Subsection 1.
6
Firesides and Watersides
Keeping firesides and watersides clean
does more to keep boilers efficient than any
other routine maintenance activity. Deposits
that accumulate on these surfaces impede heat
transfer, forcing more of the heat of the
combustion gases to be lost to the flue. The
Measures in this Subsection maintain the
cleanliness of heat transfer surfaces and reduce
the cost of doing so.
© D. R. Wulfinghoff 1999. All Rights Reserved.
INDEX OF MEASURES
1.6.1 Clean firesides at appropriate intervals.
1.6.2 Install soot blowers in boilers that burn
sooting fuels.
1.6.3 Optimize soot blower operation.
1.6.4 Clean watersides at appropriate intervals.
1.6.5 Avoid leaving waterside deposits when
deactivating boilers.
RELATED MEASURES
• Measure 1.8.1, water treatment to minimize
waterside deposits and erosion
• Measure 1.9.3, fuel oil additives that reduce
fireside fouling
110 1. BOILER PLANT
MEASURE 1.6.1 Clean firesides at appropriate
intervals.
Deposits on fireside surfaces insulate the tubes from
the combustion gases, forcing more heat energy to
escape into the stack. Even modest fireside fouling can
waste a significant fraction of fuel energy.
Types of Fireside Deposits
The most common fireside deposit is soot. Soot
consists of unburned carbon and various dirty carbon
compounds that are products of partial fuel combustion.
Many of these intermediate products adhere to boiler
tubes. Soot has a high insulating value because it forms
as a porous layer, with a large amount of dead space.
Soot can be formed by any type of fuel that contains
carbon. This includes all conventional fuels and most
unconventional fuels. Soot forms immediately and
rapidly when combustion is not complete.
Once deposits are lodged on the tube surface, the
cooling provided by the tubes keeps the deposits from
burning off, even if they are combustible. The heat of
the furnace may bake some of the deposits on the tubes.
Some noncombustible impurities contained in the fuel,
such as the mineral particulates called “fly ash,” may
melt and stick to the boiler tubes.
How Often to Clean Firesides
Gas fuels can burn so cleanly in many boilers that
little soot accumulates, provided that the air-fuel ratio
is kept within proper limits. At the other extreme, heavy
oils and coal produce soot in virtually any boiler,
requiring periodic cleaning of firesides, perhaps several
times per year. Boilers burning light oil accumulate
fireside deposits more slowly, typically requiring
cleaning about once a year.
How to Monitor Fireside Fouling
Visual inspection is the only reliable method of
gauging fireside fouling. Most types of watertube and
firetube boilers allow easy inspection of most of the
fireside surface. Take the opportunity of inspecting the
firesides whenever the boiler is shut down after an
extended period of operation. Inspecting firesides does
not require a great deal of analytical skill. Anything
that is deposited on the tube surfaces should be removed.
You can use gas temperature to monitor soot
accumulation between boiler shutdowns. A rise in
temperature indicates fouling, although it does not
distinguish between fireside and waterside fouling. Take
the combustion air temperature into account when you
take flue temperature readings.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY MANUAL
RATINGS
New Facilities Retrofit O&M
A
SUMMARY
Important routine maintenance that tends to
be neglected because it involves dirty work.
Preserves boiler life as well as efficiency.
SELECTION SCORECARD
Savings Potential ...................
Rate of Return .......................
Reliability ...............................
Ease of Initiation ....................
Flue gas temperature is easy to track with on-off
and two-stage burners because they always have the
same heat output. Flue gas temperature is more difficult
to track if the boiler has a modulating burner, because
the flue temperature varies with load. To account for
this, prepare a table of flue gas temperature versus load
when the boiler is clean. To determine the load, use a
fuel flowmeter, a steam meter, or a BTU meter. Another
method is to install a position indicator on the fuel
control linkage and calibrate it for load.
Cleaning Techniques
Firesides are cleaned with mechanical methods.
With firetube boilers, a cylindrical brush is pushed
through each tube at the end of a rotating cable.
Removing heavier deposits may require a cutter head.
Some machines have a vacuum cleaner attachment that
disposes of the soot as it comes out of the tubes. Figure 1
shows how this type of equipment is used. Most firetube
boilers allow relatively easy access to the entire fireside
surface.
