potential of solar resources has been renewed
and access to solar resources has been explored in the mechanical and electrical
departments. Radiation and meteorological information, which various suns refer to,
was created, collected, and presented to support future market research with energy
selection in Iraq. This test also increases the growing interest and inspiration of the Iraqi
government to invest additional efforts and resources in the use of renewable energy
sources(McPherson, et al., 2018).
Public spending closely follows oil cost developments, rising when it is high and
falling when it is falling. Such a recurring stellar financial system has major implications
for the entire economy. In the decline in the current oil value cycle, oil revenues have
declined by $ 2 billion between months, whilst cash debt (such as premiums, pensions,
and social spending) exceeds $ 6 billion per month and returns $ 4 billion to meet basic
expenditures (reducing spending expenditures). Iraq has funded the deficit through a
mixture of high profits (supposed to be from international institutions related to money)
and global debt stores, which fell by $ 33 billion at each opposite level in 2016 and
2013(Desfosses, 2018).
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Overview of Iraq’s Climate

Iraq is located somewhere in the northern regions 29 and 37 and has an area of
437,072 square kilometres.kilometers. It is the 58th state on Earth and located to the
south of the northern focus area. However, this place does have an impact on the
frequency of sunlight, on Earth, as well as on the measurement of light and sunlight,
which runs on hot summer days and shortens in the cold winter. The Mediterranean
Sea is the strongest waterway near Iraq, where the winter climate is most of the year,
causing precipitation and temperature fluctuations. The flow is affected by the climatic
slopes with which the western winds move in the winter.
This depression brings winds and warm and humid rain that affect the
centrecenter of gravity and even northern Iraq(Ite, 2016). Climate characteristics in Iraq
change over four periods. The main two seasons are summer and winter, but the other
two seasons are spring and winter. In summer from June to August, the sun is almost
perpendicular to or opposite the northern part of the world. Also, summer rains are rare
in Iraq in light of the prevailing pathway of high blood pressure, as this period has been
described as low relative humidity and the dry summer season in Iraq is increasing
increasingly. The climatic features of winter are aggregated over a long period from
December to February and can be divided into two parts. The temperature drops
throughout Iraq in winter. It can drop below zero in many focus areas and northern Iraq
in the evenings of winter. In addition, the falling temperature moves north from month to
month. In the winter, the ulcers pass through Iraq on a trip to the Mediterranean, where
west and northwest winds blow from high- pressure areas to low- pressure
areas(Froggatt and Weiman, 2020).
In addition, the northwestern breeze works continuously, although the
southeastern breeze causes rain or heavymourning storms on some northwest breeze,
and winds blow to the east or east in some winter when temperatures drop. Iraq has
solar energy ranging from 1,800 kilowatts / m2 / year to 2,390 kilowatts per square
meter in direct normal radiation, which puts the country in a very inspiring situation and
leads the way in energy-producing countries that use solar energy.
 Decentralised Energy7

Social, Economic and Environmental factors

Likewise, the noise in Iraq has a significant impact on the stability of the place.
Indeed, since Iraq is on the hill in the Middle East, it understands almost every stage of
the division of the district. Its nationalistic, factual, registered, and strictly diverse
diversity - along with its fixed assets, lively population, and size - has promoted every
local ability to see Iraqi assets quickly, and has defended much of its
neighbours'neighbors' progress. Iraq will to some extent promote security in the region
with insecure legislative and sensitive authorities (McPherson, et al., 2018). Whilst this
knowledge of Iraq and the region is known, Iraq's ability to balance the situation is less
refreshing. When the uprising perpetuated long tyrants, few had the chance to wonder
which economic model would alleviate the economic hardship and discontent that led to
a great struggle. Opposing Middle Eastern countries should be at odds with China's
ability to become a world-class industrial structure. Iraq, given its geographical area,
proven track record as a local leader, and the richest in its life, could be an important
engine for such an organisation if it understands its oil and gas storage capacity
(Anderson, 2017).
Finally, the global network - particularly the massive energy flows such as the
United States, China and Japan - is of great importance to Iraq as it exploits its
important potential due to the effects of Iraq's prosperity or disappointment on security
energy. The global decline and decrease in energy needs in 2009 and 2010 have raised
concerns about the limited additional crude oil levels on the bloody edges of many
personalities (Froggatt and Weiman, 2020). However, the new happiness in the Middle
East and the continuing global energy demand towards the end of 2010 should warn us
that the current additional limits in the world are limited. Delays are mainly due to the
postponement of elections to increase restrictions, with countries monitoring the global
situation. The discussion of "the top of the line" due to concerns about the atmosphere
and the country, as well as economic vulnerability, for example, has led to increasing
restrictions being placed on the nations of Saudi Arabia (Ite, 2016).
Because of the inevitable devastating consequences for children, armed conflict
is a negative social choice for children's wellbeing. Several studies have reported that
adolescent difficulties can change the effects on the brain and the abilities of the neural
 Decentralised Energy8

