Seat No.

19-6855
GIS Assignment

T.Y. B.Sc. IT Sem VI [Academic Year 2019-2020]

Question 1

Create a map of railway lines (Central & Harbour OR Western & Harbour) of Mumbai.
Paste your map here.

Central & Harbour

Question 2

Create a map of Somaiya Vidyavihar Campus. Paste your map here.

Question 3

Write an essay on the Role of Geospatial technology in your allotted domain.

GIS (Geographic Information System) is one of the important field which plays
a key role in defense, space, environmental, analytics of areas and climatic
condition. GIS has a vast future in the defense and military. It is used in each
an every sub-unit of armed forces. It is used by army officials for decision-
making, land structures analysis, drones, GPS (Global Positioning System) and
air strikes, aircrafts. The technology of GIS has a very huge benefits which are
used by various commanders of armed forces to protect their bases. Also using
Geospatial Technology it helps to analyze by the recorded data to which it is
further known as highly restricted area in near to border.

Since the beginning of civilization, military forces have played a dominant role.
The focus on military efforts continuous to be a major force with a heavily
reliance of technology. Technology has not only changed the way wars are
fought but its employment has become a key factor in attaining dominance in
military power. To hold maintain the control of the occupied land, armed forces
need to know the spatial extent upon which they have the control.

Geographic Information System (GIS) plays a pivotal role in military operations.

The concept of command, control, communications and coordination in
military operations is largely dependent on the availability of accurate, spatial
information to arrive at the quick decision for the operational orders. In the
present digital era, GIS is an excellent tool for military commanders in the
operations. The use of GIS in military use forces has revolutionized the way in
which these forces operate and function. Military forces use GIS in a variety of
applications include cartography, intelligence, battle field management, terrain
analysis, remote sensing, military installation management and monitoring of
possible terrorist activity.

Spatial data is a crucial importance to the Military Commander in the battle as

it is for a decision-maker in the planning and the development of a state
growth. The Ministry of Defense (MoD) in any country gather data on routing,
filtering, analyzing and presenting information for decision-making. The
regional conflicts, rapid deployment and flexible response imposes heavy
burden on military commanders. Therefore digital mapping and GIS occupy
center stage in activities as diverse as battlefields simulation, mission briefing
and communications planning, logistics management and command control.
Defense Estate Management use of GIS in the management of military base
land and facilitates maintenance and the tackling of all stores, which may be
found on the base. GIS allows military land facilitates managers to reduce base
operations and maintenance costs, improve mission effectiveness, provide
rapid modelling capabilities for analyzing alternative strategies, improve
communication and to store institutional knowledge. Terrain elevation in land
based military operations military fields commanders would like to know
terrain conditions, elevations for maneuvering armour carriers, tanks and for
use of various weapon. In addition they need vegetation cover, road network
and communication lines with pin pointing accuracy for optimizing resource
utilization. A Detailed land map with information on land use, terrain model
and proximity of habitat is essential for military operations. All these details
must be available to the field commander in a datum to match with the
equipment he uses for position fixing and communication in his area of
operation. Any dispensary in this inputs may endanger the operation. Target
assessment can be done if the inputs are properly matched with the system
used for firing the weapon. Magnetic variations, gravitational information are
required for sensitive military operations.

Naval operations at sea naval vessels depends largely on extrapolative methods

to navigate when there is no mean of establishment position with visual aids.
Global Positioning System (GPS) provides the mean of determining the position
at sea. Echo sounder provides the depth of the water below the vessel. Naval
vessels operate different electronic gadgets. Military leaders heavily depend on
GIS and GPS(Global Positioning System) to make tactical decisions such as
guiding troops, supplies, and ships, informing them of possible threats,
problems with terrain and also to direct attention to specific area of interest.
Similar way air operations this type of operations in a battle environment
require a similar input as land operations as well as height information for
targeting. These include detail information such as target location, proximity of
civilian area, terrain evaluation, and meteorological condition besides
navigational data. The Virtual realty concept are of greater help in fighter and
bombing aircrafts for effective air strike operations.
GIS plays a key role in the America which are Tactical operation center 3-D.
The tactical operation center 3-D TOC 3-D application is being developed by
Concurrent Technologies Corporation (CTC) under the next generation
command and control systems. The TOC 3-D application provides multiple,
highly interactive 2-D and 3-D of the battle spaces it interfaces with army
battle command system. The capabilities and benefits of TOC 3-D are as
follows. The TOC 3-D application integrates advances GIS system
technologies,3-D visualization, information management solution and evolving
communication architectures to meet the U.S. army’s requirement. This data
includes maps, intelligence information, assets and near-real time and real-
time data in a manner that incorporates position, orientation and time. The
TOC 3-D application interprets the data received and displays the following
information.

 GIS data
 Georeferenced MIL-STD-2525B symbology
 Topographic data analysis
 Integrated CTP/COP
 Situational awareness

GIS also play an important role in logistic management of the army military
logistics because it is to move supplies, equipment, and troops where they are
needed at the right time or a place. Using GIS to determine routes for convoys,
forces are able to establish alternative routes if mishaps or traffic jams occur
on the most direct routes. Using both GPS and GIS certain sensitive elements
such as nuclear warheads can be tracked every step of their shipment and also
kept away hot spots, populated areas other shipments.

After all from the following content GIS has a very vast usage in the present
and future to overcome to the counter attacks. From the following we can say
that use of GIS in the management of military bases facilitates maintenance
and the tackling of all the stores, which may be found the base.
GIS and allows military land and facilitates managers to

 Reduce base operations and maintenance costs

 Improve mission effectiveness
 Provide rapid modelling capabilities for analyzing alternative strategies.
 Improve communication and to store institutional knowledge.
 Terrain evaluation in land based military operations.