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Mc 2
σ= I=∑ ( Ī + Ad )
I
4 4
N . A=
∑ Ai yi I=
πr
(Circle )=
πd
∑ Ai 4 64
bh3
I= (rec tan gle)
12
M Mc
σ= =
S I
VQ VQ Q= A× ȳ or
τ= q= Force=q×nail Spacing
Ib I Q= A×d