glands, leading to changes in learning, behaviourbehavior and physiology and reversing

mismatching and mismanagement of boys throughout their lives. The results of stress
physiology are now closely related to previous research into deaths and accidents
amongst young people and therefore have an enormous impact on adolescents growing
up in armed conflict (Desfosses, 2018). For any young person facing an armed conflict,
this presentation is likely to affect a child's well-being, which is determined by several
factors, including inherited choices, physical well-being, emotional well-being,
behaviour, behaviour,behavior, behavior, parenthood, physical and mental wellbeing. -
Suffering, limited displacement and guidelines for social action.
The impact of parents' emotional wellbeing on the physical and mental health of
conflict-affected and violently torn apart children. The results suggest that children with
war effects, caring community, and emotional health can mediate, and thus a potential
mediation area, to mitigate the effects of armed conflict on young people (McPherson,
et al., 2018). Various studies on physical wellbeing, emotional health and social
conditions are currently being conducted in similar population groups, indicating that
they are related. A variety of studies show changes in social activitiesaction due to
conflicts such as network disruptions and access to education that affect the well-being
and well-being of young people and minors. The relationship between physical
wellbeing, emotional wellbeing, and social conditions in children in conflict is an area
that needs further investigation and can provide insight into disruptive variables, control
factors, and methods to promote greater wellbeing (Ite, 2016).

Energy Profile Resources in Iraq

There are different raw materials available in Iraq and they revolve around
different regions of the country. Many of these ingredients have not been used yet. Oil is
a huge resource for the Iraqi economy. Subsidized oil now contains around 115 billion
barrels, but unknown oil savings are largely fixed. After that, Iraq is the second- largest
oil-saving country on earth after Saudi Arabia. The above estimates indicate that
Iraq'sIraq’s oil reserves could reach 300 billion barrels. Since oil was discovered in
1920, much of the oil produced has been shipped. Until the 1960s and late 1960s, little
oil was extracted for use in the vicinity of electricity and transportation(Desfosses,
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2018). The mechanical development of mass and concrete started in the 1960s and
1970s. "Natural gas in Iraq has a fixed savings of 1.3 trillion cubic meters, which
represents 8.1% of the fixed savings around the world." Iraq is ranked 10th amongst the
richest NGOs in the world based on the ownership plan of these NGOs. ManyThere are
also many other raw materials that do not play a major role and supply in the Iraqi
economy. These materials are white clay, sulfur, and phosphate(Whitton, et al., 2017).
Iraq currently needs additional strength due to increased population and demand.
The Iraqi population increased from 14 million people from 1980 to 32 million a year,
and is expected to reach 64 million by 2050. The growth of the Iraqi population
increased from “2.75% in 1980-1985. By 3.23% in the years 1995-2000. Additionally,
this trend decreased to 2.72% in the years 2000-2005 and is expected to reach 1.09%
in the years 2045-2050. Along these lines, it is necessary to increase strength to help
economic progress and overcome daily electricity shortages. The DOE stated that the
most prominent assumption in 2008 was 12,000 megawatts of energy, but hardly 6,000
megawatts were given. These deficiencies are expected to increase to 21,000 MW by
2020” (Whitton, et al., 2017).
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Power Supply Scenarios and Outlook in Iraq