Cleaning watertube boilers is more tedious. Hand
wire brushes and scraping tools typically are used.
Access to tubes behind the first row can be a frustrating
challenge. Particularly difficult cases may require air
lances, sandblasting, or other messy procedures. Don’t
wear your Sunday clothes for this job.
Of course, you can hire contractors to clean your
boilers, but you still need to monitor them. Make sure
that the contractor is thorough and does not harm the
boiler.
With fuels that deposit soot at a high rate, consider
installing soot blowers. See Measures 1.6.2 and 1.6.3,
below, about soot blowers.
 1.6 FIRESIDES AND WATERSIDES
Goodway Tools Corporation
Fig. 1 Cleaning the firesides of a firetube boiler This job
is dirty, but not too difficult. The vacuum cleaner attachment,
at right, is the largest part of the equipment.
How to Minimize Fireside Deposits
Preventing deposits is better than removing them.
The way to minimize fireside deposits is to keep the
air-fuel ratio adjusted properly, as recommended by
Measure 1.3.1. Make sure that the boiler’s air-fuel
controls keep the ratio in the proper range at all times.
Even a brief period of operation with insufficient air
can deposit a significant amount of fouling.
The condition of burners has a major effect on
fireside deposits, especially with heavier liquid fuels and
with solid fuels. A partially clogged burner may cause
some of the fuel to burn incompletely, creating heavy
residues. For this reason, clean your burners regularly,
and without fail. Follow the procedures recommended
by Measure 1.4.1.
© D. R. Wulfinghoff 1999. All Rights Reserved.
111
Clean Firesides Upon Shutdown
Clean firesides as soon as you shut down a boiler.
During shutdown, moisture may condense on the tube
surfaces. Moisture reacts with the sulfur that exists in
any remaining soot to form sulfuric acid, which corrodes
the tubes. For this reason, cleaning at shutdown needs
to be especially thorough.
Unfortunately, the areas where soot is hardest to
remove are the areas where corrosion can cause the most
trouble. In firetube boilers, take special care to remove
any soot that collects around the outside of the tube
where it projects through the tube sheet. In watertube
boilers, concentrate on the areas where tubes enter the
steam and mud drums. Rear rows of watertubes are
especially difficult to reach.
ECONOMICS
SAVINGS POTENTIAL: 0.5 to 10 percent of fuel cost,
depending mainly on the type of fuel and how well the
air-fuel ratio is kept adjusted.
COST: The cost of typical rotating brush cleaning
equipment for firetube boilers ranges from $1,500 to
$4,000, depending on size and features. If you hire a
cleaning service, the cost is proportional to the size of
the boiler and to the difficulty of reaching all the fireside
surfaces. A medium-sized firetube boiler with moderate
sooting can be cleaned in one day.
PAYBACK PERIOD: Several months to several years.
TRAPS & TRICKS
DILIGENCE: Cleaning firesides is dirty, tedious, and
uncomfortable, which motivates people to quit the job
before it is finished. Inspect the work to make sure that
all fireside surfaces are cleaned. Deposits that are not
removed will cause maintenance problems later. Be
careful to avoid damaging tubes and brickwork.
SELECTING THE EQUIPMENT: If you buy your own
cleaning equipment, select equipment that makes the
job as easy and pleasant as possible. The tools should
not be so aggressive that they risk damaging the metal.
Get a vacuum cleaner attachment to collect the dust.
112 1. BOILER PLANT
MEASURE1.6.2 Install soot blowers in boilers that
burn sooting fuels.
If you wait until shutting down the boiler to clean
firesides, the deposits will reduce the boiler’s efficiency
for the entire time it is operating. Soot blowers allow
you to remove deposits while the boiler is operating, at
any interval you choose. With dirty fuels, soot blowers
cannot eliminate the need for mechanical cleaning, but
they may substantially reduce the drop in efficiency
between cleanings.
Whether to Install Soot Blowers
A certain amount of sooting is virtually impossible
to prevent. With gas and light oil, soot may deposit on
firesides so slowly that it burns off before it can
accumulate. With all the heavier grades of fuel oil and
with all grades of coal, soot accumulates as long as the
boiler is firing. Heavier grades of oil build up soot much
more quickly than do lighter oils. Soot accumulation in
coal-fired boilers depends on several factors, especially
the grade of coal, the burner design, and the tube design.
