Name:3/C Manuel, Jade Carlo B.

Year/Section: S2 Alpha Mar-E Date: March 20,2020

Research Work: Marine Steam Turbine

Principles of Reaction Turbine

The steam at high pressure enters through a stationary nozzle of a steam turbine, as a
result the pressure of the steam is decrease and an increase in steam velocity. As a result of
increased steam velocity steam pass through the nozzle in the form of a high-speed jet. This
high-velocity steam hit the properly shaped turbine blade, as a result, the steam flow direction is
changed. The effect of this change in direction of the steam flow will produce an impulse force.
This force cause the blade move, thereby the rotor will start to rotate.
The force applied to the blade is developed by causing the steam to change the direction
of flow (Newton’s 2nd Law – change of momentum). The change of momentum produces the
impulse force.
Principles of Impulse Turbine
In the impulse turbine pressure drops and the velocity
increases as the steam passes through the nozzles. When the
steam passes through the moving blades the velocity drops but
the pressure remains the same.
The fact that the pressure does not drop across the
moving blades is the distinguishing feature of the impulse
turbine. The pressure at the inlet of the moving blades is same as
the pressure at the outlet of moving blades.
Different turbine plant arrangement
Mechanical Arrangements of Steam Turbines
In this article we shall examine the following mechanical arrangements of steam turbines,
· Single casing steam turbine · Tandem reheat steam turbine · Compound steam turbine
Single Casing Steam Turbine
This is one of the simplest steam turbines and as the name implies has all its stages of steam
turbines under the one casing. They are also all connected to a common drive shaft. The
superheated steam is supplied to the high pressure turbine, entering it at the smallest diameter
end and expanding through the turbine as the rotor blades get bigger until finally exiting and
passing onto the intermediate stage. Here it also expands through the blades which are becoming
larger towards the exit. These two stages are usually impulse turbines. From here the steam
which is almost fully expanded enters the dual low pressure stage where it expands through the
ever increasing in size rotor blades until at almost the last stage it is drawn into the condenser.
This last stage is normally a reaction turbine.
Tandem Reheat Steam Turbine

This assembly consists of four stages all in line on the same shaft but can have several
casings. The superheated steam enters the High Pressure stage (HP) where it expands through the
small diameter rotor blades before exiting and being returned to the boiler. In the boiler the
steam is superheated again and is directed to the Intermediate Pressure stage (IP). Here it
expands through larger diameter rotor blades exiting to the Low Pressure turbines In the final
stage there are two identical sets of Low Pressure turbines (Dual LP). The exiting steam from the
IP turbine is divided equally between the two turbines passing through quite large diameter
rotors and blades. The steam expands through both of the LP turbines by being drawn into the
vacuum condenser.

Cross Compound Steam Turbine

An arrangement of these were popular marine turbines used for propelling ships, until being
replaced by the more economical large two-stroke diesel engines. The marine turbines used a
double reduction gearbox to reduce the normal high revolutions from the turbines to a propeller
shaft rotation of around 100 revs. However, cross compound steam turbines used in power
stations do not require a gearbox, having two separate direct drive-shafts to the two generators.
How to keep main condenser in vacuum
In a power plant, the primary use of vacuum systems is to remove air and other
noncondensable gases from the shell side of the condenser in order to maintain design heat
transfer and thus design vacuum. If holding condenser vacuum is a persistent problem, one often-
overlooked cause is an inadequately sized vacuum system.
The primary application of vacuum systems in the power generation industry is for the
evacuation of air and other noncondensable gases from the shell side and the waterbox side of a
steam surface condenser. On the shell side, the vacuum equipment is used for two purposes:
rapid evacuation of air to reduce condenser pressure before steam turbine start, the “hogging
mode,” or for continuous removal of air and associated water vapor from the main condenser
when the steam turbine is in operation, the “holding mode.”
Function of gland packing steam
gland steam providing a seal between turbine shaft and turbine casing . so gland
steam protect the leakage of steam outside of the turbine and also and suck the ambient air
inside.
Function of maneuvering valve
The engine is controlled by way of a maneuvering valve which consists of an ahead
valve, an astern valve, a steam strainer, and two overspeed trip sensing pistons. The maneuvering
valve also includes a hydraulic mechanism to operate the ahead throttle valve and a jacking lever
and counterweight which permits the ahead valve to be opened manually in the event of loss of
oil pressure or other emergency. Steam entering the the strainer body can be directed through
either the ahead valve to the ahead elements of the H.P. turbine or through the astern valve to the
astern elements of the L.P. turbine, depending on operating conditions.
The ahead valve is opened hydraulically. When the ahead handwheel is turned in the
open direction, a pilot valve opens permitting control oil to act on a large operating piston. The
piston moves downward against a spring and opens the ahead valve to admit steam to the ahead
turbine. As the ahead valve opens, the pilot valve simultaneously closes shutting off the flow of
oil to operating piston and stopping the motion of the ahead valve. This arrangement permits fine
adjustments of the ahead valve with very little force by the throttle operator.
The astern valve is opened and closed mechanically simply by turning the astern
handwheel. Steam must pass through an astern guarding valve in order to reach the astern
elements.
Role of extraction steam
The primary purpose of the extraction steam systems is to provide steam for feed heating
and to improve the overall efficiency of the steam plant.
Describe how gland steam pressure is control by makeup valve and spill valve.
The gland steam system is operated by a control system of supply (make-up) (T302)
and spill (T303) control valves, which maintain the system at a constant pressure, ensuring no air
leakage at the glands.
Spinning operation and meaning of auto spinning system
An automatic process-control system for carrying out a spinning operation where
optimum parameters are computed by a computer in accordance with a desired accumulative
production amount. The spinning operation is carried out in accordance with the parameters and
actual data generated in each process is applied to the control computer. The control computer
compares the difference between the actual accumulative amount of production with a desired
one. When the difference between actual amount of production and a desired amount of
production falls outside of an allowable range, the parameters as well as the driving condition of
the process are automatically revised by the control computer.