Businesspark Final

BUSINESS PARK
LITERATURE REVIEW & CASE

STUDY
BUSINESS
COSMOS COLLEGE PARK&
OF MANAGEMENT
TECHNOLOGY
SUBMITTED BY: LUJAHLA AMATYA (190714)
RAKESH BAHARDAR (190725)
SALINA MAHARJAN(190729)
SUJATA DHAKAL (190738)
<GROUP ‘B’>
LITERATURE REVIEW
1. INTRODUCTION
2. COMPONENTS OF BUSINESS PARK
3. RESPONSE TO THE SITE
4. SPATIAL ORGANIZATION
5. ZONING AND CIRCULATION
6. HORIZONTAL CIRCULATION
7. EMERGENCY EVACUATIONS
8. CAFETERIA
9. BUILDING CORE > VERTICLE CIRCULATION
10. MOVIE THEATRE
11. DAYLIGHTNING AND ELECTICAL LIGHTNING
12. NATURAL VENTILATION &AIR CONDITIONING
13. ARCHITECTUTRAL EXPRESSION OF BUILT FORM
14. PUBLIC SPACES
15. GREEN BUILDING FEATURES
16. PARKING
17. TOILTET
1. INTRODUCTION
• A business park or office park is a designated

area of land in which many office buildings are
grouped together.
• These types of developments are often located in

suburban areas where land and building costs are
more affordable.
• They are typically situated near major highways,

roads, or train stations for easy access.
HISTORY
 WORLD HISTORY
• Trade and commerce

• Architecture germinate in the name of shops
• People used to grow more crops and sell them.
• Architecture germinate in the name of shops.
• During Greek civilization - socio-cultural need of
that time - AGORA emerged.
• Roman FORUMS were small open surrounded by
government buildings.
Commercial Mall Literature Review (slideshare.net)

HISTORY
 NEPALESE HISTORY
• Emerged as haat bazar in rural areas
• Public square - in urban areas.
Emerged as haat bazar
• Built in 1969 AD Bishal Bazar has more than 200

shops in its 5 stories.
• In New Road, Kathmandu.
• Purchasing gold and adornments things.
• Decent outdoor space with landscaping, an open
atrium and houses both retail shops and banks.
Bishal bazar in 1969 AD
• In present context, business arcade has turned into

commercial complexes.
• Major element of urban scope.
• Demand of verticality.
• Eateries, restaurants, cinema, retail shops and offices.
Present context- Labim Mall

2. COMPONENTS OF BUSINESS PARK
 ENTRANCE  BUSINESS- RETAIL SHOPS, CAFE
 ENTERTAINMENT- GAME ZONES, OUTDOOR  OFFICE SPACES

3. RESPONSE TO THE SITE
• Responsive Architecture- time and place

• Respond to both physical and metaphysical context
PHYSICAL CONTEXT METAPHYSICAL CONTEXT

• Client’s aspiration
• Location • Community Values
• Local Materials • Building type
• Building codes • Neighborhood context
• Views • Architect’s Ideas
• Zoning • Local traditions
• Local ethnicity and religion
4.SPATIAL ORGANIZATION
Business park often distorted in 2 spaces as per their functions
• STATIC SPACES – having distinct functions (cafeteria, eateries,

game zones, retail shops, movie theatre)
• TRANSITION SPACES- connecting static spaces (atrium,

courtyard, connecting pathways, corridors).
ATRIUM
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Four-different-generic-forms-21-of-atrium-and-real-samples-a-Centralized-b_fig8_262923055
4.SPATIAL ORGANIZATION
Chaya Devi Center, Thamel
United World Trade Center, Tipureshwor
Secretariat building UNESCO headquarters, Paris
City Center, Nashik India
Civil Mall, Kathmandu

5. ZONING AND CIRCULATION
HORIZONTAL ZONING VERTICAL ZONING

6. HORIZONTAL CIRCULATION
Horizontal Circulation involves:
• Covered Hallways
• Semi-covered hallways
• Open spaces
• Atrium
• Corridor
HORIZONTAL CIRCULATION • Min. width of corridor = 1.8m

• Min. width of hallways= 1m
• Min. height of corridors and passageways= 2.4m
• Entry/Exit min. 5m width and 2.5m height
• Min. 1 staircase for every 30m distance
• Aisle width for clerks, minimum = 1’8”

• Desirable = 2’ – 2’3”
• For main public aisles = 4’6” minimum
• Average 5’6” into 7’
• Usual maximum = 11’
• Secondary public aisles = 3’ – 3’6”
NEUFERT ARCHITECTS DATA
7. EMERGENCY EVACUATIONS/
EXIT
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
• An exit consisting either of doorway, corridor, passage to an

internal staircase connecting to external staircase leading to
street, roof or neighborhood.
• Be free of obstruction
• Be clearly visible and proper signage
• Be continuous and not intrude private spaces.
https://www.elevatorlab.com/blog/your-comprehensive-guide-to-elevator-dimensions#:
EXIT
NUMBER OF EXITS
 Stairs
• Additional stairs for any increase in plinth area.
 Fire Escapes
• Every building > 5 storey.
• Min. width = 75cm.
• Min. tread width= 20cm.
• Max. riser height= 19cm.
• Max. no. of riser per flight= 15
 Exit Doors
• Min. width= 90cm
• Min. height= 180cm
• Max distance from any point = 20m.
• Exit door should open outwards to a passage, corridor, exit.
EXIT
HORIZONTAL ESCAPE ROUTES
• Max. no. of steps= 15 steps
• Min. width = 75cm
• 18m in one direction and 45m in other
EXIT
HORIZONTAL ESCAPE ROUTES
• Max. no. of steps= 15 steps
• Min. width = 75cm
• 18m in one direction and 45m in other
https://www.elevatorlab.com/blog/your-comprehensive-guide-to-elevator-dimensions# :
EXIT
FIRE SAFETY NORMS
 CAPACITY OF EXITS
• Min. width= 500 mm
• Max distance from deadend= 30m
 RAMPS
• Min. headroom= 2.2 m
• Max slope= 1:10 or 1:8
 HORIZONTAL EXITS
• For building more than 24m ht. refuge area of 15
sq.m. or an area equivalent of 0.3 sq.m. per
personal to accommodate two consecutive
floors.
EXIT
FIRE SAFETY NORMS FIRE ESCAPE STAIRS
• Max distance from dead-end= 30m
 RAMPS
floors.
EXIT
FIRE SAFETY NORMS FIRE ESCAPE STAIRS
• Max distance from deadend= 30m
 RAMPS
floors.
7. SIGNAGE/ EMERGENCY
SYMBOLS
8. EXPANSION JOINTS
• To minimize the cracks due to ground settlement, temperature expansion and