With heavy oils and coal, significant soot
accumulates within a few hours. A boiler may operate
without interruption for thousands of hours, allowing
Fig. 1 Soot blower for firetube boiler This model uses compressed air. The four valves at right blow different
groups of tubes in sequence.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY MANUAL
RATINGS
New Facilities Retrofit O&M
A C
SUMMARY
Primarily for boilers that burn heavy oil and
coal. Retrofit is tricky, and is more likely to be
feasible in firetube boilers than in watertube
boilers. Restrictions on soot discharge into
the environment may be an obstacle.
SELECTION SCORECARD
Savings Potential ...................
Rate of Return, New Facilities
Rate of Return, Retrofit .........
Reliability ...............................
Ease of Retrofit ......................
enough soot to accumulate to seriously reduce efficiency.
Fortunately, soot can be kept under control while the
boiler is in operation by using soot blowers. These are
devices that blast soot loose with jets of steam or
compressed air. Soot blowers are available for both
watertube and firetube boilers.
Fuel Efficiency, Inc.
 1.6 FIRESIDES AND WATERSIDES 113
If a boiler does not already have soot blowers, the blast reaches all the area around the blower pipe. In
estimate the potential benefit by noting how much soot a typical boiler, a number of units are needed to provide
accumulates between maintenance intervals. If soot complete coverage of the tubes. Figure 2 shows the
accumulates rapidly enough to reduce efficiency typical external hardware for a steam soot blower.
significantly between manual cleanings, consider soot Soot blowers are customized for each model of
blowers. Soot blowers do not eliminate the need for boiler. They may be made by the boiler manufacturer
periodic manual cleaning, but they may extend the or by specialty companies. Each orifice or nozzle must
cleaning interval dramatically. line up properly with the adjacent tubes. Installing a
Soot blowers are especially important with soot blower assembly may be difficult or impossible in
economizers that have gill rings or other components boilers that were not originally intended to have them.
that trap soot. If an economizer has aluminum gill rings,
soot accumulation can cause a thermite fire, which is Steam or Compressed Air?
intense and virtually impossible to extinguish. High pressure is a key to soot blowing. In firetube
In calculating the economics of adding soot blowers, boilers, a minimum pressure of 125 PSI is
include the savings in fuel cost and labor. Expenses recommended, for both steam and air. Therefore, if the
include the cost of installation and the cost of the steam boiler does not produce this much steam pressure,
or compressed air that is consumed. (Minimizing the compressed air is the only alternative. Slightly less
cost of soot blowing steam or air is covered by Measure pressure may be permissible if the soot is easily removed.
1.6.3, next.) The cost of maintaining the soot blower Measure 1.1.5 recommends reducing the steam
itself should be minimal if the unit is well designed. pressure to reduce system leakage, and for other possible
benefits. In some cases, this may conflict with steam
Soot Blowers for Firetube Boilers soot blowing.
Soot blowers for firetube boilers consist of nozzles With firetube boilers, the equipment that must be
that are located just beyond the end of each tube. The installed in the boiler to blow soot with steam is more
nozzles are fed from manifolds that are located inside
the ends of the boiler, where the combustion gases turn
around to go from one pass to the next. Figure 1 shows
a typical installation.
The nozzles are usually located at the burner end of
the boiler. This is because the combustion gas at the
end of the first pass, at the rear of the boiler, is too hot
for the equipment. Therefore, the steam or compressed
air will be blowing in a direction opposite the second
pass (or fourth pass) of the boiler, and in the same
direction as the gas in the third pass. To keep from
interfering with the combustion gas flow, the nozzles
are controlled in groups, so that only a fraction of the
tubes in each pass are being blown at a time. This
complicates the steam or air manifolds, and requires an
array of valves and a sequencing controller.
The nozzles and manifolds take up a lot of space,
which may interfere with gas flow. Because of the
potential for problems, check on the performance of the
soot blower before purchase. Compare notes with
someone who has installed the same type of soot blowers
in your model of boiler.
Soot blowers for firetube boilers typically are made
by specialty companies.

Soot Blowers for Watertube Boilers

A typical soot blower unit for a watertube boiler
consists of a pipe that extends across the width of the
boiler, passing either among the tubes or in front of them.
