EUROPEAN UNION 1

European Union

International Business

Brief History of European Union

The EU is a form of unification of twenty seven member states that are collectively

united together in an effort towards creating of a political and also an economic form of

community within the whole of the European territory (Crosby, 2010). The idea of the union is

associated to a rich form of history, as well as a unique organization, both of which significantly

aid in all its current success and also its ability to fulfill all its missions, which are set for the

twenty first century. The union is a form of a geo-political entity, which covers a significantly

large portion of the entire continent of Europe. The union is entirely founded upon some

numerous treaties. The union has also undergone some expansions which have taken it form the

initial six member state to the current range of twenty seven states gathered across Europe (Cini,

2006).

The precursor of the union was initially founded immediately after the WW2. This took

place in the 1940s, and was happened in an effort to unite the different countries within the entire

Europe. It was also meant to end the period of war between the different neighboring countries.

A collection of these countries began to unite in the year 1949 with a unique council if Europe.

Within the beginning of the following year, there was an intensive form of expansion within the

union. This was as a result of the upcoming of steel community, as well as the European coal

corporations (Chalmers, Davies & Monti, 2010). All the six nations that were involved within

this initial form of the treaty included Luxembourg, France, German, Belgium state, Italy, as
EUROPEAN UNION 2

well as Netherlands. These countries were identified to be the founding fathers of the union. The

entire history of the union is said to lie in the aspect of WW2. The Europeans became determined

to prevent any form of killing and property destruction again. This could only have been

achieved through the process of unification of the conflicting nations. After the development of

the desire to unify, the western region of Europe created a council of Europe in 1949. This

formed a significant step towards achieving intended cooperation between the different nations.

They formed a common market from then.

In the 1950s, there was a need for the unification of the different states within Europe.

This form of a need was as a result of the existing divisions between the western and the entire

eastern part of Europe. In order to achieve the same, the treaty of Rome was eventually signed in

the mid nineteenth century. This created the community of the European economic activities,

which allowed people as well as products to freely move throughout the community. Throughout

the decades that followed from then, more sets of countries joined the founding fathers and

became members of the union (Watts, 2008).

In efforts to enhance further unification of the entire Europe, there was the signing of the

act of the single European organization at the beginning of the year 1978. This was done with an

aim to eventually create a single market for the trade activities. The process of unification of

Europe was further enhanced during the year 1989. This was achieved through the process of

elimination of the boundaries, which existed between the western ad the eastern part of Europe.

Throughout the late nineties, an idea in the existence of a single market allowed some

easier trading activities, some more citizen interaction on different issues such as security and the

environment, as well as some easier and efficient travel through the various nations. This was
EUROPEAN UNION 3

effectively achieved through the formation of the union by the founding nations. It is notable

that, even though the countries across Europe had several treaties in place prior to the early

nineties, this period of time, was generally recognized as the period when the modern union

arose significantly due to the Maastricht on the union, which was signed and enacted in 1992,

and also later put into action by the late 1993. During this period, The Treaty of Maastricht was

reported of having managed to identify the five major types of goals that were meant to unify the

entire region of Europe (Archer, 2000).

Brief discussion of EU members

A member State of the union is identified to be a part of the treaties of the union. A

member state is subject to different privileges as well as obligations of the entire membership of

the union. Unlike the membership of the common international organizations, the membership of

the European Union tends to place each of the specific members under some outlined, binding

laws. This process takes place in exchange for presentation in the union’s legislative as well as

judicial institutions.

On the other hand, it is worth noting that member states of the union retain some

considerable form of autonomy as compared to the constituent states of any federation such as

the United States. This takes place while still maintaining their own national military as well as

foreign policy, especially when they have not completely agreed to the existing European action

within effective areas.

EUROPEAN UNION 4

There are twenty seven members who are part of the union. Out of the twenty seven

members, six of them act as the core founders. Al the remaining states are said to have joined in

a subsequent form of enlargement (Newman, 1997).

