Kinematics 1D

LECTURE 2
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Kinematics 1D
LECTURE 2
 Example Displacement vs Time graph is plotted as shown. Find

I. The average velocity during the time of motion

II. The time at which instantaneous velocity is equal to be average
velocity over the first 2 seconds.

s = t2

t
 Example Displacement vs Time graph is plotted as shown. Find

I. The average velocity during the time of motion

II. The time at which instantaneous velocity is equal to be average
velocity over the first 2 seconds.

Solution:

Avg velocity =
Δs 4–0
= = 2 m/s
S
Δt 2–0

s = t2

t
 Example A particle moves in one direction. Displacement vs Time graph is
plotted as shown. Find
I. The average velocity during the time of motion
II. The time at which instantaneous velocity is equal to be
average velocity over the first 2 seconds.

Solution:

Δs 4–0
= = 2 m/s
Avg velocity = Δt 2–0
S

s = t2
 Determine the sign of velocity and acceleration for the given
Example
plot

C
x
B D

A E

t
AB BC CD D
E
v
a
 Determine the sign of velocity and acceleration for the given
Example
plot

Solution: ● Change in Slope of x-t graph gives instantaneous acceleration

● Slope of x-t graph gives instantaneous velocity

C
∙ dt
x
B ∙ ∙ D AB BC CD DE
v +
A E
t a +
 Example Determine the sign of velocity and acceleration for the given plot

● Change in Slope of x-t graph gives instantaneous

Solution: acceleration
● Slope of x-t graph gives instantaneous velocity

C
∙ dt
x
B ∙ ∙ D AB BC CD DE
v + +
A E
a + –
t
 Example Determine the sign of velocity and acceleration for the given plot

● Change in Slope of x-t graph gives instantaneous

Solution: acceleration
● Slope of x-t graph gives instantaneous velocity

C
∙ dt
x
B ∙ ∙ D
AB BC CD DE
A E v + + –
t a + – –
 Example Determine the sign of velocity and acceleration for the given plot

● Change in Slope of x-t graph gives instantaneous acceleration

Solution:
● Slope of x-t graph gives instantaneous velocity

x C dt
∙
AB BC CD DE
B ∙ ∙D
v + + – –
A E a + – – +
t
 Velocity - Time graph

v v

t t
Average and Instantaneous acceleration & Displacement from Velocity-time graph?
 VT - Graph
Acceleration
 VT - Graph
Constant velocity
 VT - Graph
de-acceleration
Velocity - Time graph
Average Acceleration: Slope of chord between any two points on velocity -
time graph gives us average acceleration

v (m/s)

B = t –t
v2 2 1

v1 A = Δt
t (s)
t1 t2
Velocity - Time graph
Instantaneous Slope of Tangent to velocity - time graph at any instant
Acceleration: gives us instantaneous Acceleration at that instant

v (m/s) = tanθ

t (s)
Velocity - Time graph
The AREA between the curve and time axis represents the
Displacement:
displacement of the particle during the given time interval
in velocity time graph
v (m/s)

v2

v
v1
t (s)
dt
t1 t2
Velocity - Time graph
The AREA between the curve and time axis represents the
Displacement:
displacement of the particle during the given time interval
in velocity time graph
v (m/s)

v2

v ⇒
v1
⇒
t (s)
dt
t1 t2
Examples of Velocity- Time graph
 Example Identify the time intervals when magnitude of acceleration of
particle is maximum in velocity-time graph.
Also find the time intervals when body is retarding.

v (m/s)

250
200
150
100
50 t (s)
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Example Identify the time intervals when magnitude of acceleration of
particle is maximum in velocity-time graph.
Also find the time intervals when body is retarding.

Solution: ● Slope of tangent in v–t graph gives acceleration

● Magnitude of acceleration is maximum from 40s to 50s

v (m/s)
250
200
150
100
50
t (s)
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
 ● Slope of tangent in v–t graph gives acceleration
Solution:
● Retardation is between 20s to 30s and between 60s to 90s

v (m/s)
250
200
150
100
50
t (s)
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
 ● Slope of tangent in v–t graph gives acceleration
Solution:
● Retardation is between 20s to 30s and between 60s to 90s

v (m/s)
250
200
150
100
50
t (s)
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
 A body is thrown up and returns back to its initial
Example position.
Draw displacement–time , distance-time

displacement distance

time time
 A body is thrown up and returns back to its initial
Example position.
Draw displacement–time , distance-time

velocity speed

time time
 Example A body is thrown up and returns back to its initial position.
Draw displacement–time , distance-time , velocity–time ,
Speed-time graphs of the body.

