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Scalars & Vectors
Scalars & Vectors
&
VECTORS
What
is Scalar?
Length of a car is 4.5 m
Symbolically it is represented as AB
Representation of a vector
A B P
Representation of a vector
r v F
P
A
B Q
Equal Vectors
Two parallel vectors are said to be equal vectors,
if they have same magnitude.
P
A
B
Q
A=B P=Q
Anti-parallel Vectors
P
A
B Q
Negative Vectors
P
A
B
Q
A = −B P = −Q
Collinear Vectors
Two vectors are said to be collinear vectors,
if they act along a same line.
B
Q
A P
Co-initial Vectors
Two or more vectors are said to be co-initial
vectors, if they have common initial point.
A B
C
D
Co-terminus Vectors
Two or more vectors are said to be co-terminus
vectors, if they have common terminal point.
B
A
C
D
Coplanar Vectors
Three or more vectors are said to be coplanar
vectors, if they lie in the same plane.
C
A
B D
Non-coplanar Vectors
Three or more vectors are said to be non-coplanar
vectors, if they are distributed in space.
A B
C
Types
of Vectors
(on the basis of effect)
Polar Vectors
• Displacement • Acceleration
• Velocity • Force
Axial Vectors
B
A
B
A
C=A+B
Parallelogram Law
B A
A B
A B
A B C=A+B
Polygon Law
A B
A
D C
E
B
D
C
E=A+B+C+D
Commutative Property
A
C
B B
C
A
C=A+B=B+A
D D
B B
A A
D = (A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
A - B = A + (−B)
Vector
Addition
(Analytical Method)
Magnitude of Resultant
B C OC2 = OA2 + 2OA × AM + AC2
Q R In ∆CAM,
θ
θ AM
O cos θ = ⇒ AM = AC cos θ
A M AC
P
In ∆OCM, OC2 = OA2 + 2OA × AC cos θ
+ AC2
OC2 = OM 2 + CM 2
R2 = P2 + 2P × Q cos θ + Q2
OC2 = (OA + AM)2 + CM 2
OC2 = OA2 + 2OA × AM + AM 2 R= P 2 + 2PQ cos θ + Q2
+ CM 2
Direction of Resultant
B C In ∆OCM,
Q R CM
tan α =
OM
α θ
O CM
P A M tan α =
OA+AM
In ∆CAM, AC sin θ
tan α =
CM OA+AC cos θ
sin θ = ⇒ CM = AC sin θ
AC
Q sin θ
AM tan α =
cos θ = ⇒ AM = AC cos θ P + Q cos θ
AC
Case I – Vectors are parallel (𝛉 = 𝟎°)
P + Q = R
Magnitude: Direction:
R= P2 + 2PQ cos 0° + Q2 Q sin 0°
tan α =
P + Q cos 0°
R= P 2 + 2PQ + Q2
0
R= (P + Q)2 tan α = =0
P+Q
R=P+Q α = 0°
Case II – Vectors are perpendicular (𝛉 = 𝟗𝟎°)
R
P + Q = Q
α
P
Magnitude: Direction:
R= P2 + 2PQ cos 90° + Q2 Q sin 90° Q
tan α = =
P + Q cos 90° P+0
R= P2 + 0 + Q2
Q
α= tan−1
R= P2 + Q2 P
Case III – Vectors are anti-parallel (𝛉 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎°)
P − Q = R
Magnitude: Direction:
Q sin 180°
R= P2 + 2PQ cos 180° + Q2 tan α = =0
P + Q cos 180°
R= P 2 − 2PQ + Q2
R= (P − Q)2 If P > Q: α = 0°
A
𝐴
A=A𝐴
A = magnitude of A
𝐴 = unit vector along A
Cartesian unit vectors
𝑦
−𝑧
𝑗
-𝑘
-𝑖
−𝑥 𝑥
𝑖
𝑘
-𝑗
𝑧
−𝑦
Resolution of a Vector
It is the process of splitting a vector into two or more vectors
in such a way that their combined effect is same as that of
the given vector.