Before any member state can be allowed to join the union, a particular state must fully

fulfill the necessary political and economic requirements, or conditions. These forms of

conditions and terms are, generally, identified as a set of the Copenhagen criterion. These sets of

rules and conditions require any candidate that wants to be part of a member state, to have free

and democratic form of government, together with all its corresponding sets of institutions,

freedoms, as well as the necessary respect for the law.

The process of enlargement or expansion of the union and its activities is said to be

contingent upon the set agreement of each of the existing member states, as well as the

candidate’s adoption of all, set and pre-existing, laws of the union.

There has been a wide firm of disparity in the form of wealth, political system, and

physical size of all the member states. However, all of these member states are known to have

equal rights. While majority takes place in the voting process in some specific areas, smaller

areas or states, who are members of the union, are said to have some disproportional

representation as compared to their actual population. It is worth noting that, no particular

member state has ever withdrawn from the union. In addition to the same, no particular member

of the union has ever been suspended since its formation (Pusca, 2004). However, some of the

dependent territories or even part of the semi-autonomous areas are said to have left, reducing

the actual members of the union to twenty-seven.

EUROPEAN UNION 5

Some of the latest trends in the pattern of gaining memberships are noted to have started

since 2004. This is the same year when the union had the most significant number of members

joining the union at a glance. During this year, Hungary, Malta, Lithuania, Poland, Slovenia,

Slovakia, Latvia, Estonia, Cyprus, and the Czech Republic were said to have joined the union.

This brought the member of membership states to twenty-five in total (Newman, 1997). Three

years later, no large numbers of membership were registered. In fact, the only two members who

happened to join in 2oo7 include Bulgaria and Romania and this made the total number of

members to rise to twenty-seven. Valdis Dombrovskis is identified for having led one of the

toughest programs across Europe on keeping Latvia’s euro form of membership hopes being

alive. All of these member states have some defined, specific goals and targets. These targets are

said to be easily achieved with the necessary form of support from the union.

All the founding treaties states that happen to be member states are quite indivisibly

sovereign as well as of equal value. However, the union does follow a certain form of

supernatural system, which is similar to federalism in all areas of the European community. An

aspect of combined sovereignty is fully delegated by each of the members to the institutions in

return for a presentation within all those institutions. Whenever any of the member state fails to

comply fully with the laws and guidelines as stipulated within the legal system of governance of

the union, then their membership state is suspended for a specified duration of time.

Brief discussion of EU organizations

There are several organizations that are linked to the activities of the European Union for

the welfare of the people within these regions, and the common core goal being unity. The very
EUROPEAN UNION 6

first organization to discuss is the organization against light pollution within the European

Union. There is a long list of the several sub-organizations that are linked to the activities of this

agency against light pollution across Europe (Snyder, 2012). All of these associated

organizations take care of the rising battle against light pollution across Europe and all its

adverse forms of effects on the nightly fork of the sky, and the night environment in a random

manner.

The next organizations that form some key activities for the organization include the

European organization Program for Funding in Research. This organization is a composition of

the following minor organizations: the European science foundation, the European commission

for research studies, the European commission for culture and education, EURY, EUROCORES,

and the European cooperation for technical and field research.

The EUROCORES is an organization that develops schemes and goals that enhance the

synergy within the pan-European level. This is achieved by way of providing a necessary

framework that brings together the different national research funding organizations. These

organizations also support the necessary interdisciplinary form of research in some of the non-

traditional areas and thereby opening some new forms of horizons within the field of science.

ESF is yet another form of organization that is meant to oversee the process of selection

of the most appropriate programs for EUROCORES in accordance to the set objectives, targets

and goals of the European Union. The organization includes an international form of peer review

panel, a unique ranking process, as well as a research dissemination of its activities. This

organization has specific themes and missions, which are closely linked with the core objectives

of the European Union.