In Iraq, home-based oil consumption is high. Over time, the typical pattern
applied in the Middle East is the use of gas in the energy mix, as gas is often replaced
by oil to generate energy and the gas needs more areas to use mechanical energy.
Interest in Middle Eastern essential oil fell by half in 2010. Even thoughDespite the fact
that the Iraqis wanted to increase gas production and use, 80% of their primary energy
needs were oil. It was created with the help of the Ministry of Planning and
Development in Iraq, and the annual GDP will increase from about 50 terawatt- hours in
2010 to more than 200 terawatt- hours in 2020, by the Iranian authorities. Such an
increase in energy production is comparable to that in the European Union, with a
similar temporary increase(Froggatt and Weiman, 2020).
The Iraqi energy era relies on hydraulic mobilization, with extremely high fuel oil,
crude and gas oil, accounting for 57% of energy in 2010, whilst the NG range is 33%.
Short-term improvements in power generation largely depend on the construction of
power plants that are concerned with filling. The total life of crude oil and the refined
difference increased from more than three times to 100 layers. In 2015, power
generation was around 70% of the agreed construction for that year. This development
in liquid fuel use shows less NG in energy mixtures and produces less than 25% of the
agreed production. However, after 2015, this pattern was rejected as the cost-effective
NG standard expanded. The availability of minimum fuel costs shows its strength as a
basic fuel tax that can withstand an average tax in 2020 and only uses oil production
restrictions to meet load time requirements(Rai, 2016).

Demographic trends
From the Iraqi energy perspective in 2012, the population has increased by more
than 5 million and is now developing by about one million people per year. More than
40% of the population is under 14 years old. These young and developed populations
can provide an average life expectancy that impedes economic progress and
development, but depends on the economies that can create profitable jobs. This was
not the case until now, as the rapid development of the workforce was not coordinated
with job creation in the private sector, but Iraq relied on open access to support
 Decentralised Energy11

unemployment. “The open segment grew from about 1.2 million actors in 2003 to about
3 million today. This forced government spending budget - over $ 30 billion in 2018 -
compared to over 33% of all oil and gas benefits (Rai, 2016).
Iraq has faced great natural corruption for many years. Water shortages,
increased interest in housing, weak water managers, development frameworks, climate
change and the development of primary dams have become major factors in economic
recovery and a major source of open fear. In general, 70% of Iraqi water supplies come
from neighbouringneighboring countries. The Ministry of Water Resources estimates
that flows in Iraq have decreased by up to 40% over the past twenty years. The nature
of accessible water will also be eliminated, and as a result, the demand for available
ground and surface water will increase. Small waterways disturbed the sea towards the
riverbed and increased salinity of fresh water (Froggatt and Weiman, 2020).
The quality and quantity of water also affects the Iraqi energy field. Power plants
and the largest oil purification plant were reduced in 2018, when the salt content in
water was four times higher than the operating limit. The oil industry has gradually
expressed concern that water shortages could hinder creation. The energy field plays a
direct role in the natural test. Gasoline itself emits about 30 million tons of carbon
dioxide into the environment. In Baghdad, the amount of particles, which are considered
particularly harmful to human health, is more than seven times the highest in the WHO
model. The heavy reliance on neighbouringneighboring diesel generators, which are
controlled by diesel regularly, improves poor air quality; air quality testing showed that
gasoline and diesel engines were under pressure for most carbonate products. This is
an additional incentive to constantly seek perfect stock-based inventory(Munuera, et al.,
2017).

Oil and gas sector

From our 2012 survey, oil production increased by more than half to 4.7 million
barrels per day; Iraq was represented in one of five barrels of gradual oil supplies
around the world during this period, the second- highest level in the United States.
There have been some notable changes in the changes, desires, and oil plans in Iraq,
just as the organisation was trying to bring it to the ground. The main change is the
 Decentralised Energy12

widespread upgrade to the objective price levels expected in the first and second
rounds of traffic in 2012, indicating that more than 12MB / day was created in 2017.
AlthoughDespite the fact that these rates were mostly optimistic. The intersection led to
rebuilding specialized data on cooperation in the field of assistance with international oil
organisations. First of all, the drop in oil costs, which began in mid-2014, left Iraqis
unable to provide the capital needed to focus on development, especially as the country
was expected to pay the costs of protecting the war against ISIS that would increase
significantly.
Crucially, the massive earthquake in the U.S. and declining global oil demand
(which has abandoned lower oil costs) contributed to the idea that the substantial
marginal gains, in what could be a cut, are the most logical and rarely distributed funds.
In the medium term. Then Iraq reduced the level of focus in some of the most visible
areas of innovation and reduced the overall level of innovation to 6.4 million barrels per
day, 40% in the first sentence(Desfosses, 2018).
The compounding terms extended the license period for most managers.
Frequently, oil companies around the world have worked to hopefully sell their direction
by auction, mostly Shell as manager of a crazy division and a 20% stake in West Korea-
1 as of 2018. Today, about half of the Iraqis who have created oil by working for a
company International oil from 65% in 2012. In general, domestic oil companies must
be replaced by domestic oil companies from China and Russia operating in general or
Irish oil organisations, of which Basra is the largest. At Majnoon's expense, the Shell trip
allowedgave Iraqi oil companies the opportunity to do their work by significantly
improving the oil field. Currently, about 25% of Iraqi oil production is made by distant oil
organisations and 20% by Iraqi national oil companies(McPherson, et al., 2018).