A
A𝑛
𝑡
A𝑡
Rectangular Components of 2D Vectors
𝑦
A
A𝑦 𝑗
A𝑦 A θ
A𝑥 𝑖
θ 𝑥
O
A𝑥 A = A𝑥 𝑖 + A𝑦 𝑗
Rectangular Components of 2D Vectors
A𝑦
sin θ = ⇒ A𝑦 = A sin θ
A
A
A𝑦
θ A𝑥
A𝑥
cos θ = ⇒ A𝑥 = A cos θ
A
Magnitude & direction from components
Magnitude:
A = A𝑥 𝑖 + A𝑦 𝑗
A= A2𝑥 + A2𝑦
A𝑦 A Direction:
θ A𝑦
θ = tan−1
A𝑥 A𝑥
Rectangular Components of 3D Vectors
𝑦 A = A′ + A𝑦
A
A𝑦 A = A𝑥 + A𝑧 + A𝑦
A𝑥 A = A𝑥 + A𝑦 + A𝑧
𝑥
A𝑧
A′ A = A𝑥 𝑖 + A𝑦 𝑗 + A𝑧 𝑘
𝑧
Rectangular Components of 3D Vectors
𝑦
A𝑥
A cos 𝛼 =
A
𝛼
𝑥
A𝑥
A𝑥 = A cos 𝛼
𝑧
Rectangular Components of 3D Vectors
𝑦
A𝑦
cos 𝛽 =
A𝑦
𝛽 A A
𝑥
A𝑦 = A cos 𝛽
𝑧
Rectangular Components of 3D Vectors
𝑦
A𝑧
cos 𝛾 =
𝛾 A
A
𝑥
A𝑧
A𝑧 = A cos 𝛾
𝑧
Magnitude & direction from components
A = A𝑥 𝑖 + A𝑦 𝑗 + A𝑧 𝑘 Magnitude:
A Direction:
−1
A𝑥 −1
A𝑦
𝛽 𝛼 = cos 𝛽 = cos
A A
𝛾 𝛼
A𝑥
−1
A𝑧
A𝑧 𝛾 = cos
A
Adding vectors by components
Let us have R = (A𝑥 + B𝑥 )𝑖 + (A𝑦 + B𝑦 )𝑗
+ (A𝑧 + B𝑧 )𝑘
A = A𝑥 𝑖 + A𝑦 𝑗 + A𝑧 𝑘
R 𝑥 𝑖 + R 𝑦 𝑗 + R 𝑧 𝑘 = (A𝑥 +B𝑥 )𝑖
B = B 𝑥 𝑖 + B𝑦 𝑗 + B𝑧 𝑘
+ (A𝑦 +B𝑦 )𝑗 + (A𝑧 +B𝑧 )𝑘
then
R=A+B R 𝑥 = (A𝑥 + B𝑥 )
R = A𝑥 𝑖 + A𝑦 𝑗 + A𝑧 𝑘 R 𝑦 = (A𝑦 + B𝑦 )
+ B𝑥 𝑖 + B𝑦 𝑗 + B𝑧 𝑘 R 𝑧 = (A𝑧 + B𝑧 )
Multiplying
vectors
Multiplying a vector by a scalar
If s is negative:
A
−3A
Multiplying a vector by a vector
θ
B
A ∙ B = AB cos θ
Examples of scalar product
W=F∙s P=F∙v
W = Fs cos θ P = Fv cos θ
W = work done P = power
F = force F = force
s = displacement v = velocity
Geometrical meaning of Scalar dot product
A
θ
θ B
A cos θ
B
Properties of Scalar product
1
The scalar product is commutative.
A ∙ B = AB cos θ
B ∙ A = BA cos θ
A∙B= B∙A
Properties of Scalar product
2
The scalar product is distributive over
addition.
A∙ B+C =A∙B+A∙C
Properties of Scalar product
3
The scalar product of two perpendicular
vectors is zero.
A ∙ B = AB cos 90 °
A∙B=0
Properties of Scalar product
4
The scalar product of two parallel vectors
is maximum positive.
A ∙ B = AB cos 0 °
A ∙ B = AB
Properties of Scalar product
5
The scalar product of two anti-parallel
vectors is maximum negative.
A ∙ B = AB cos 180 °
A ∙ B = −AB
Properties of Scalar product
6
The scalar product of a vector with itself
is equal to the square of its magnitude.
A ∙ A = AA cos 0 °
A∙A= A2
Properties of Scalar product
7
The scalar product of two same unit vectors is
one and two different unit vectors is zero.
𝑖 ∙ 𝑖 = 𝑗 ∙ 𝑗 = 𝑘 ∙ 𝑘 = (1)(1) cos 0 ° = 1
𝑖 ∙ 𝑗 = 𝑗 ∙ 𝑘 = 𝑘 ∙ 𝑖 = (1)(1) cos 90 ° = 0
Calculating scalar product using components
Let us have = A𝑥 B𝑥 𝑖 ∙ 𝑖 + A𝑥 B𝑦 𝑖 ∙ 𝑗 + A𝑥 B𝑧 𝑖 ∙ 𝑘
A = A𝑥 𝑖 + A𝑦 𝑗 + A𝑧 𝑘 + A𝑦 B𝑥 𝑗 ∙ 𝑖 + A𝑦 B𝑦 𝑗 ∙ 𝑗 + A𝑦 B𝑧 𝑗 ∙ 𝑘
B = B𝑥 𝑖 + B𝑦 𝑗 + B𝑧 𝑘 + A𝑧 B𝑥 𝑘 ∙ 𝑖 + A𝑧 B𝑦 𝑘 ∙ 𝑗 + A𝑧 B𝑧 𝑘 ∙ 𝑘
then
= A𝑥 B𝑥 (1) + A𝑥 B𝑦 (0) + A𝑥 B𝑧 (0)
A ∙ B = A𝑥 𝑖 + A𝑦 𝑗 + A𝑧 𝑘
+ A𝑦 B𝑥 (0) + A𝑦 B𝑦 (1) + A𝑦 B𝑧 (0)
∙ (B𝑥 𝑖 + B𝑦 𝑗 + B𝑧 𝑘)
+ A𝑧 B𝑥 (0) + A𝑧 B𝑦 (0) + A𝑧 B𝑧 (1)
A ∙ B = A𝑥 𝑖 ∙ B𝑥 𝑖 + B𝑦 𝑗 + B𝑧 𝑘
+ A𝑦 𝑗 ∙ B𝑥 𝑖 + B𝑦 𝑗 + B𝑧 𝑘
A ∙ B = A𝑥 B𝑥 + A𝑦 B𝑦 + A𝑧 B𝑧
+ A𝑧 𝑘 ∙ B𝑥 𝑖 + B𝑦 𝑗 + B𝑧 𝑘
Vector product
θ
B
A × B = AB sin θ 𝑛 = C
Right hand rule
A
θ
B
Examples of vector product
τ=r×F L=r×p
τ = rF sin θ 𝑛 L = rp sin θ 𝑛
τ = torque L = angular momentum
r = position r = position
F = force p = linear momentum
Geometrical meaning of Vector product
A sin θ
θ θ
B B
A × B = Area of parallelogram made by two vectors
Properties of Vector product
1
The vector product is anti-commutative.
