College

Physics

CHAPTER2
Physics
| Kinematics: Description of Motion†

WELCOME
‫اهم حاجه الفيزياء‬
‫اننا نخاف فقط مما نجهله وال يوجد ما يخيفنا على االطالق بعد‬
‫ان نفهمه لقد حان الوقت ليزداد فهمنا لكي يقل خوفنا‬

CHAPTER1LEARNINGPATH
2.1 Distanceand speed:
#KEEP CALM & LETS STUDY scalar quantities
■magnitude only
PHYSICS 2.2 One-dimensional
displacement and velocity:
By : Mr. Mohammed Elobide vector quantities
■ magnitude and direction
Contact: Email: 2.3 Acceleration
■ time rate of change of velocity
0922427206 Mohammed Elobide
2.4 Kinematic equations
(constant acceleration)
■ description of motion
2.5 Free fall
■ solely under the influence of gravity

‫اننا نخاف فقط مما نجهله وال يوجد ما يخيفنا على االطالق بعد‬
‫ان نفهمه لقد حان الوقت ليزداد فهمنا لكي يقل خوفنا‬

1
 - Kinematics deals with the description of the motion of objects, without
consideration of what causes the motion.
- Dynamics analyzes the causes of motion.
2.1 Distance and Speed: Scalar Quantities
LEARNINGPATHQUESTIONS
➥Why is distance a scalar quantity?
➥What is the difference between average speed and instantaneous speed?
➥When are the average and instantaneous speeds equal?

DISTANCE

Distance is simply the total path length traversed in moving from one location to another.

scalar quantity is one with only magnitude or size.

SPEED

A length–time relationship can be expressed by using the rate at which distance is traveled,
or speed.
instantaneous speed tells how fast something is moving at a particular instant of time.

EXAMPLE 2 . 1 Slow Motion: Rover Moves Along

Website: Contact: Email:

www.MohammedElobide @gmail.com 9022222290 Mohammed Elobide
SOLUTION
…………………………………………
…………………………………………
…………………………………………
…………………………………………
…………………………………………
…………………………………………
………………………………………....
DIDYOULEARN?
➥Distance is the total path length and has only magnitude.
➥Average speed is speed over a period of time; instantaneous speed is speed at a particular
instant of time.
➥If the speed is constant, the average and instantaneous speeds are equal.

2.2 One-Dimensional Displacement and Velocity: Vector Quantities

LEARNINGPATHQUESTIONS
➥How are displacement and velocity related?
➥When are average velocity and instantaneous velocity related for linear motion?

DISPLACEMENT
Displacement is defined as the straight-line distance between two points, along with the
direction directly from the starting point to the final position. Unlike distance (a scalar),
displacement can have either positive or negative values, with the signs indicating the
directions along a coordinate axis.
As such, displacement is a vector quantity. In other words, a vector has both magnitude
and direction.
Note positive answer indicates a displacement in positive x-direction
negative answer indicates a displacement in negative x-direction
VELOCITY
Speed is a scalar, and velocity is a vector—velocity has both magnitude and direction.

one-dimensional velocities can have both positive and negative values, indicating the only
two possible directions (as with displacement).
Velocity tells how fast something is moving and in which direction it is moving.
The average velocity is the displacement divided by the total travel time.
EXAMPLE 2.2 There and Back: Average Velocities
FOLLOW-UP EXERCISE. Find the jogger’s average speed for each of the cases in this
Example, and compare these with the magnitudes of the respective average velocities. [Will
the average speed for part (c) be zero?]
an instantaneous velocity is obtained, which describes how fast something is moving and
in which direction at a particular instant of time.
Uniform motion means motion with a constant or uniform velocity (constant magnitude
and constant direction).
GRAPHICALANALYSIS
DIDYOULEARN?
➥Velocity is the time rate of change of displacement.
➥For linear motion in one direction, average speed is equal to the magnitude of the
average velocity. (This is not true if there is a reversal in direction.)

2.3 Acceleration
LEARNINGPATHQUESTIONS
➥What is evidence of an acceleration?
➥What is required for a deceleration?
➥Is a negative acceleration always a deceleration?

A change in velocity is called an acceleration.

Acceleration is defined as the time rate of change of velocity.
Because velocity is a vector quantity, so is acceleration, as acceleration represents a change
in velocity. Since velocity has both magnitude and direction, a change in velocity may
involve changes in either or both of these factors. Thus an acceleration may result from a
change in speed (magnitude), a change in direction, or a change in both.
_ FIGURE 2.9 Acceleration—the time rate of change of velocity Since velocity is a
vector quantity, with magnitude and direction, an acceleration can occur when there is (a) a
change in magnitude, but not direction; (b) a change in direction, but not magnitude; or (c) a
change in both magnitude and direction.
EXAMPLE 2.3 Slowing It Down: Average Acceleration
A couple in a sport-utility vehicle (SUV) are traveling at 90 km/h on a straight highway.
The driver sees an accident in the distance and slows down to 40 km/h in 5.0 s. What is the
average acceleration of the SUV?
FOLLOW-UP EXERCISE. Does a negative acceleration necessarily mean that a moving
object is slowing down (decelerating) or that its speed is decreasing? [Hint: See the
accompanying Learn by Drawing 2.2, Signs of Velocity and Acceleration.]
CONSTANTACCELERATION

EXAMPLE 2.4 Fast Start, Slow Stop: Motion with Constant Acceleration
A drag racer starting from rest accelerates in a straight line at a constant rate of 5.5 m/s2 or
6.0 s. (a) What is the racer’s velocity at the end of this time? (b) If a parachute deployed at
this time causes the racer to slow down uniformly at a rate of 2.4 m/s2, how long will the
racer take to come to a stop?