contraction, vibration, and earthquake effects.
• Incorporated into various building parts to provide complete separation like
floors, ceilings, walls, roofs, and facades.
• They can be placed floor-to-floor, floor-to-wall, wall-to-wall, ceiling-to-ceiling,
ceiling-to-wall, roof-to-roof, or roof-to-wall.
https://www.civilengineeringweb.com/2021/08/expansion-joint-for-building.html
9. CAFETERIA
• Minimum width of service aisle 0.9-1.35m

• Dining area per seat: 1.5-2.15m2 (60% of total
area).
• Kitchen area per seat: 0.4-0.6m2 (15-20%).
• Waiter station: 1 per 20-30 seat.
• Dining area per seat: 1.5-2.15m2
NEUFERT ARCHITECTS DATA, Pg. 17

9. CAFETERIA
• Toilet facilities and Dinning facilities
• Space per person for dinning room
Dinning Places WCs WCs (F) Urinals Channel Furnishing No. Waiter Self-service
(M) (Tables) places (m^2/place) (m^2/place)
⩽ 50 1 1 2 2 square 4 1.23 1.25
⩽ 50-200 2 2 4 3 Rectangular 4 1.10 1.25
= 200-400 3 4 6 4 Rectangular 6 1.00 1.05
⩽ 400 -decision for each case- Rectangular 8 1.10 1.10
• Example of fast food restaurant, self-service • Basis for dimension and space requirements
Area Proportion (%)
• Waste Storage 4
• Storage (Freezer) 4
• Meat preparation 2
• Cooking Area 8
• Washing Area 10
• Traffic/ Circulation 17
• Veg, salad, cold dishes, desert,cakes 10
• Staff room and office 15
NEUFERT ARCHITECTS DATA, Pg. 174
9.BUILDING CORE AND VERTICAL
CIRCULATION
It is the means in building through which

occupants access the area by using the core
units that includes stairs, elevators, service
areas for plumbing and electrical equipment,
and restrooms.
TYPES OF CORE
o Central Core
o Split Core
o End Core
o Atrium Core
TYPES OF VERTICAL CIRCULATION
o Ramp
o Staircase
o Elevator
o Escalator
 RAMP
o Minimum gradient of 1:8 for the difference in height not

more than 450mm
o Minimum gradient of 1:12 for the difference in height

more than 450mm shall have level platforms for every
1.5m of vertical rise
o Minimum length and width of ramp shall be 1.2m and 1m

FOR DIFFERENTLY
ABLED
oAll edges must be protected
oAll ramp shall have top and bottom landings

as wide as ramp itself
STAIRCASE
Requirement of good staircase

o Stairs should be safe and easy for everyone to use.
o They should be clearly visible and easy to identify.
o Width of a stair (minimum 90 cm in residential use).
o • Length of flight (maximum 12 steps).
o Pitch of stair (should not exceed 40 degree and should not be
flatter than 25 degree).
o Head room (should not less than 2.14m).
o Materials.
o Balustrade to ensure safety.
o Landing (should not be less than the width of stair).
o Avoid winders and extra materials. Use optimum use of materials.
o Step proportion.
Types Of Staircase And Its Limitation
o All step risers should be solid.

o Open risers can be a source of visual
confusion and are disconcerting for many
people to use.
o Spiral stairs and stairs with tapered treads
should not be used, as they are much more
likely to cause tripping.
o Spiral stairs create problem as the force is
more in Highrise.
2 MINIMUM MEANS OF EGRESS

1 SHOULD BE ENCLOSED STAIRCASE
ELEVATOR
An elevator is a hoisting and lowering mechanism equipped with a car or platform that moves
along guides in a shaft, or hoist way, in a substantially vertical direction and that transports
passengers or goods, or both, between two or more floors of a building.
o Considered as a requirement in all building over three

storey
o Minimum standards of service - one lift for every four
storey
o with a maximum distance of 45m to the lift lobby
o Floor space estimates and car capacity can be based on
an area of 0.2m2 per person
Types Of Elevator
Passenger Elevator
Passenger Elevators
Designed to carry people between building floors. Their
capacity is determined by the need of the specific
building and it can vary between 5 and 25 peoples.
Express Elevators
Express Elevators
They do not service all floors, but instead only
selected parts of the building. Most notably they
move passengers from the building lobby to the
top floor/sky lobby.
For express elevators, which make no

intermediate stops, intervals of 30 to 355 may be
considered acceptable
Urban Transport Elevators
They move passengers between several

altitude potions, not inside a building but
rather in open urban space
Freight Elevator
• Indented for transport of goods, carry
goods around 2-4 tons and are often
powered by electrical engine
Elevator Selection Chart
According To Building Height

• A- Low-Rise buildings (1-3 stories):-
Buildings up to about (1 to 3) stories typically use
hydraulic elevators because of their lower initial cost
• B-Mid-Rise buildings (4-11 stories):-

Buildings up to about (4 to 11) stories typically use
Geared Traction Elevators
• C-High-Rise buildings (12+ stories):-