A × B = AB sin θ 𝑛
B × A = BA sin θ (−𝑛) = −AB sin θ 𝑛
A×B≠ B×A
Properties of Vector product
2
The vector product is distributive over
addition.
A× B+C =A×B+A×C
Properties of Vector product
3
The magnitude of the vector product of two
perpendicular vectors is maximum.
A × B = AB sin 90 °
A × B = AB
Properties of Vector product
4
The vector product of two parallel vectors
is a null vector.
A × B = AB sin 0 ° 𝑛
A×B=0
Properties of Vector product
5
The vector product of two anti-parallel
vectors is a null vector.
A × B = AB sin 180 ° 𝑛
A×B=0
Properties of Vector product
6
The vector product of a vector with itself
is a null vector.
A × A = AA sin 0 ° 𝑛
A×A=0
Properties of Vector product
7
The vector product of two same unit
vectors is a null vector.
𝑖×𝑖=𝑗×𝑗=𝑘×𝑘
= (1)(1) sin 0 °𝑛 = 0
Properties of Vector product
8
The vector product of two different unit
vectors is a third unit vector.
𝑖×𝑗 =𝑘 𝑗 × 𝑖 = −𝑘
𝑗×𝑘 =𝑖 𝑘 × 𝑗 = −𝑖
𝑘×𝑖=𝑗 𝑖 × 𝑘 = −𝑗
Aid to memory
Calculating vector product using components
Let us have = A 𝑥 B𝑥 𝑖 × 𝑖 + A 𝑥 B𝑦 𝑖 × 𝑗 + A 𝑥 B𝑧 𝑖 × 𝑘
A = A𝑥 𝑖 + A𝑦 𝑗 + A𝑧 𝑘 + A 𝑦 B𝑥 𝑗 × 𝑖 + A 𝑦 B𝑦 𝑗 × 𝑗 + A 𝑦 B𝑧 𝑗 × 𝑘
B = B 𝑥 𝑖 + B𝑦 𝑗 + B𝑧 𝑘 + A 𝑧 B𝑥 𝑘 × 𝑖 + A 𝑧 B𝑦 𝑘 × 𝑗 + A 𝑧 B𝑧 𝑘 × 𝑘
then
= A𝑥 B𝑥 (0) + A𝑥 B𝑦 (𝑘) + A𝑥 B𝑧 (−𝑗)
A × B = A𝑥 𝑖 + A𝑦 𝑗 + A𝑧 𝑘
+ A𝑦 B𝑥 (−𝑘) + A𝑦 B𝑦 (0) + A𝑦 B𝑧 (𝑖)
× B𝑥 𝑖 + B𝑦 𝑗 + B𝑧 𝑘
+ A𝑧 B𝑥 (𝑗) + A𝑧 B𝑦 (−𝑖) + A𝑧 B𝑧 (0)
A × B = A 𝑥 𝑖 × B𝑥 𝑖 + B𝑦 𝑗 + B𝑧 𝑘
+ A 𝑦 𝑗 × B𝑥 𝑖 + B𝑦 𝑗 + B𝑧 𝑘 = A 𝑦 B𝑧 𝑖 − A 𝑧 B𝑦 𝑖 + A 𝑧 B𝑥 𝑗
+ A 𝑧 𝑘 × B𝑥 𝑖 + B𝑦 𝑗 + B𝑧 𝑘 − A𝑥 B𝑧 (𝑗) + A𝑥 B𝑦 (𝑘) − A𝑦 B𝑥 (𝑘)
Calculating vector product using components
A × B = 𝑖 A𝑦 B𝑧 − A𝑧 B𝑦 − 𝑗 A𝑥 B𝑧 − A𝑧 B𝑥
+ 𝑘 (A𝑥 B𝑦 − A𝑦 B𝑥 )
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
A × B = A𝑥 A𝑦 A𝑧
B𝑥 B𝑦 B𝑧
Thank
you