EUROPEAN UNION 7

EURYI is identified as the European young organization for investigator awards. This

organization runs under a specific scheme, which is designed to attract all outstanding groups of

young scientists within the member states, who are part of the EU. They mainly focus on several

research domains such as humanities, science, and energy fields from any potential country

across the world in order to create their own fork of the research team within the European

research centers.

The other crucial organization is the EIB, which incorporates a collection of university

research actions. This organization serves as one of the most significant arms of the EU. In

parallel with all its lending activities within the education sector, the bank which is a crucial EU

financial organization has developed another subgroup in charge of financial and economic

aspects’ research. The sub branch is the university research action that channels all its

institutional form of support towards higher education, as well as crucial academic research

especially within the field of finance and economics. This organization becomes significantly

reliable, especially when there is a form of the financial crisis that occurs within the European

region, or within the heart of the economic system of any of the member states.

The European heads council together with the European scientific foundation forms

another joint organization that was created in 2003. This organization steers the necessary high

profile incentives for the best as well as the brightest researchers to build careers within Europe.

Role played by the EU in the process of facilitation of European trade

Intra-EU trade

The EU provides the entire world with some huge opportunities as a form of returns,

which can be made from achieving direct for of access to the twenty-seven market regions. The
EUROPEAN UNION 8

internal market involves trade between four hundred and eighty million consumers. Despite the

presence of such a precious opportunity, a majority of the companies within the membership

states being baffled by a sea of the entire European institutions, policies, legislation, and

languages, fail to get the most out of the present internal market.

The intra trade sector is governed by a set of policies, which guide the member states

towards successful types of trade links. This is done through the process of enacting of internal

and regional trading policies. The intra trade systems across the member states are governed by a

union system, which has a list of the set objectives according to the set policies. This system has

a list of activities like:

• Identification of legislation, policies, as well as industry standards, which apply to

their different businesses within the EU market.

• Identification and the gaining of access to the various EU funding schemes within the

internal market.

• Development of effective compliance types of programs that govern control activities

within the European internal market.

• Anticipation of the necessary regulatory changes and a thorough quantification of the

potential impact within the market and trading activities.

• Development of some persuasive legal, economic, and political argumentation in order

to challenge the different regulatory norms or even legislative proposals.

• Understanding and influencing the necessary forms of business proposals as well as

decision-making processes that affect trade links within the various sections of the EU

market.
EUROPEAN UNION 9

• Contesting of the union member states’ implementation of the different trade rules

within the union’s market.

• Accessing of the level of compatibility of the different union market policies within

the entire organization of the world trade rules.

EU-Global trade

All the members of the union have developed some guidelines to effective international

trade practices. These global practices assist different clients to effectively master the necessary

regulatory environment, which govern the movement of services, goods, as well as capital across

the various national borders.

The union, together with all its members, uses their in-depth form of understanding of the

entire international trade rules, in harnessing the most effective forms of regional land

international forms of trade links. They also utilize their commercial and political environmental

aspects to in all member states to effectively develop some creative and efficient solutions to the

regulatory problems facing the clients, who are members of the union within the global market.

The members of the union have developed a social form of dimension towards achieving

the necessary links within the global market. The union campaigns in order to ensure that, the

necessary market freedoms do not, in any particular way, undercut the most fundamental forms

of trade links and unions. The global trade union develops a number of several ways of

improving the effectiveness of the entire union as well as developmental tools for the various

countries within Europe. Some of the roles that are played by the union in the process of overall

facilitation of the trade activities within Europe include:

EUROPEAN UNION 10

• Assists all developing countries towards effective improvement of governance, meeting

of the set international forms of standards as well as taking better advantage of the

different possible trade opportunities that are offered within the wide world market range.

• Facilitation of all exporters within the global market, especially for small operators, to

join the union. An excellent example is export helpdesk, which have assisted to expand

the market link for the European trade.

• Increasing the rate of use of the union’s instruments, in order to promote some foreign

direct forms of investments within Europe. This includes the creation of the relevant

forms of provisions within the free trade agreements in order to enhance the legal form of

certainty.