Buildings up to about 12+ stories typically use Gear-
Less Traction Elevators
 ESCALTOR
Escalators, or powered stairs, are used when it is necessary to move large numbers of
people from floor to floor. They provide continuous movement of persons and can thus
remedy traffic conditions that are not readily addressed by elevators.
Dimensions for Escalators

o Maximum rise 21 ft 4 in (NCE model)
o Minimum depth of tread in direction of travel-153/4 in
o Maximum rise between treads-81/2 in
o Minimum width of tread-24 in
o Maximum width of tread-40 in
o Maximum clearance between tread and adjacent skirt panel-3/8
in
o Maximum distance between handrail centerlines-width between
balustrades plus 6 in with not more than 3 in on either side of
the escalator
10.AUDOTRIU
M
An auditorium is a room built to enable an
audience to hear and watch performances at
venues such as theatres
Various Component Of Auditorium

Backstage
House Backstage- The space which functions as
Stage awaiting room
House -main seating area
Stage -place were performance is held
 SHAPE AND CEILING
o FAN-SHAPED PLAN is considered to give satisfactory results without

introducing complications in the acoustical treatment of the hall
o The proscenium may bear any suitable ratio with the height of the hall to
suit stage requirements and considerations of visibility.
o The side walls should be arranged to have an angle of not more than 100
degrees with the curtain line. In the case of talking pictures
synchronization of sound with lip movement is most essential,
o Also, in the case of theatres a person with normal vision should be able
to discern facial expressions of the performers.
o In order to satisfy these conditions, it is recommended that the distance
of the farthest seat from the curtain line should not normally exceed 23
meters.
Ceiling may be flat but it a preferable to provide a slight increase in the
height near the center of hall
The volume per person required to be provided should normally range
between 3.5 to 5.5 cu.m
Suitable volumes for different types of auditoriums
a) Public lecture halls -3.0 to 4.5
b) Cinemas or theatre -4.0 to 5-0
c) Musical hall, or concert halls- 4.0 to 5.5
In the case of (c), the upper limit is suitable for musical performances
while the lower limit may be chosen in the case of small general
purpose auditoriums.
 AUDIO AND VISUAL COMFORMT
Rear Wall
o The auditorium rear walls should be either flat or convex in shape.
o This should not be concave in shape, but where it cannot be
avoided, the acoustical design shall indicate either the surface to
be splayed or convex corrugations given in order to avoid any
tendency for the sound to focus into the hall.
Side Wall
o Where the side walls are non-parallel as in the case of a fan-
shaped hall, the walls may remain reflective and may be
architecturally finished in any manner required, if sound absorbing
material is not required from other considerations.
o Where the side walls are parallel they may be left untreated to a
length of about 7.5 m from the proscenium end. In addition, any
of the surfaces, likely to cause a delayed echo or flutter echo
should be appropriately treated with a sound absorbing material.
Difference between the direct path and the path reflected from
aide wall. shall not exceed 15m.
Theatre / Cinema Seating space: ROW TO ROW –81CM
o Very large 1500 or more seats CLEARWAY-76-91CM
o Large 900-1500 seats
o Medium 500-900 seats
o Small under 500 seats
o Size of auditorium: An area of at least
0.5m2/spectator
o Length of rows: maximum of 16 seats per aisle.
o 25 seats per aisle are permissible if one side exit
door of 1m width is provided per 3-4 rows
o Fan shaped most efficient design.
 VISUAL ANALYSIS
 SERVICES
Projection room Sound System