Solution:

distance velocity speed

time time
time
Example Find the displacement of the body from 2s to 5s from the
graph given.
v (m/s)
A. 100 m
B. 105 m
50
C. 110 m
D. 115 m
20
t (s)
0 2 5
 Example Find the displacement of the body from 2s to 5s from
graph given.
Solution:
v (m/s)
(sum of parallel sides)×(Height)
Area = B
2 50
= (20 + 50) × 3
2 A
20
Displacement = 105 m
t (s)
0 2 3 5
 If a body is initially at x = +2m, find the position of body after
Example 9s
from the graph shown.
v (m/s)
A. 63 m
B. 65 m
C. 67 m 10
D. 69 m

0 2 6 9 t (s)
 If a body is initially at x = +2m, find the position of body after
Example 9s
from the graph shown.
v (m/s)
(sum of parallel sides)×(Height)
Solution: Area =
2
(4 + 9) × 10 65 10
=
2
Since initially body at 2 m,
0 2 6 9 t (s)
Final Position = 65 + 2 = 67 m
Example The v-t graph of a body moving along a straight line is given
below find :
I. Average velocity in whole time of motion
II. Average speed in whole time of motion
III. Find acceleration at all 4 intervals (0 to 2 , 2 to 6, 6 to 10 ,10
to 12)
v (m/s)

10

10
2 4 6 8 12 t(s)
–10
 Example The v-t graph of a body moving along a straight line is given
below find :
I. Average velocity in whole time of motion
II. Average speed in whole time of motion
III. Find acceleration at all 4 intervals (0 to 2 , 2 to 6, 6 to 10 ,10
to 12)
A
Displacement
Solution: Avg velocity =
v (m/s) Time
A
10 = Area A – Area B = 40
A 12 12
10
2 4 6 8 B 12 t(s) Area A = 1 (4 + 8) 10 = 60 m
–10 2
Area B = 1 × 10 × 4 = 20 m
2

∴ Average velocity = 3.33m/s

 Example The v-t graph of a body moving along a straight line is given
below find :
I. Average velocity in whole time of motion
II. Average speed in whole time of motion
III. Find acceleration at all 4 intervals (0 to 2 , 2 to 6, 6 to 10 ,10
to 12)
Total
Solution: Avg
A speed =
distance
Total
v (m/s) time
A Area A + Area B 80
10 = = 12
A
12
10
2 4 6 8 B 12 t(s) Area A = 1 (4 + 8) 10 = 60 m
2
–10
1
Area B = × 10 × 4 = 20 m
2
20
Avg speed =
3 m/s
 Example The v-t graph of a body moving along a straight line is given
below find :
I. Average velocity in whole time of motion
II. Average speed in whole time of motion
III. Find acceleration at all 4 intervals (0 to 2 , 2 to 6, 6 to 10 ,10
to 12)

v (m/s) 10
Solution: For 0 to 2 sec: a = = 5 m/s2
2
10
For 2 to 6 sec: a = 0
10
–20
2 4 6 8 12 t(s) For 6 to 10 sec: a = = – 5 m/s2
4
–10
10
For 10 to 12 sec: a = = 5 m/s2
2
Example A car accelerates from rest at a constant rate α for some time,
after which it decelerates at a constant rate β, to come to rest. If
the total time elapsed is t second evaluate
I. The maximum velocity reached.
II. The total distance travelled.
 Example A car accelerates from rest at a constant rate α for some
time, after which it decelerates at a constant rate β, to come
to rest. If the total time elapsed is t second evaluate
I. The maximum velocity
reached.
II. The total distance travelled.

Solution: vmax v (m/s)

I) α = Slope of line OA = t
1
vmax A
vmax
β = Slope of line AB =
t2 α β
vmax vmax
, t2 = t (s)
⇒ t1 = α β
O t1 t2 B
t = t1 + t2 t
vmax vmax αβ
t= α + β vmax = α+β
t
 Example A car accelerates from rest at a constant rate α for some
time, after which it decelerates at a constant rate β, to come
to rest. If the total time elapsed is t second evaluate
I. The maximum velocity
reached.
II. The total distance travelled.

Solution: v (m/s)
αβ
vmax = α+β t
vmax A
II) Distance = 1 × t × vmax
2 a β
1 αβt
= 2 ×t× α+β t (s)
O t1 t2 B
t
αβt2
Distance= 1 Total distance is given
2 α+β
by area under v-t graph
Example The v – s graph for a particle on a straight path is shown
below. Determine the speed of the particle at s = 150m.

A. 55 m/s v
B. 60 m/s
C. 65 m/s
D. 66 m/s
70

50

s
100 200
 The v – s graph for a particle on a straight path is shown
Example below. Determine the acceleration of the particle at s =
150m.
A. 10 m/s2
B. 11 m/s2 v
C. 12 m/s2
D. 13 m/s2

70

50

s
100 200
 Acceleration - Time graph
How to find Change in Velocity from
Acceleration-time graph?
Acceleration - Time graph
Change in velocity: The Area between the curve and time axis represents
the change in velocity of the particle during the given
time interval in acceleration time graph

a (m/s2)

a2

a
a1
dt t (s)
t1 t2
Acceleration - Time graph
Change in velocity: The Area between the curve and time axis
represents the change in velocity of the particle
during the given time interval in acceleration time
graph
a (m/s2)

a2
⇒
a ⇒
a1
dt t (s)
t1 t2
 Find the time when particle comes back to it’s initial
Example
velocity
a
A. 20 s
B. 50 s 20

C. 60 s
D. 70 s

30 40 t
 11th Grade
Monday
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Chemistry 8 PM
Mathematics 9 PM
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Chemistry 8 PM
Mathematics 9 PM