In-depth discussion of the different EU nations (Western/Central/Eastern)

The Western Region

The western region of Europe is a specific region, which comprises of the westerly sets of

countries of the European region. Whereas the region has some geographical form of context,

another main aspect that defines this entire region is the cold war, which resulted into the

formation of a western European region, which is now a significant part of the EU.

All countries that lie within this particular region are some of the invariably, high income

generating categories of countries. A majority of these countries in the western region are

classified within the category of developed sets of countries. These countries within the western

region are characterized by fully developed democratic political forms of systems. They are,
EUROPEAN UNION 11

also, composed of mixed forms of economics, combining the different free markets with specific

aspects of the overall welfare state. A majority of these states are considered to be full members

of the NATO group as well as the EU (Christiansen & Piattoni, 2004).

The UN agency considers the whole of the western region as a territory, which consists of

just nine states. This happens even though the regional groups of the UN is said to also include

the European countries from different designated categories the south, as well as the northern

part of Europe.

The Eastern Europe

Eastern part of Europe is considered to be part of the entire European continent. The

region is associated with a variety of geographical, socioeconomic, cultural, and geopolitical

aspects, which make it to remain as highly depended on the context. Reliable research studies

indicate that every form of assessment of the spatial identities, which is normally a social as well

as cultural construct. The Eastern part of Europe is widely considered to be a cultural form of an

entity. The region is identified as one, which lies within the heart of the larger Europe and

consists of Orthodox, Byzantine, as well as Turco Islamic forms of influences.

The region considered to form the Eastern part, was defined immediately after the

eruption of the C.W. All of those states that were considered to be outside the formation of the

Soviet Union were considered to be a composition that resulted into the Eastern bloc. The

Eastern bloc became a member of the EU immediately after the end of WW2.
EUROPEAN UNION 12

Central Europe

The central part of Europe is identified as the middle part of Europe. It is the region

within the continent of Europe which lies within the variously defined sets of areas that are

submerged between the western and the eastern blocs. There were various sets of widespread

interests within the region, which resulted into resurfacing of the entire region by the end of the

period of the cold war. This had eventually divided the European region into political forms of

margins that split the central part into two significant parts, which all became members of the

union.

The major concept of the central part of Europe and one, which forms a common form of

identity is viewed to be somehow elusive. Different scholars, however, continue to assert that, a

distinct form of a culture within the central part of Europe as one, which is controversial, and

also widely debated, especially on the notion of its existence. The region definition is based on

some similarities that emanate from the social, cultural, economic, and historical characteristics.

Central Europe is identified as one of the regions, which had some of the richest sources

of creative talent within the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries across the globe. Central region

was also identified by different sets of scholars as being a significant part of the entire western

set of Christianity.

The central part has been seen undergoing through several significant changes especially

within the field of strategic awakening through some initiatives, which include the Centrope and
EUROPEAN UNION 13

CEI. It is notable that whereas this central region has developed an economic system, which

indicates significantly high levels of disparities with regard to the level of income, all of the

independent states within the central part are listed amongst some of the most high development

countries recording some high performance indices.

Comparison and Contrast between the three European Regions

The major form of difference between the central and the eastern block is perceived from

the perspective of personal and scholarly definitions. There exists no clear cut that is universally

accepted as the categorical set of nations which either occupy the eastern or the central part of

Europe. The UN itself does not have any clear form of definition which defines the Eastern part

of Europe. The Eastern part is believed to be composed of the following countries: Bulgaria,

Poland, Hungary, Romania, Belarus, Czech Republic, Moldova, Russian, Ukraine, and Slovakia.

It is notable that, the UN still remains to be silent on what could represent the entire

region of central Europe. They instead prefer to separate the continent into some more

significantly defined territories which incorporates the southern, the larger eastern, the southern,

and the larger western region.