Air conditioning:
o Room for projector with o Typically, five speakers are used, o Recommended working
minimum equipment 3.9m to 4m one for bass sounds, and often temperature of the
o Temperature: 18degree Celsius with a sixth as an theatre projection room =
speaker. 18degree Celsius.
o It requires a separate system of
o Very wide screens and side o Location of AHU(air
mechanical or natural ventilation
sound sources cause acoustics handling units)=3 broad
o Dimmer room or sound and light
problems. areas- adjacent to the
control room 2m 3.5m screen.
o For cinemas, maximum reflected
o Spotlight room 3.9m*7.5
sound path=15m
Acoustics:
o Fan shaped seating with racked chairs for viewing and hearing.
o Projection screen and the loud speakers behind it placed at a height enough to cover
entire audience.
o Back side of the screen and surroundings of the screen be "Black and absorptive" to
prevent light reflections.
o Projection- booth and noise should not enter audience section, hence inside of the
booth be made highly absorbent and window- glasses be properly sealed.
o With stereophonic sound system, adjusted to sound track of the film; the side- walls,
flat ceiling and the surface around the screen kept more absorptive and dispersive.
Public areas surrounding the theatre Additional accommodation:
zone: o Plant room
o Payment booths o Staff room and facilities
o Advance booking facilities o Cleaner's store
o Ticket machines o Manager's office
o Refreshment kiosks o Film store
o Merchandising stalls o Kiosk stock room
o Forthcoming film advertising o Refrigeration for ice creams
o Information on current screenings o Projection booths
o sufficient room for queuing comfortably o A treasury cash 'room
o clear signage to public toilets, theatre entrances
etc.
o Suitable access, toilets and lifts are required for
visitors with disabilities.
11.DAYLIGHT AND ELECTRIC
LIGHTING
Lighting
o Use of LED Lights over CFL Bulbs can save a large amount of money
o Efficient smart Lights that can be remotely controlled can also help to save energy in the long run.
o Increase Maximum sunlight should also be a high priority to avoid any lighting in general .
Electrical Services
Electrical Services
o LT Room
o Transformer Room
o Voltage Control Room
LT ROOM TRANSFORMER ROOM VOLTAGE CONTROL ROOM
o LT room is the distribution room of o Room size: 6MX4.5M For 11,000 volts.
size 4.5 X 9.1 M o Ceiling height: 3.6M o Machine size: 1.8M X 1.8M
o Isolator room is a room installed
o Purpose to regulate the incoming o Room size: 5.1MX3.6M
with an Air Circuit Breaker Machine
voltage by amplifying to an optimum o Min setback of 0.9M from
which act as a MCB in case of
level. machine
voltage fluctuations.
o Ceiling height: 3.6M
o Every machine has a setback of
o Purpose to regulate the incoming
minimum 0.9M from the walls and
1.2M from adjoining machines. voltage to an optimum level.
o Wiring fixed at the ceiling by
o Every room is installed with shutters suspending a metal cage for heavy
instead of doors. gauge wires
o LT room keeps a central control o Light gauge wire are fixed directly
room size 4.5M by 3.6M with the ceiling
12.Ventilation
• It may be defined as supply of fresh outside air into an enclosed space or the removal of inside air from the
enclosed space.
• It may be achieved either by natural or artificial means
Functional requirements of ventilation
• The air habitat room should never contain more than 0.06% of co2.
• The exhaust air should be discharged to the exterior of the building at least 2m above the pavement level and at least 5m
from any window or fresh airt take
• For natural ventilation suitable fresh air inlet grilles shall be provided to ensure an air exchange rate of 5 air air change per
hour
• The air in the room must be continuously renewed (at three to six fold exchange of air is normally required per hour)
• It must be possible to shut off individual plant segments when the corresponding parts of building are not in use
• The outside air flow must be guaranteed with a minimum fresh air flow of 30 to 60 m3/h per person
Systems of ventilation
• Natural and artificial
• Natural ventilation is one of which is effected by the elaborate use of doors, windows, ventilators and
skylights. It is suitable for residential buildings and small houses.
• Artificial ventilation is one, in which some mechanical arrangement are made to increase the rate of airflow.
This system is more useful for large buildings, assemblies, theatres etc. it involves the use of some
mechanical equipments offering effective air circulation
General openings requirement Recommended
Min. area of opening for natural light 1/10 th of the room for hilly region
1/8th of the room for other regions
Min. area of opening for natural 1/16thof the room area 1/8 th of the
ventilation room area
Natural ventilation
Natural ventilation external feature
 Orientation of building
 Position of opening
 Cross ventilation
 Size of opening
 Opening types
General rules for natural ventilation
• Inlet openings in the building should be well distributed and should be located on windward side at low level
and outlet openings should be located on the leeward side near the top
• When outlet serves as inlets, they should be located as samelevel
• Inlet should be free from all obstruction-trees, buildings, sign boards , etc.
Artificial ventilation
• Artificial ventilation involves the use of some mechanical equipments for effective air circulation.
• It is applied when natural ventilation is unsatis factory in respect of quality, quantity and controllability
• This system is costly
Extraction system
It is based on creation of vacuum in the room by exhausting
the vitiated air by means of propeller type( exhaust) fans.
More useful in removing smoke, dust, odurs etc.
The exhaust fans are not located nears the windowa
openings to avoid short- circuiting of the air
Plenum system
• Fresh air is forced into room and the vitiated air is allowed to leave through ventilators
• Air is passed through a fine gauge or filter
Ceiling fans
• Almost all types of houses and offices use fans
• Air circulation by ceiling fans cover normal area of 9 to
10 sq.m
• Effective only over certain limited area
Evaporative cooling
• Used in region where high day temperature prevailwith reasonably low humidity
Air conditioning
• Process of treating air so to control simultaneously its temperature,
humidity to meet the requirement of conditioned space
System of air conditioning
• Direct expansion system (dx system)
• Chilled water (indirect) system
Direct expansion system
• It is the system where refrigerant is utilized to cool the air directly the common example are room air
conditioner, packaged units and central direct expansion plantd
HVAC
• Hvac is necessary where humidity and temperature must all be closely regulated whilst maintaining safe and
healthy conditions within.
The components that make up an HVAC system

• Air Conditioner - An air conditioner cools your enviroment by removing heat and humidity from inside and
transferring it outside.
• Heat Pump - Contrary to their name, a heat pump can both heat and cool your room. They use refrigerant to
absorb, transport, and release heat, and they can reverse the flow of that refrigerant depending on if you
need heating or cooling. Heat pumps are powered by electricity, not fossil fuels.
• Furnace - Furnaces create heat by burning a fuel source like natural gas or propane. The heat they
create is then distributed throughout your room, in order to increase the indoor temperature.
• Air Handler - Air handlers circulate both warm and cool air formed by other HVAC units throughout
your entire building in order to reach your desired temperature in every room.
• Ductwork - Ductwork is a system of pipes, also known as ducts, that carry and distribute air from units
like furnace, air conditioner, and heat pump.
• Thermostat - The thermostat, to control indoor temperature. When the temperature change on
thermostat, it signals to the rest of HVAC system if it needs to be warmer or cooler.
12. Public spaces
• Restuarants and eateries

• Hangout spaces (bowling areas, gaming zone, snooker and billiard)
• Shopping zone
Restaurant and eateries
Food courts are most common amenties provided in any of the
multiplexes or malls. Interior space of a food court can be divided into 3
major areas
• Dining area
• Kitchen
• Pantry and storage area
Dining constitutes major area in the food court and kitchen should be
50% of dining area while storage can be 1.5-2 times that of kitchen
Type of restaurant Space required per
person(m2 /person)
Snack bar service 1.5-2.2