Iraq solar energy

After entering into the International Phytosanitary Gate space in 2011, the Iraqi
Ministry of Electricity re-launched its plan in December 2014. In mid-2015, the service
received attention from 17 companies in exchange for the first free IPP. However, as
with the main campaign, the contracts were not approved and the plan was withdrawn.
The government's gratitude for creating an IPP project is going well - the nation is
 Decentralised Energy13

struggling domestically with the greatest power shortages, and after a significant period
of war and various conflicts, the legislator needs more money to fund the development
of 30 gigawatts, in addition to the influential age required for the year. 2030 to meet the
growing needs. The accounts of the Iraqi government gained weight after the collapse
of the funds in late 2014, and with the collapse of ISIS and half of the oil costs that
improved the country's economic situation, Baghdad understands that it will help rebuild
its framework. Whilst the problem of running a serious IPP program is clear, getting
designers safe to make it available is not an easy task(Ite, 2016).
It has not yet been determined whether some comprehensive designers risk the
project's outsourcing based on the basis of long-term contracts and loans. The creation
of authorities within the IPP model poses significant economic, political and security
risks to all protests involving Iraq, but nevertheless poses problems with each of these
three issues. For most designers in the world, national beliefs are a prerequisite for
being satisfied because they focus on setting up and operating a factory in the long run.
The advantage of the solar power plant is that it cannot handle its raw materials for gas,
and in Iraq, it is a curse that aims to build capacity. Iraqis have discovered how to
approve many IPP contracts since late with direct arrangements for engineers in the
region and the governorate. Adjacent financial expert Rabin Al-Safina, based in Mas
Group Holding in Jordan, is building a warm IBB project in the southern part of the
country. In addition to this clear IPP concept, Baghdad has also entered into
agreements with international energy organisations regarding the supply and financing
of devices. General Electric and Siemens agreed to significantly improve Iraq's capacity
and entailed repayment of various loans and other financing plans. Whilst Baghdad's
ability to finalize this settlement is ideal, in order to achieve the goal of launching serious
advertising projects from the private sector in its weakened region, it must ensure that it
promotes the interests of potential funders. Political and economic difficulties faced by
the legislator(Whitton, et al., 2017).

Conclusion
Gas and thermal power stations will serve customers with the most flexibility from
the government, which says the report is necessary for full compliance with sun and
 Decentralised Energy14

wind. Such a mixture of a different energy will provide amazing delivery quality at a
satisfactory cost and allow the release of oil and gas for different purposes or prices. In
such a case, Iraqis can generate additional income from transportation costs that
exceed $ 10 billion. Suitable age and herbal models for new solar system designs can
encourage the use of renewable energy in remote networks and provide an opportunity
for end customers to reduce their electricity bills. The report also explored the country's
oil and gas division. And it expects to increase oil production in Iraq to 1.3 million barrels
per day by 2030, which is the third- largest increase in the world in the period before
becoming for a long time the third- largest oil producer in the world after the United
States.
The nation is now one of the great confidence in the permanent oil supply, after
the Americans strongly supported Iran and took each of them steps to take a step
against every country that controls the regime there. The risk that most countries have
accepted due to the risk of Iran'sIran’s oil prices dropping to almost zero is the American
point. In any case, the oil-rich Iraq is expected to increase its energy needs to about 150
terawatt- hours by 2030. It will also increase the electricity shortage with the country's
population developing more than a million people annually. Without changes in energy
supplies and system improvements, housing, inputs, and age would have doubled by
2030, bringing the total supply to more than 250 terawatt- hours.
 Decentralised Energy15

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