It can be noted that, historically, ever since the mid twentieth century, the Eastern region

is interpreted as a composition of all these countries which are separated from the larger western

region though a defined set of political philosophies. A majority of these definitions and

interpretations of the three major divisions and territories that form the continent were fully

linked to the Soviet Union especially after the CW. It was identified that, immediately after the
EUROPEAN UNION 14

fall of a majority of the territories that had initially formed the communist governments, all those

countries that initially defined the Eastern bloc have been subjected to some significant

economic and political forms of changes since then.

The central part of Europe can be considered as one which includes a majority of these

countries that have experienced several changes. Since there is no clear universal definition, it

becomes relatively difficult to identify what sets of countries lie within the central part of

Europe. It is, however, notable that some of these countries have eventually made several

attempts to define themselves and their entire compositions. Scholars identify the central

composition of the European territory as consisting of the following independent states: Czech,

Germany, Austria, Hungary and Poland.

It has been identified that a majority of those nations that form the composition of the

eastern and the central regions have been seen to boom within the recent years. This aspect has

been seen to offer a growing form of a list of the most significant exports, as well as eagerly

buying processes of services and goods in return. The gains are now unraveling within the

twentieth century, and thereby forming another casualty of one of the global financial forms of

crisis.

With the region being not isolated in the recent past, an economic form of collapse could

eventually reverberate within the west. This is because the eastern and the central European

regions tends to borrow too much from the west in terms of loans and grants due to rising cases

of the financial crisis. A majority of economists and financial advisors war of the treacherous and

significant eruption of a feedback loop within the economic system of the members of EU. This

could result with the problem compounding those in the other while some fear that the western
EUROPEAN UNION 15

regions could even be flooded by different sets of economic borrowers and refugees especially

from the Ukraine territory, or even from other eastern bloc countries. This is compared to the

scenario that was present during the case of breakup in the nineties within Yugoslavia.

Even though the conditions happen to vary significantly, the central and the eastern

regions tend to have some narrowly based sets of economies which are centered within some

basic sectors. Some of these central factors that support the entire economic system within these

two European territories include; the manufacturing and the agricultural sectors. The only aspect

that results into destabilization of these economic hubs is the issue of debts that result into

financial crisis. This leaves the entire region that forms the EU to become quite vulnerable to

rising economic crisis.

It is historically identified that the rapid form of growth within the eastern part of Europe

initially originated from the western territory, which had made a lot of financial investments.

Different sets of analysts claim that as different western states continue to face their various

forms of downturns, there is a possible decreased form of demand for the entire eastern set of

exports as well as plans for some further foreign investments. However, it is advisable to stop

such forms of direct investments in order to reduce the potential of risks of getting into a

significantly high financial crisis.

The problem of debts has been considered to be a significantly major problem. Within the

recent years, it has been predicted that the various businesses within the central and the eastern

territories, as well as consumers, have been largely attracted through loans provided by the

various banks within the western territory. It is estimated that, within Ukraine, an approximate

92% of the total debt form the government is significantly dominated by the problem from the
EUROPEAN UNION 16

aspect of the foreign currency. This is according to the global collection of the Citigroup

organization. It is also predicted that more than three quarters of all the debts within Hungary

and Bulgaria lie within the issue of foreign currency. Whereas a majority of the Asian states

were able to eventually work out of the rising crisis with some strong sets of exports, there is

emergence of some worries that, the eastern and the central countries might find some slack form

of demand for various exports due to the fact that, the trading partners form the western part of

Europe have quite some little money to spend.

A wide range of countries from the western region are occupied with some unique sets of

problems. This has resulted into a significant form of decline to the level of support that was

initially awarded by the west to other EU territories. The eastern neighbors have been seen to

terribly suffer as a direct effect from the rising financial crisis within the West. The west has

been seen to be worried about the rising cases of poverty and problems within the Eastern bloc. It

is predicted that a slight change within the economic system of the eastern bloc could be a

significant crisis within the entire west. It is considered that if the Eastern bloc suffers

economically, then the western region could be to blame, and could eventually face the facts.