Café service 0.83-1.5
Coffee bars 1.2-1.4
Self-service 1.4-1.7
Kitchen for restaurant 0.3x no. of covers
• A table length to seat four, six or

eight is preferable
• A min passage area is 18in
between chairs and including chair
area, tables should be placed 4 to 5
feet apart
Bowling alley
1. Clubroom 7. Shower
room
2. Servery
8. Cleaners
3. Attendent
room
4. Cloakroom
9. Fitness room
5. Public toilets
10. Equipment
6. Staff toilets room
• the most common type of lane is wood. Synthetics are becoming more popular and
some lanes are combination of wood and synthetics
Gaming zones
Snooker and billiards
• Size of billiard tables =2.6mx1.5m
• Size of snooker table=4mx2m
• Min space required=8mx6m
• 0.75mx(1.3-1.5m) space required to keep cues
Shopping zone
Basic plan layout for retail shops
1. Straight plan
• Conventional form of layout that utilizes walls and projection to create smaller
space
• Economical plan
2. Diagonal plan
• Optimal for self services
• Cashier is in central location, with slightness to all areas of the space
• Permits the angular traffic flow and creates perimeter design interest and
excitement in movement
Shopping zone
3. Pathway plan
• Applicable to virtually any type of store but is particularly suited to large
stores over 5000sq ft
• The path take any shape and that it creates a design pattern
3. Curve plan
• For boutiques, salons or other store the curved plan creates an inviting,
special environment for the customer.
• Soften the angular or square plan
Shopping zone
Basic dimensional guidelines give the minimum heights of spaces in the shops and storage facilities as
• Up to to 400m2 retail floor space- 3m
• Over 400m2 retail floor space- 3.3m
• Over 1500m2 retail floor space- 3.5m
Shopping zone
Retail shop
• Shops with one customers aisle only are usually
• 12-15 ft wide by 50 to 60 ft long in large cities and
• 15 to 18 ft wide by 60 to 80 ft long in smaller cities
• Basements 8 to 9 ft permit economical stock storage
• Ground floors are preferably 12 ft high if no mezzanine is included
• Mezzanines are at least 7 ft 6in above floor level will accommodate most fixture heights. Height from
mezzanine floor to ceiling may be as lol as 6ft 6in.
13. Architectural expressionism on built form
• Expression of form as one of the architectural mean we have to create specific architectural atmospheres.
• A number of aspects must be considered in order to analyze or design an architectural form,
1. shape
2. mass / size
3. scale
4. proportion
5. Rhythm
6. Articulation
7. Texture
8. color
9. light.
• Shape
• Primary shapes, the circle, triangle, and square, are used to generate
volumes known as "platonic solids."A circle generates the sphere and
cylinder, the triangle produces the cone and pyramid, and the square
forms the cube. Combinations of these platonic solids establish the
basis for most architectural shapes and forms
• Some shapes are formed through an additive process, while other

shapes are conceptually subtracted from other solids.
13.Architectural expressionism on built form
Mass/size
• Mass combines with shape to define form. Mass refers to the size or physical bulk of a building, and can be
understood as the actual size, or size relative to context. This is where scale comes into play in our
perception of mass.
• Scale
• Scale is not the same as size, but refers to relative size as perceived by the
viewer. "Whenever the word scale is being used, something is being
compared with something else."
• Scale may be manipulated by the architect to make a building appear
smaller or larger than its actual size.
Proportion
• proportion in architecture refers to the relationship of one part to the other parts, and to the whole
building.
Rhythm
• The reoccurrence or repetition of architectural elements, shapes, structural bays, windows, etc. establishes a
rhythm, which may be regular or complex.
Articulation
• How building surfaces come together to define form is often described
as "articulation.“
• The treatment of edges, corners, surface articulation of windows
(horizontal, vertical, static field), and the visual weight of a building all
contribute to the articulation of the form
Texture and color

• Both texture and color are inherently linked to materials, and
can be used to alter the perception of any given form.
• the shift from a light to dark paint color can radically reduce the
apparent size of a room, or how a smooth stucco or rough brick
finish can alter the size and visual weight of a house.
Architectural expressionism on built form
Light
• The prominent modern architect Le Corbusier emphasized the
important relationship between light and form in his famous
statement, "Architecture is the masterly, correct, and magnificent
play of masses brought together in light. Our eyes are made to see
forms in light; light and shade reveal these forms."
14. TOILET
No of people No. of toilet
REQUIREMENTS 16-35 2
o The washroom should be situated on the entrance floors 36-55 3
and on alternate floors. 56-80 4
o People should not have to walk more than 150m to 81-110 5
111-150 6
washrooms from the shops.
Above 150 7-8
o The cubicle panels and legs should be durable enough to
withstand constant cleaning Toilet types Standard sizes Door type
Standard toilet 850mm wide x 1500mm Inward
For the commercial building in excess of 1000 sq.m it requires: deep opening
o 1 WC for 500 males.
Ambulant 850mm wide x 1500mm Outward
o 2 urinals for up to 500 males. disabled deep opening
o 1 washbasin per every male WC. Wheelchair 2250mm wide x 1500mm Outward
accessible deep opening
o 1 WC for every 100 females.
o 1 washbasin, plus 1 for every 2 (or part of) WCs Enlarged toilet 1210mm wide x 1500mm Outward
deep opening
STANDARD DIMENSIONS
https://www.harborcitysupply.com/blog/small-or-single-public-restrooms-ada-guidelines
https://www.dimensions.com/
ACCESSIBILITY FOR DIFFERENTLY ABLED
In any public rest room, at least one compartment for each sex should be
accessible to an ambulant disabled person.
In any public rest room at least one unisex compartment should be

accessible to a wheelchair user.
Accessible rest rooms should be marked with the international symbol of

accessibility. No indication is needed if all rest rooms are accessible.
Pivoted doors should open outward unless sufficient space is provided