Orifices are located in the pipe to blast steam or air
through the bundle so that all tubes are cleaned. The
soot blower is usually rotated during operation so that
WESINC
Fig. 2 Soot blower for watertube boiler Rotating the tube
manually, using the chain and gear, opens a cam-operated
steam valve under the gear, allowing steam to flow through
the elbow into the blower tube.

© D. R. Wulfinghoff 1999. All Rights Reserved.

114 1. BOILER PLANT
expensive than the equipment needed to blow soot with
air. However, if a separate air compressor is needed for
soot blowing, the total equipment cost is about the same
for steam and air.
Steam is more expensive than compressed air, unless
the steam is being produced with a very cheap fuel. The
loss of steam in soot blowing requires additional makeup
water, but you might not notice the difference unless
the steam system has low water loss.
Compressed air starts out at room temperature and
it cools by expansion as it comes out of the soot blower
orifices, so there is a large temperature difference
between the air and the boiler steel. In firetube boilers,
the air is discharged into the end of the tube, where it
fits into the tube sheet. This area is sensitive to thermal
stress. Whether air blowing can cause thermal damage
is an issue that is not well documented.
Soot Discharge Into the Environment
Soot is dirty and corrosive, so soot blowing can
create a serious problem in the vicinity of the boiler
plant. For example, automobiles parked near boiler
plants become covered with pinhole rust spots from soot
blowing.
If soot discharge is a potential obstacle, your choice
is to give up soot blowing or to install flue gas cleaning
equipment.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY MANUAL
ECONOMICS
SAVINGS POTENTIAL: 0.5 to 10 percent of fuel cost,
depending on the rate of soot accumulation. Using soot
blowers may substantially reduce the cost of manual
fireside cleaning, and it may reduce repair costs.
COST: Compressed air soot blowers for firetube boilers
cost about $5,000 for 100 tubes, to about $12,000 for
300 tubes. The corresponding range for steam soot
blowers is about $8,000 to $18,000. Air compressors
for soot blowing cost from $1,000 to $5,000, depending
on the size of the boiler.
PAYBACK PERIOD: 1 to 10 years, depending primarily
on the size of the boiler, the type of fuel, and fuel costs.
TRAPS & TRICKS
SELECTING THE EQUIPMENT: Retrofit installation of
soot blowers is not common, so performance is not well
documented. The equipment must be designed to fit
the particular model of boiler, to avoid interference with
gas flow, and to survive without maintenance. Ask
vendors for references, and talk with purchasers who
have used the equipment for several years.
INSTALLATION: As a rule, let the vendor install the
equipment, because it is specialized. Do-it-yourself
installation may void the warranty or weaken later
damage claims.
 1.6 FIRESIDES AND WATERSIDES
MEASURE 1.6.3 Optimize soot blower operation.
Soot blowing commonly is controlled on the basis
of time, for example, 30 seconds every four hours. Such
a rote procedure may result in unnecessary usage of
steam or compressed air. On the other hand, inadequate
soot blowing wastes fuel and increases the effort needed
to clean firesides. Soot blowing does not use a large
amount of energy, but it uses enough to make it
worthwhile to optimize the procedure.
The prudent rule is to err on the side of cleanliness,
but not to use more soot blower operation than is
necessary to maintain a safe margin of cleaning.
How to Schedule Soot Blowing
Start with the recommendation of the soot blower
manufacturer and/or the boiler manufacturer in
scheduling soot blowing. Using this as a baseline, refine
the schedule over the long term by inspecting the
cleanliness of firesides whenever the boiler is cold.
You may hear that soot blowing should be done
when a rise in flue temperature becomes apparent. This
is wrong. Too much soot can accumulate before you
see an increase in flue temperature. Blow soot on a
firm schedule, and adjust the schedule based on
experience that you gain from inspecting the firesides.
If different parts of the boiler have different soot
blowing requirements, develop an appropriate soot
blowing schedule for each soot blower. For example,
an economizer may have different soot blowing
requirements than the tubes in the firebox.
© D. R. Wulfinghoff 1999. All Rights Reserved.
115
RATINGS
New Facilities Retrofit O&M
A
SUMMARY
Refining soot blowing practice to minimize
energy consumption while keeping
tubes clean.
SELECTION SCORECARD
Savings Potential ...................
Rate of Return .......................
Reliability ...............................
Ease of Initiation ....................