Out of all the twenty-seven territories that form the EU, more than half of them utilize the

Euro as the main form of currency. It is considered that a majority of the different territories

within the EU composition are already stable within the aspect of political, social, and economic

categories. However, it is considered that, amongst the eastern and the central region states,

Slovenia and Slovakia are some of the emerging states that are upcoming in form economic,

political, and social aspects. It has been noticed that, the rapidly developing form of economic

decline within the central and eastern regions due to failure of meeting the requirements of the
EUROPEAN UNION 17

Euro market, has resulted into some budget deficits that are defined below certain ceilings. The

entire EU territory has been seen to show some little interest in the process of loosening the

necessary requirements. It is notable that, despite the various requests from states like Poland,

Hungary and Baltic, to develop policies to curb the rising cases of budget deficits, the central and

the eastern regions have continuously been suffering from this economic problem.

It has been identified that, whereas the eastern, the central, and the larger western sets of

territories that form the whole EU link tend to be lumped together, they are considered to vary

differently in several aspects. All the states that are said to lie within the central or within the

Easter regions are

In the long run, he suggests, the developing Central and Eastern European nations need

stronger links to the West -- by joining the European Union, adopting the euro and expanding

trade. But the economic crisis is making this harder. People in Western nations are hunkering

down, protecting their own economies and losing enthusiasm for links to poor relations to the

East while the Eastern countries are short on the resources they need to implement changes to

qualify for the EU or to adopt the euro. Furthermore, the battle against corruption and expansion

of democratic principles are more difficult amid economic stress.

Analysis of the present EU member economic crises

The most significant form of economic crisis is identified as the Euro-zone crisis. This

describes a series of the financial crisis, which makes it difficult, or even impossible, for a

variety of the European states to repay, or even to refinance their debts from the governments, or
EUROPEAN UNION 18

from external agencies. A majority of these crises are associated to the countries within the euro

area and are linked to the problem of sovereign debts.

There is the development of fears on the current sets of sovereign forms of the debt crisis

that have been developed amongst different investors. This has emerged as a result of the rising

government related and private debt levels within the states that are members of the union. It is

associated with a wave of downgrading of the government debt within some of the European

states.

Economic analysis within the European region indicates that the different causes of the

financial and economic crisis within these regions vary from one country to the other. It has

been discovered that, within a majority of these countries, private debts that normally arise from

property form of a bubble are eventually becoming transferred to sovereign forms of debts. This

form of a crisis has been due to bailouts from the different banking systems as well as the slow

government responses to some of the slowly developing economies.

In some parts of the European region, high public sector pension and wage commitments

are key contributors to current economic crisis resulting from debt increase. The currently

unified structure within the Euro-zone on the use of a uniform currency, whereas there is no

fiscal union has been also a major contributor to the crisis within the union.

The current set up of economic crisis is significantly contributing to a widening form of

poverty gap within different member states. Whereas almost all the member states have been in

an adverse manner affected by the economic crisis, the issue of unemployment within the union

is believed to stand at eighteen million within the southern and the eastern states. The west has
EUROPEAN UNION 19

not adversely been affected by the crisis due to the relatively stable form of economic

background.

The current crisis is believed to significantly have been as a result of a combination of

complex factors. Some of these factors include easy credit conditions that encouraged some

higher levels of risk lending practices and borrowing trends. Others include the processes of

globalization of finance systems within the EU, and socializing sets of losses. The entire process

of credit default swap market also tends to reveal the actual beginning of the overall sovereign

problem.

The current economic crisis is associated with a varying set of consequences. It is

believed to bring with it the intense pressure for protectionism. This in return results into severe

impacts on the entire international trade agenda.

Discussion on the future of EU from a business perspective

The most likely form of scenario for the coming future of the EU within the next decade

might be slow and steady progress. However, this progress is majorly oriented towards a

cohesive integration that is held back by a rich range of cultural diversities and economic crisis.