within the toilet stall.
https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/enable/designm/AD2-10.htm
ACCESSIBILITY FOR DIFFERENTLY ABLED
(c) The perpendicular
(a) The parallel approach,
The ease of transferring from a wheelchair approach, which is also
which is the easiest
to a toilet seat or bidet depends on the difficult
approach. In general there are four different
approaches:
DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS
(d) The frontal approach
(b) The diagonal approach,
Turning circles of 1.50 m diameter are which is the most difficult
which is difficult
recommended inside the rest room to allow and needs particular care
for full-turn maneuvering of a wheelchair.
STANDARD DIMENSIONS
15. PARKING
Requirements associated with off street parking
o The minimum height clearance for indoor parking space shall not
be less than 2.1m.
o For common parking, area allocated for each car shall not be less
than 2.5m X 4.5m.
o Parking should be within 30 m of the main entrance of the
building.
o International symbol of accessibility pointed on the ground and
also on signpost/board.
o Directional signs guiding people to the accessible parking.
o Wheel stoppers to be provided
Minimum area for common parking:
o Parking area allocated for each bike and scooter shall not be less
than 1.25 sq.m while the same for the cycle shall not be less than
1 sq.m
o The gradient of ramp leading to parking space for occupancy type
shall not be more than 1:5.
o https://www.moud.gov.np/storage/listies/July2019/NBC_206_2015_ARCHITECTURAL_DESIGN_REQUIREMENTS.pdf (Pg: 18) Headroom clearance
15. PARKING STRUCTURE DESIGN
o Column grids are typically sized according to the stall size and
circulation aisle width.
o Most of the parking structures have a clear distance between
columns of around 7.5m (2.5m per vehicle), where 3 human-
driven vehicles may fit.
o In addition, circulation aisles typically measure around 5.5-6.5
meters in width. (For one way)
https://transformtransport.org/research/article/parking-structures-design/#:~:text=Column%20grids%20are%20t
15. PARKING
SURFACE PARKING BASEMENT PARKING
o Often seen in suburban areas or in places where land

o Often seen in buildings with multiple stories or in
is more abundant.
urban areas where land is scarce.
o More accessible and visible, making it easier for
o It is more secure than surface parking because it is
drivers to find a parking space.
more difficult to access from the outside.
o Less expensive than basement parking because it
o Protects vehicles from weather damage and
requires less construction and maintenance.
vandalism.
o More susceptible to weather damage and vandalism
o More convenient for drivers because it is typically
o Less secure than basement parking.
located closer to the building entrance or elevator.
o Can take up valuable land space, reducing the overall
aesthetic appeal of a location.
15. PARKING
DOUBLE BASEMENT PARKING
o Maximize Space: One of the main reasons for building a double basement is to maximize the use of
space on a small or narrow site. With limited space available, a double basement allows for additional
living or storage space without increasing the overall footprint of the building.
DIFFERENTLY ABLED PARKING
o Wider space for disabled peoples
o At least 5% of all car parking bays must be reserved for
differently abled people.
o They must be clearly identified, both on the bay surface
with a vertical sign immediately adjacent to the bay.
TYPE
S
MECHANICAL/ AUTOMATED SELF PARKING
RAMP LAYOUT FLOOR
SYSTEM TYPES PARALLEL

30 DEGREE SLOPING SPLIT
CLEARWAY STRAIGHT PERPENDICULAR 45 DEGREE

ADJACENT CURVE 60 DEGREE
https://www.sefindia.org/forum/files/2194924_8_multi_storey_car_parking_159.pdf
MECHANICAL / AUTOMATED
o Method of automatically parking and retrieving cars
typically using a computerized system of pallets, lifts and
carriers
o Most suitable on sites and where land is very limited-
too small for economical development with a ramp
parking
Advantages
o increase capacity ; high space utilization due to lower
ceiling height, dense parking, and reduce space width –
o no ventilation or HVAC required; saving utility costs -
eliminates stairs, elevators and fire exits - enhance safety
and security - typically requires less building volume and
less ground area than a conventional facility with the
same capacity AUTOMATED PARKING
Disadvantages
o cost , operation and maintenance
RAMP SYSTEM
CLEARWAY
o Inter floor travel path completely separated from

potentially conflicting parking – unparking
movements
o Provides safest movement with least delay
o Preferred for self park design
o Feasible for small garage sites
ADJACENT
o Part or all of ramp travel is performed on access aisles

o Requires less area per parking stall
o Twofold use of travel paths
o Feasible for smaller land parcel
o More susceptible to traffic movement delays
o Has potential in causing accident
RAMP DESIGN
PARALLEL
o Up and down ramp slope in the same

direction
o Ramp surfaces are parallel
o Vehicles must rotate in opposite direction
o Cheaper to construct
OPPOSED
o Vehicles rotate in the same direction

o Up and down ramps in opposite
direction
o Required ramp surfaces to be opposed
o The operation is safe
16. RAMP GUIDELINES
c) Ramp Grade b) For circular ramp
• Computed by : floor to floor height/ Ramp length x 100

• Max ramp grades :
a) self park design - not exceed 15 % - not exceed than
10% if had a pedestrian walkway on vehicles ramp
b)sloping floor self park design - ramp grades max 4% -
angle parking 60ºminimizes gravity roll back of vehicles .
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
a) Ramp Slopes
The maximum ramp slope -20%. For slopes over 10%, a
transition at least 8 ft long should be provided at each
end of the ramp at one half the slope of the ramp
itself .
https://www.sefindia.org/forum/files/2194924_8_multi_st
orey_car_parking_159.pdf
LAYOUT
Neufert Architects’ Data : Fourth edition Pg no . 390

PARALLEL
Advantages
o Works well in extremely narrow, linear spaces
o Requires minimum pavement area
Disadvantages
o Difficult maneuvering for most drivers
o Less than ideal visibility of adjacent traffic
o Inefficient use of on-street space
PERPENDICULAR
o Most efficient and economical since it

accommodates the most vehicles per linear
meter.
o Two way parking
FLOOR
STAGGERED/ SPLIT
LEVEL
o Floor levels in one section is staggered vertically by
one half story from those in adjacent sections
o Applicable to small, high-cost sites where maximum
use of space must be achieved
Advantages
o Construction is relatively simple
o The design fits well on rectangular sites
o Efficient in terms of floor space per vehicle parking
stall
Disadvantages
o Frequent conflicts may arise between circulating
traffic and parking and un-parking vehicles
SLOPING
o Consist of sloping levels (full width
ramp/continuous ramp)
o Contains two adjacent parking modules tilted in
opposite directions
o Well-suited to self-park operations
o Advantages
o The relatively flat floor slope permits comfortable
parking and pedestrian walking
o Each entering customer has an opportunity to
park in the first available space as parking is
adjacent to the interfloor circulation system
o Floor-to-floor travel distance is greater in sloping-
floor garages than in other types of ramp garages
Disadvantages
o Cause congestion during peak out-bound
movements
17.GREEN BUILDING
FEATURES
Practice of designing and constructing buildings in an environmentally
responsible and resource-efficient manner.
OBJECTIVE STRATEGY
o Minimize the building's carbon footprint and o Use of renewable energy sources such as
reduce its impact on the environment. solar power
o Promote the health and well-being of building o Installation of energy-efficient HVAC
occupants systems and appliances
o Reducing waste o Use of eco-friendly building materials
o Improving energy efficiency o The implementation of water conservation