FOLLOW-UP EXERCISE. What is the racer’s instantaneous velocity 10 s after the

parachute is deployed?
_ FIGURE 2 .10 Velocity-versus-time graphs for motions with constant accelerations The slope of a
v-versus-t plot is the acceleration. (a)A positive slope indicates an increase in the velocity in the positive
direction. The vertical arrows to the right indicate how the acceleration adds velocity to the initial velocity,
vo. (b)A negative slope indicates a decrease in the initial velocity, v0, or a deceleration. (c) Here a negative
slope indicates a negative acceleration, but the initial velocity is in the negative direction,-v0 , so the speed
of the object increases in that direction. (d) The situation here is initially similar to that of part (b) but ends
up resembling that in part (c). Can you explain what happened at time t1?
EXAMPLE 2.5 On the Water: Using Multiple Equations
A motorboat starting from rest on a lake accelerates in a straight line at a constant rate of 3.0
m/s2 for 8.0 s. How far does the boat travel during this time?
SOLUTION.

DIDYOULEARN?
➥A change in velocity is evidence of an acceleration.
➥A deceleration requires a velocity in the opposite direction of the acceleration.
➥A negative acceleration for motion in the negative direction increases the velocity.
2.4 Kinematic Equations (Constant Acceleration)
LEARNINGPATHQUESTIONS
➥How is the velocity affected for a constant acceleration?
➥What is necessary for a moving object to come to a stop?
CONCEPTUAL EXAMPLE 2.6 Something Is Wrong!
EXAMPLE 2 .7 Moving Apart: Where Are They Now?
Two riders on dune buggies sit 10 m apart on a long, straight track, facing in opposite
directions. Starting at the same time, both riders accelerate at a constant rate of 2.0 m/s2 .
How far apart will the dune buggies be at the end of 3.0 s?
EXERCISE. Would it make any difference in the separation distance if vehicle B had been
initially put at the origin instead of vehicle A? Try it and find out.

EXAMPLE 2.8 Putting On the Brakes: Vehicle Stopping Distance

The stopping distance of a vehicle is an important factor in road safety. This distance
depends on the initial speed (v0) and the braking capacity, which produces the deceleration,
a, assumed to be constant. Express the stopping distance x in terms of these quantities.
GRAPHICALANALYSISOFKINEMATICEQUATIONS
DIDYOULEARN?
➥The velocity changes linearly as a function of time for a constant acceleration and gives a
straight line on a v versus-t graph.
➥An acceleration in the opposite direction of the motion is needed for a moving object to come to
a stop.
2.5 Free Fall
LEARNINGPATHQUESTIONS
➥What is required for an object to be in free fall?
➥What is different about free fall on the Moon compared to that on the Earth?
➥A heavy object and a light object are in free fall, having been dropped from equal heights.Which
object strikes the ground first?
When an object is dropped, its initial velocity (at the instant it is released) is zero. At a later
time while falling, it has a nonzero velocity.
This acceleration due to gravity (g) near the Earth’s surface has an approximate magnitude
of

Objects in motion solely under the influence of gravity are said to be in free fall.
-When air resistance is negligible, all objects dropped under the influence of gravity move
with the same acceleration.
- A freely falling object is any object moving freely under the influence of gravity
alone, regardless of its initial motion.
- free-fall acceleration At Earth surface , the value of g is approximately 9.80m/s 2 toward
Earth center . (the acceleration is a = -g = -9.80 m/s2 0 downward
-At maximum height (vy = 0 , ay = -g )
-Equation of motion
1- v = v0 – gt
2- v2 = v02 – 2g∆𝑦
1
3- ∆𝑦 = v0t - gt2
2

4- vav =( v0 + v) / 2
The acceleration due to gravity near the Moon’s surface is only about one-sixth of that near
the Earth’s surface gm = g/6.

EXAMPLE 2.9 A Stone Thrown Downward: The Kinematic Equations Revisited

A boy on a bridge throws a stone vertically downward with an initial speed of 14.7 m/s
toward the river below. If the stone hits the water 2.00 s later, what is the height of the
bridge above the water?
FOLLOW-UP EXERCISE. How much longer would it take for the stone to reach the river
if the boy in this Example had dropped the ball rather than thrown it?

EXAMPLE 2.10 Measuring Reaction Time: Free Fall

A person’s reaction time can be measured by having another person drop a ruler (without
warning) even with and through the first person’s thumb and forefinger, as shown in _Fig.
2.15. After observing the unexpected release, the first person grasps the falling ruler as
quickly as possible, and the length of the ruler below the top of the finger is noted. Suppose
the ruler descends 18.0 cm before it is caught. What is the person’s reaction time?
_ FIGURE 2 .1 5 Reaction time A person’s reaction time can be measured by having the person grasp a dropped ruler.
EXAMPLE 2 .11 Free Fall Up and Down: Using Implicit Data

_ FIGURE 2 .16 Free fall up and down Note the lengths of the velocity and acceleration vectors at
different times. (The upward and downward paths of the ball are horizontally displaced for illustration
purposes.)
SOLUTION.

a-

b-

c-
FOLLOW-UP EXERCISE. At what height does the ball in this Example have a speed of
5 m/s? [Hint: The ball attains this height twice—once on the way up, and once on the way
down.]
DIDYOULEARN?
➥When gravitational attraction is the sole influence on an object, it is in free fall.
This includes objects dropped from rest, projected upward, or thrown downward.
➥The gravitational attraction on the Moon is one-sixth of that on the Earth, hence
objects in free fall on the Moon fall more slowly than on the Earth.
➥Heavy and light objects in free fall dropped from equal heights strike the ground
at the same time because the acceleration due to gravity is the same for both.