Evidence suggest that, there are different sets of tools and future plans that have been developed,

in efforts towards achieving the integrated sets of future business perspectives (Holmes, 2005).

In order to achieve these global business perspectives, evidence from scholars suggests that,

future perspective newsletters be produced on a quarterly basis. These newsletters are

recommended to be produced on organizational, community and global levels. These newsletters

EUROPEAN UNION 20

highlight on the possible improvements of a global network for all clients that are connected to

the European business market (Arnull & Wincott, 2002).

The EU councils and all its members set up strategies for achieving different future

prospects within the field of business development. The council is appointed by the government.

The major form of business prospect for the future of the union is to fully eliminate the current

economic and financial crisis within the whole of Europe. This form of prospect will also involve

the process of formulation and implementation of different strategies to resolve the different

conflicts within the EU nations. These strategies developed policies to harness business growth

in order to expand the potential business hubs within the European regions.

According to these sets of policies and strategies, the union intends to develop an

expansion of the range of currencies that are used within these nations. This will foresee the

eradication of the similar currency system within the Euro-zone, and thereby avoid any form of

possible future economic crisis within the region. There is also an effort to develop policies that

handle cases of nations that tend to misbehave and cause a tendency to affect the normal business

flow. Those nations who also happen to create possible instabilities and liabilities within the

union are also handled within the rules stipulated within these business guidelines and policies.

The other set of future business prospect involves the strengthening of the east and the

central hubs of the union. This will incorporate the neutralization or reduction of the rate of

dependency of the east and central regions upon the western territory for grants and loans. This

will also be yet another strategy to reduce the possibility of occurrence of further future

economic crisis.
EUROPEAN UNION 21

References

Archer, C. (2000). The European Union: Structure and process. London: Continuum. Retrieved

from

http://books.google.com/books?id=R2yBFqYkmZ8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Europea

n+union&hl=en&sa=X&ei=EbFUUZ2UAqnG7AbNmoHYBQ&ved=0CEcQ6AEwBA

Arnull, A., & Wincott, D. (2002). Accountability and legitimacy in the European Union. Oxford:

Oxford Univ. Press. Retrieved from

http://books.google.com/books?id=0FL1XnvccNkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=European

+union&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ebRUUeyeGY7dPc-rgdAI&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAjgU

Chalmers, D., Davies, G. T. & Monti, G. (2010). European Union law: Cases and materials.

Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Retrieved from

http://books.google.com/books?id=GQjXnaies6QC&printsec=frontcover&dq=European+

union&hl=en&sa=X&ei=EbFUUZ2UAqnG7AbNmoHYBQ&ved=0CFMQ6AEwBg

Christiansen, T., & Piattoni, S. (2004). Informal governance in the European union.

Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=-

pwMzSoZXfIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=European+union&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ebRUUey

eGY7dPc-rgdAI&ved=0CGAQ6AEwCTgU

Cini, M. (2006). European Union politics. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Retrieved

From

http://books.google.com/books?id=nbDg942v2uUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=European

+union&hl=en&sa=X&ei=EbFUUZ2UAqnG7AbNmoHYBQ&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAQ
EUROPEAN UNION 22

Crosby. S. (2010). New journal on europena criminal law. Elsene, Belgium. Retrieved from

http://www.google.co.ke/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=15&cad=rja&ve

d=0CEoQFjAEOAo&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.njecl.eu%2F&ei=MbFUUffZD-

X14QT1hIFg&usg=AFQjCNEAd_89O0qKRxvcWadP_6TYMo8I6w&bvm=bv.4444204

2,d.ZWU

El-Agraa, A. M., & El-Agraa, A. M. (2007). The European Union: Economics and policies.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Retrieved from

http://books.google.com/books?id=seX-

BFibiakC&printsec=frontcover&dq=European+union&hl=en&sa=X&ei=_7JUUZ3_B4K

aO8uHgYAN&ved=0CD8Q6AEwAzgK

Ginsberg, R. H. (2001). The European Union in international politics: Baptism by fire. Lanham,

MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

http://books.google.com/books?id=xYTXqVd7YL8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Europea

n+union&hl=en&sa=X&ei=_7JUUZ3_B4KaO8uHgYAN&ved=0CDIQ6AEwATgK

Hill, C. (2011). International relations and the European Union. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.