measures.
17.GREEN BUILDING
FEATURES
17.GREEN BUILDING
FEATURES
CASE
STUDY
PHOENIX MALL
INTRODUCTION
o Phoenix market city(Chennai) is a shopping mall developed
by mills limited located in Chennai, Tamil Nādu, India.
o It was opened in January 2013 and is the largest mall in the
city
o Phoenix mall has several national and international brands
o Multiplex Name: Phoenix Mall
o Architectural style: Modern
o Projected by: Mills limited Architect: GORDAN BENOY
o Average no. of visitors per day: 15,000+
PHOENIX MALL
LOCATION
o Main road width: 30m

o Service road width: 10m
PHOENIX MALL
SITE PLAN AREA
o Land Area 17 acres o A Hyper Market Covering
o Retail Built-up Area - 4.36 acres 1,00,000 sq ft
o 5Anchor Shops Covering
o Residences Built-up Area - 2.98 acres
2.50,000 sq ft
o Total built up area- 7.34 acres
o 13 Mini Anchor shops Covering
o Number of stores -260 1.75.000 sq ft
o No. of stories-basement+5 stories o 122 Small Stores Covering
3.00.000 sq ft
CIRCULATION
SITE ENTRANCE
o Main entry from Velachery main road

o Has a service entry at cherry bye pass
100 feet road
SITE EXIT
o Main exit from Velachery main
road
SECURITY ROOM
o Security room located at the site entrance
o The security directs the vehicles into the mall
o Also helps out them for directions
PHOENIX MALL
LOWER GROUND FLOOR
FUNCTIONS
• BEAUTY AND COSMETICS

• COFFEE SHOPS
• FOOTWEAR
• FURNITURE AND FURNISHES
• SALOOONS
• PHARMACY
• SPORTS AND FITNESS
• TOYS AND GAMES
• EYEWEAR ACCESSORIES
• CONSUMER DURBALES, ELECTRONICS
AND IT PRODUCTS.
PHOENIX MALL
LOWER GROUND FLOOR
APPAREL
• COFFEE SHOPS
• FOOTWEAR
• CONSUMER DURABLES, ELECTRONICS AND IT
PRODUCTS.
HYPERMARKET STORES
• SALOOONS
• PHARMACY
• SPORTS AND FITNESS
• TOYS AND GAMES
PHOENIX MALL
PHOENIX MALL
GROUND FLOOR
FUNCTIONS

• ACCESSORIES
• BOOKS, MUSIC, ENTERTAINMENT
• FOOTWEAR
• FURNITURE AND HOME FURNISHING
• CONSUMERS DURBALES, ELECTRONICS AND
PRODUCTS.
PHOENIX MALL
GROUND FLOOR

• ACCESSORIES
• BOOKS, MUSIC, ENTERTAINMENT
• FOOTWEAR
• FURNITURE AND HOME FURNISHING
• CONSUMERS DURBALES, ELECTRONICS AND IT
PRODUCTS.
PHOENIX MALL
PHOENIX MALL
PHOENIX MALL
FIRST FLOOR
FUNCTIONS

• COFFEE SHOPS
• FOOTWEAR
• SALOOONS
• CONSUMER DURABLES, ELECTRONICS
AND
• IT PRODUCTS
• CONFEECTIONAERY
• RESTAURANT
• JEWELERY
• BOOKS MUSIC AND ENTERTAINTMENT
PHOENIX MALL
PHOENIX MALL
PHOENIX MALL
PHOENIX MALL
PHOENIX MALL
SECOND FLOOR
APPAREL
• COFFEE SHOPS
• BOOKS, MUSIC AND ENTERTAINMENT
• FOOTWEAR
• CONSUMER DURABLES, ELECTRONICS AND IT
PRODUCTS.
STORES
• JWELERY
• RESTAURANTS
• FOOD COURTS
• TOYS AND GAMES
PHOENIX MALL
THIRD FLOOR
FUNCTIONS
.
• CINEMA HALL
• RESTAURANTS
• FOOD COURTS
• ENTERTAINMENT
• SERVICE AND SPECIALTY STORE
PHOENIX MALL
FUN CITY
• AT 3RD FLOOR
• NEAR FOOD COURT
• ISOLATED FROM OTHER RETAIL SHOPS
• GAMES FOR BOTH CHILDREN AND ADULTS.
EXTERNAL FINISH
• UPPER LEVEL OF FRONT FAÇADE
• ADVERTISEMENT
• FORTHCOMING ATTRACTIONS
• CINEMA POSTERS
ACTIVITY RATIO
Entertaiment
Dine 3%
17%
Retail
Dine
Entertaiment
Retail
80%
Lifts
• Places at the center of the mall
• Twp lifts are provided
• Capacity :18 person
• Dimension: (2.1x1.8)m
Fire exit
• No. of fire exit: 6 per floor
• Automatic sprinkler: spacing of sprinklers-8’
• Bugler alarm spacing:10’
Emergency exit
• Emergengy exit map is located in each floor
• Also has instruction in the sign board
• 7 emergengy exit is provided
• Shows the route for the exit
Restaurant
• 14 variety restaurant
• 20 kiosks shop
• Foud court spread over 50,000sq. Ft
Parking
• Mall consist of basement parking and MLCP
• The MLCP consists of 11 floors
• The MLCP is attached to the mall for easy access
basement MLCP
Movies
• 11 screen capable of dealing out 40 shows ever single day in 6 language
• Capacity :15000
Fire precaution
• Dry riser is located at the entrance of the mall
• Fire hose is located at each floor on the mall
CITY CENTER
INTRODUCTION
o LOCATION: Nashik, NW region of Maharashtra

