Civil Engineering

Drawing
A Civil Engineer
Different Drawings

Line sketch
Plan, section &elevation
Site plan
Service plan
Line Sketch

• The first sketch

drawn
• Line representation
of building
• Free hand drawing
• Drawn in presence
of clients
Plan, Section & Elevation
 Site plan
A site plan is a top view, bird’s eye view of a
property that is drawn to scale.

A site plan can show

 Property lines
 Outline of existing and proposed buildings and structures
 Distance between buildings
 Distance between buildings and property lines (setbacks)
 Parking lots, indicating parking spaces
 Driveways & acces
 Surrounding streets & widths
 Landscaped areas
 Easements
 Ground sign location
 Utilities
Plan, Section & Elevation
Plan
Sectional View
HATCHINGS
Reinforced Cement Concrete

Plain Cement Concrete

Brick Masonry

Earth Fill
 elevation
• Perfect frontside view??
PRINCIPLES OF BUILDING PLANNING
• Architect prepares design of a building with the help
of the following principles of planning.
– Aspect
– Prospect
– Privacy
– Roominess
– Grouping
– Circulation
– Furniture requirement
– Flexibility
– Sanitation
– Elegance
– Economy
 1. ASPECT
Disposition of doors and windows in the external walls –
occupants can enjoy the gifts of the nature viz; sun-shine, breeze,
view of landscape etc.

SUN RAYS ADMITTED

KITCHEN
INTO KITCHEN
ASPECT – EAST SIDE

EAST SIDE
 WINDOW AT
HIGHER LEVEL
2. PROSPECT
OUTSIDE VIEW SEEN FROM
INSIDE OF THE ROOM

OUTSIDE GREENEARY
CANNOT BE SEEN FROM
INSIDE, HENCE NO PROSPECT

FLOWER BED
 PROSPECT CONTD…

WINDOW TAKEN TO
OUTSIDE GOOD LOWER LEVEL
SCENES, GREENARY
CAN BE SEEN BY
SITTING INSIDE THE
ROOM, HENCE GOOD
PROSPECT

FLOWER BED
 3. PRIVACY
Exposure of the interior space / room to the visitors vision

Types of privacy:

(1) Privacy of all parts of building with reference to surrounding

buildings, roads etc.
This type of privacy can be achieved by--
– Growing plants, trees etc
– Providing high windows with respect to roads, grounds
etc.

(2) privacy of one room from another room:

This type of privacy can be achieved by—
– Carefully positioning of doors & windows
 Privacy depends on placement of
doors /window openings

OBSERVER
OBSERVER

OBSERVER

MODERATE MAX PRIVACY

NO PRIVACY
PRIVACY
 4. ROOMINESS
1. Getting maximum benefit from minimum dimensions or space of
room
2. Rectangular shaped room gives feeling of more space than square
shaped room for the same area

MORE AREA
LESS AREA AVAILABLE
AVAILABLE
 5. GROUPING
Arrangement of various rooms in relation with their functions

GOOD GROUPING

IMPROPER GROUPING
BED
KIT DIN S.
B.
DIN
KIT BED S.
LIVING STAIR B.

LIVING STAIR
 6. CIRCULATION
1. Horizontal circulation – passages, corridors, verandahs etc.
2. Vertical circulation – stairs, lifts, escalators etc.

DOOR
DOOR

DOOR DOOR
BAD CIRCULATION GOOD CIRCULATION

HORIZONTAL CIRCULATION
 6. CIRCULATION CONTD…
VERTICAL CIRCULATION

STUDY KIT
STUDY KIT

LIV
LIV

BED VER
BED VER

GOOD CIRCULATION WITH BAD CIRCULATION WITH

STAIR INSIDE OUTSIDE STAIR
 7. FURNITURE REQUIREMENT

• Function of the Room decides the Furniture

requirement of that room
– Living hall – sofa set, teapoy, tv case, showcase, etc.
– Bed – single, double beds, dressing table, almirah etc.
– Dining – dinning table, chairs, cupboards etc.

• Knowing type of furniture the dimensions of the room

can be arrived at.
 8. FLEXIBILITY
To facilitate accommodation of changes in the plan of the
building in future if necessary

ROOM 1 BIG HALL ROOM 2

 9. SANITATION
• LIGHTING
– NATURAL LIGHTING
– ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING
• VENTILATION
– NATURAL VENTILATION
– ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION
• CLEANLINESS
• SANITARY PROVISIONS
– BATHS-ROOMS
– WATER CLOSETS
– LATRINES
 10. ELEGENCE

• ELEGANCE MEANS THE AESHTETIC VIEW OF THE

BUILDING OR THE BEAUTY OF THE BUILDING

• ELEGANCE OF THE BUILDING CAN BE ACHIEVED

BY
– INCREASING THE PLINTH HEIGHT OF
BUILDINGS
– TREATMENT OF EXTERIOR OF BUILDING –
SLOPING ROOF, PROJECTIONS ETC.
 11. ECONOMY

• MINIMUM DIMENSIONS OF THE ROOM,

DOORS, WINDOWS,

• SIMPLE DESIGN OF WINDOWS,

• PROVIDING MINIMUM HEIGHT OF BUILDING

• AVOIDING PORCHES, LOBBIES ETC

BUILDING RULES
 Contents of KMBR
( Kerala Municipality Building Rule)

Chapter 1: Definitions
Chapter 2: Permit
Chapter 3: Actions against unauthorized constructions
Chapter 4: General provision regarding site and building requirements
Chapter 5: Occupancy
Chapter 6: Parts of buildings
Chapter 7: Special provisions for certain occupancy building
Chapter 8: Buildings in small plots
Chapter 9: Row building
Chapter 10: Building construction under approved scheme
Chapter 11: Construction in plots part which have been surrendered for
. road development
Chapter 12: Accessory buildings and sheds
Chapter 13: Conversion of roofs and shutters
Chapter 14: Wall & Fence
Contents of KMBR….cntd
• Chapter 15: Special provision for certain constructions
• Chapter 16: Wells
• Chapter 16A:Rain water harvesting
• Chapter 17: Safety provision for high rise building
• Chapter 18: Huts
• Chapter 19: Telecommunication towers
• Chapter 20: Regulation of unpermitted construction & deviations
• Chapter 21: Registration of architects, building designers,
engineers, . town planners, supervisors… etc.
• Chapter 22: Art & Heritage commission
• Chapter 23: Vigilance, dangerous, and defective work, appeal, etc.
• Setbacks
• acces
• Room sizes
• Number of amenities
• Specification for structures(stair…etc)
• Setbacks
• acces
• Room sizes
• Number of amenities
• Specification for structures(stair…etc)
• Setbacks
• acces
• Room sizes
• Number of amenities
• Specification for structures(stair…etc)
• Setbacks
• acces
• Room sizes
• Number of amenities
• Specification for structures(stair…etc)
 Sloped Roof

How to draw roofline of sloped roof in plan

Can you try this now?
Stair-room design

Slab thick(0.2m)

Total ht(3.2m)
Room height(3m)
Staircase design….
• Assume a height for rise (say .134m)
• Find number of rise required,
no. of rise = 3.2/.134 = 23.88
~ 24

• Number of treads= (no. of rise in one flight –

1)
• Select staircase best suit to the conditions
 Dog legged stair
2.7 m
1.0 m
1.2 m 0.3m 1.2 m

4.3 m

Stair room
3.3 m

2.7m X 4.3m

0.30 m
• Perspective view
• Which is good to know the beauty of a
structures
Drawing Mistakes?
 Thank You
mmsalim@gmail.com