Retrieved from

http://books.google.com/books?id=twy7sBbFm0oC&printsec=frontcover&dq=European

+union&hl=en&sa=X&ei=EbFUUZ2UAqnG7AbNmoHYBQ&ved=0CFsQ6AEwBw

Horspool, M. (2006). European Union law. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved from

http://books.google.com/books?id=s1UqCRbQSVUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Europea

n+union&hl=en&sa=X&ei=_7JUUZ3_B4KaO8uHgYAN&ved=0CEwQ6AEwBTgK
EUROPEAN UNION 23

Kohler-Koch, B. (2007). Debating the democratic legitimacy of the European Union. Lanham:

Rowman & Littlefield.

http://books.google.com/books?id=wgHfdYqoHy4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=European

+union&hl=en&sa=X&ei=_7JUUZ3_B4KaO8uHgYAN&ved=0CEUQ6AEwBDgK

Holmes, M. (2005). Ireland and the European Union: Nice, enlargement and the future of

Europe. Manchester: Manchester Univ. Press. Retrieved from

http://books.google.com/books?id=DncQ0PBp17oC&printsec=frontcover&dq=European

+union&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ebRUUeyeGY7dPc-rgdAI&ved=0CEkQ6AEwBTgU

Newman, M. (1997). Democracy, sovereignty and the European Union. London: Hurst & Co.

Retrieved from

http://books.google.com/books?id=pgrbPO_qOyYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=European

+union&hl=en&sa=X&ei=_7JUUZ3_B4KaO8uHgYAN&ved=0CFgQ6AEwBzgK

Pusca, A. (2004). European Union: Challenges and promises of a new enlargement. Budapest.

Retrieved from

http://books.google.com/books?id=VirUehtGzVkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=European+

union&hl=en&sa=X&ei=EbFUUZ2UAqnG7AbNmoHYBQ&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAg

Rhodes, C. (1998). The European Union in the world community. Boulder: Rienner. Retrieved

from

http://books.google.com/books?id=_yoF3bJ36SQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=European+

union&hl=en&sa=X&ei=EbFUUZ2UAqnG7AbNmoHYBQ&ved=0CGcQ6AEwCQ
EUROPEAN UNION 24

Snyder, F. (2012). European Law Journal: International Workshop for Young Scholars. School

of Transnational Law. Retrieved from

http://www.google.co.ke/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=16&cad=rja&ve

d=0CFIQFjAFOAo&url=http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fjournal%2F10.X

14QT1hIFg&usg=AFQjCNGYkgC_Mam2lcIPEBc-

xR_BhFjB8w&bvm=bv.44442042,d.ZWU

Thomson, R. (2006). The European Union decides. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.

http://books.google.com/books?id=lpSBzjiRbwEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=European+

union&hl=en&sa=X&ei=_7JUUZ3_B4KaO8uHgYAN&ved=0CCwQ6AEwADgK

Watts, D. (2008). The European Union. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Retrieved from

http://books.google.com/books?id=i9ymARmZ6DgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Europea

n+union&hl=en&sa=X&ei=EbFUUZ2UAqnG7AbNmoHYBQ&ved=0CEEQ6AEwAw

Windhoff-Héritier, A. (2001). Differential Europe: The European Union impact on national

policymaking. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. Retrieved from

http://books.google.com/books?id=WNdyVVdTzWEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Europe

an+union&hl=en&sa=X&ei=_7JUUZ3_B4KaO8uHgYAN&ved=0CFIQ6AEwBjgK