o DESIGNED BY: Ar.Sanjay Puri
o CLIMATIC ZONE: wet and dry climatic zone
o Average highest recorded temperature: 30.7°C
o Average lowest recorded temperature: 18.5°C in winter
o Site Area: 23,361.34 sq.m
o Built up area: 54,385.99 sq.m
o PROGRAMS: Retail spaces, restaurants, exhibition
spaces, an auditorium and office
https://www.theplan.it/eng/award-2018-mixeduse/city-centre-1
CITY CENTER
SITE CONTEXT
CITY CENTER
CITY CENTER
ZONING
CITY CENTER
SITE CIRCULATION
CITY CENTER
DESIGN EVOLUTION
CITY CENTER
DESIGN INSPIRATION
CITY CENTER
SITE PLAN
FLOOR PLANS
CITY CENTER
DESIGN TAKEAWAYS
o Fragmented volumes of 4 m x 4 m grid step back gradually – to
reduce the height and scale of the building perceptibly.
o North facing terraces and large ground level garden generating
large landscaped spaces equivalent to the plot area.
o Inspiration from organic hill settlements of old Indian cities
capturing the traditional urban fabric in a contemporary
language.
o Giving back to the eco logical cycle through covered green plot
area.
o Punctuated by sky lit courtyards - natural light and has central
green interactive spaces.
o The east, west and south sides are screened with stones screens
derived from traditional Indian architecture minimizing the heat
gain from these sides in response to the hot climate of the
region.
o The large windows on the northern side allow enough north light
into the interiors of the building.
PARC CENTER
INTRODUCTION
o SITE LOCATION: Guanzhou, China

o AREA: 11,0000 sq.m
o DESIGNED BY: Benoy and Partners
o PROJECT YEAR: 2016
o PROGRAM: Cinema, parking and services,
foodcourt and entertainment, fashion and
lifestyle.
o CONCEPTUAL IDEA: to form the focal point
and create a new 'Central Park'
https://www.archdaily.com/791640/parc-central-benoy
CITY CENTER
SITE CONTEXT
CITY CENTER
DESIGN FEATURES/TAKEWAYS
o Form: Double Fish-Symbol of peace, harmony and fortune in
Chinese culture
o Symbolic architecture: Eye catching and powerful visual
statement
o Dynamic interior: Large atrium , fluid ceiling cove, neutral colour
o Green Building: Rain water collection, low e-glass façade, energy
saving screen
o Landscape: Hierarchy of greenery, sunken courts
o Use of skylights for maximum daylight
o Located along the city’s ‘Green Axis’ - focal point of this initiative
and create a new ‘Central Park’ along the major Tianhe Road
thoroughfare which dissects the city.
o Monocoque roof- self supporting, withstand snow, wind and
hurricane.
o Low emissivity (low e-glass)- façade- silver coating on glass-
ensure daylight yet return heat rays.
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BUSINESS PARK

LITERATURE REVIEW & CASE

• A business park or office park is a designated

• These types of developments are often located in

• They are typically situated near major highways,

• Trade and commerce

Commercial Mall Literature Review (slideshare.net)

• Built in 1969 AD Bishal Bazar has more than 200

Bishal bazar in 1969 AD

• In present context, business arcade has turned into

Present context- Labim Mall

 ENTERTAINMENT- GAME ZONES, OUTDOOR  OFFICE SPACES

• Responsive Architecture- time and place

PHYSICAL CONTEXT METAPHYSICAL CONTEXT

• STATIC SPACES – having distinct functions (cafeteria, eateries,

• TRANSITION SPACES- connecting static spaces (atrium,

United World Trade Center, Tipureshwor

Secretariat building UNESCO headquarters, Paris

City Center, Nashik India

Civil Mall, Kathmandu

Commercial Mall Literature Review (slideshare.net)

HORIZONTAL CIRCULATION • Min. width of corridor = 1.8m

• Aisle width for clerks, minimum = 1’8”

• An exit consisting either of doorway, corridor, passage to an

• To minimize the cracks due to ground settlement, temperature expansion and

• Minimum width of service aisle 0.9-1.35m

NEUFERT ARCHITECTS DATA, Pg. 17

It is the means in building through which

o Minimum gradient of 1:8 for the difference in height not

o Minimum gradient of 1:12 for the difference in height

o Minimum length and width of ramp shall be 1.2m and 1m

oAll ramp shall have top and bottom landings

Requirement of good staircase

o All step risers should be solid.

2 MINIMUM MEANS OF EGRESS

o Considered as a requirement in all building over three

For express elevators, which make no

They move passengers between several

According To Building Height

• B-Mid-Rise buildings (4-11 stories):-

• C-High-Rise buildings (12+ stories):-

Dimensions for Escalators

Various Component Of Auditorium

o FAN-SHAPED PLAN is considered to give satisfactory results without

Projection room Sound System

General openings requirement Recommended

The components that make up an HVAC system

• Restuarants and eateries

Snack bar service 1.5-2.2

• A table length to seat four, six or

• Some shapes are formed through an additive process, while other

Texture and color

In any public rest room at least one unisex compartment should be

Accessible rest rooms should be marked with the international symbol of

Pivoted doors should open outward unless sufficient space is provided

SURFACE PARKING BASEMENT PARKING

o Often seen in suburban areas or in places where land

RAMP LAYOUT FLOOR

SYSTEM TYPES PARALLEL

CLEARWAY STRAIGHT PERPENDICULAR 45 DEGREE

o Inter floor travel path completely separated from

o Part or all of ramp travel is performed on access aisles

o Up and down ramp slope in the same

o Vehicles rotate in the same direction