ECONOMICS
SAVINGS POTENTIAL: A fraction of one percent of
fuel consumption, typically.
COST: None. The purpose of this Measure is to reduce
the cost of steam or compressed air.
PAYBACK PERIOD: Immediate.
TRAPS & TRICKS
EXPLAIN IT: Train operators to use the equipment and
to recognize trouble. Establish a written schedule for
soot blowing.
MONITOR PERFORMANCE: Include a column in the
plant operating log to record the time of soot blowing,
the stack temperature before blowing, and the stack
temperature afterward. It may take months or years of
operation to find the optimum soot blowing schedule,
adjusted for firing rate and hours of operation.
116
MEASURE 1.6.4 Clean watersides at appropriate
intervals.
Deposits on the insides of boiler tubes reduce
efficiency in the same way as deposits on the outside,
by reducing heat transfer from the combustion gases to
the water.
In extreme cases, waterside deposits may reduce
boiler efficiency by as much as ten percent. A boiler
with deposits this severe is on the verge of failure. In
more typical cases of neglected waterside maintenance,
a boiler suffers an efficiency loss of several percent.
Cleaning watersides is important to protect the
boiler. The combustion temperature inside a boiler is
high enough to destroy the steel of boiler materials.
Damage does not occur in normal operation because
the boiler water cools the steel enough to keep its
temperature at a safe level. However, the insulating
property of waterside deposits inhibits this cooling. If
the deposits are not prevented from forming, or if they
are not cleaned out, they can accumulate to the point
that a tube will fail from overheating. Failure is most
likely to occur while the boiler is under heavy load,
which maximizes the damage and the hazard that results.
Characteristics of Waterside Fouling
Deposits on the watersides of tubes are mostly of a
type called “scale”, because they typically are hard and
1. BOILER PLANT
RATINGS
New Facilities Retrofit O&M
A
SUMMARY
Important long-term maintenance that tends
to be neglected because it is difficult, dirty,
and out of sight. Preserves boiler life as well
as efficiency.
SELECTION SCORECARD
Savings Potential ...................
Rate of Return .......................
Reliability ...............................
Ease of Initiation ....................
tenacious. Especially in watertube boilers, the agitation
of the water washes off softer deposits, which sink to
the bottom of the boiler or float to the top.
Scale and other waterside deposits conduct heat
much less efficiently than boiler steel. The most
common types of mineral deposits have thermal
conductivities that are only two to four times higher than
the conductivity of the insulating brickwork used in
boilers. Silicate scale, the least conductive, has ten times
the insulating value of firebrick. The causes of waterside
scaling are covered in Measure 1.8.1.

When Do Watersides Need Cleaning?

Visual inspection is the only accurate way to
determine the thickness of waterside deposits.
Unfortunately, some boilers make it difficult to see the
watersides. For example, a watertube boiler with small
drums may require an inspection mirror, which can
provide a look only into the ends of the tubes. Scrape
some of the deposit down to bare metal to see how thick
it is. The thickness will suggest the cleaning methods
needed.
Flue gas temperature is not a reliable indicator of
waterside deposits. The deposits accumulate too slowly
to be noticeable, and the resulting increase in flue gas
temperature is masked by changes in boiler load.
However, it is educational to note the difference in flue
gas temperature immediately before and after waterside
cleaning.

Goodway Tools Corporation
Fig. 1 Mechanically cleaning the watersides of a large
watertube boiler This is dirty, noisy, claustrophobic work,
but it is essential. The steam drum must be large enough to
give a man and his tools access to the tubes. Otherwise, the
tubes must be cleaned chemically.
Cleaning Techniques
Mechanical and chemical methods are used to clean
watersides. Both methods involve a lot of dirty work
and both involve a risk of damaging the boiler. Unless
the boiler plant operators have the skill and the
equipment required, leave this activity to a specialist.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY MANUAL

 1.6 FIRESIDES AND WATERSIDES
Goodway Tools Corporation
Fig. 2 Rotating brush for watertube cleaning
Large watertube boilers can be cleaned
mechanically by passing a cleaning tool through each
tube at the end of a rotating cable. This method is
possible only if the steam drum is large enough to allow
a cable to be directed into each tube. Figure 1 shows
how this is done.
In order of increasing scale removing ability, the
tools used are wire brushes, abrasive bead brushes, and
cutter heads. Cutter heads have teeth that are hard and
sharp to break up the hard scale. Even in experienced
hands, it is easy for cutter heads to damage tubes.
Figures 2 and 3 show typical cleaning tools.
Mechanical cleaning is difficult or impossible with
many types of boilers, especially firetube boilers,
because it is impossible to reach all the tube surface.
Many firetube boilers have only a small handhole that
exposes a small portion of the tube bundle. If deposits
are soft, you may be able to remove them with a high-
pressure water lance. Unfortunately, even a water lance
cannot reach most of the tube surface in many boilers.
All types of boilers can be cleaned chemically. The
basic technique is to use acid to eat away the mineral
deposits. To keep the acid from eating away the boiler
steel also, corrosion inhibitors are added to the acid.
Even with inhibitors, careful control of the process is
required.
Acid cleaning commonly opens up leaks at the joints
between the tubes and the tube sheets, or between the
tubes and the drums. This is especially likely if waterside
cleaning has previously been neglected. What happens
© D. R. Wulfinghoff 1999. All Rights Reserved.
117
Goodway Tools Corporation
Fig. 3 Rotating cutter for watertube cleaning
is that the acid removes mineral deposits that have
plugged small leaks as they formed. The acid treatment
itself may worsen the leaks once they are opened up.
For this reason, be prepared to make repairs before
putting the boiler back in service. You may be able to
repair minor leaks by re-expanding the tube end into
the tube sheet or drum. In more severe cases, the tube
has to be replaced after the sealing surface is refinished.
Prevention is Better Than Cure
Preventing waterside fouling is easier, more
efficient, and safer than cleaning it out. Also, it is usually
cheaper, especially when considering the higher average
boiler efficiency. Prevent waterside fouling with an
effective water treatment program. This may radically
reduce the need for waterside cleaning. See Measure
1.8.1 about water treatment.
ECONOMICS
SAVINGS POTENTIAL: 0.5 to 10 percent of fuel cost.
COST: The cost of typical rotating cleaning equipment
for watertube boilers ranges from $1,500 to $4,000,
depending on size and features. The time required for
cleaning is proportional to the size of the boiler and to
the difficulty of reaching all the waterside surfaces. For
a typical commercial-size boiler, cleaning can be
accomplished in one day. Acid cleaning requires
specialists. Especially with acid cleaning, set aside
additional funds to repair leaks that may appear when
scale is removed from leaky tube joints.
PAYBACK PERIOD: Several months to several years.
TRAPS & TRICKS
SKILL AND DILIGENCE: By any method, waterside
cleaning is dirty and tedious. Skill is required to avoid
boiler damage. Make sure that the people doing the work
are proficient. Inspect the work to make sure that it is
thorough.
118 1. BOILER PLANT
RATINGS
New Facilities Retrofit O&M
MEASURE1.6.5 Avoid leaving waterside deposits
when deactivating boilers. A
Most of the solids that are dissolved in boiler water SUMMARY
decrease in solubility when the water temperature is
A procedure that reduces scaling at the end
lowered. Therefore, when a boiler is cooled down,
dissolved material deposits on the internal surfaces of of an operating period. Easy and free.
the boiler. Also, suspended material falls out of SELECTION SCORECARD
suspension. To prevent this, reduce the concentration
Savings Potential ...................
of solids in the boiler water while the water is still hot.
Do this by increasing blowdown for several days prior Rate of Return .......................
to shutdown. Reliability ...............................
Keep the water treatment chemicals at their normal
concentration while increasing blowdown. The purpose Ease of Initiation ....................
is to eliminate the products of water treatment, not the
treatment chemicals themselves. ECONOMICS
Do not drain the boiler while it is still hot, because
the heat of the boiler may bake any floating matter to SAVINGS POTENTIAL: The primary benefit is reducing
the waterside surfaces, and may solidify sludge in the the effort required to clean the firesides.
bottom of the boiler. As soon as the boiler is cooled and COST: None.
drained, wash it out vigorously. PAYBACK PERIOD: Immediate.
If the boiler is being put into storage, take steps to
prevent corrosion. If the boiler is stored with water in TRAPS & TRICKS
it, ask your water treatment specialist which chemicals PLANNING: The key to success is being ready several
to add during storage. days before boiler shutdown. Make this a permanent
item on your planning calendar.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY MANUAL