Replacement Of Cement With Rice Husk Ash

(RHA)

A Minor Project Report

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the award of
the degree

Of
Bachelor of Technology
In
Civil engineering

Submitted by: SUBMITTED TO:

Sneha(16CE56) Mr. Pravesh Saini

Komal(17CE68D) Mr. Mahesh Manwani

Deepash(16CE12)

Deepak Ahlawat (16CE11)

Laxmen (16CE23)

1
 Acknowledgment
We place on record and warmly acknowledge the continuous encouragement,
In valuable supervision, timely suggestion and inspired guidance offered by
our guide Mr. Sankalp Sir, in bringing this report to a successful completion
for permitting us to make use of facilities available in department to carry out
the project successfully.

Our sincere thanks to all lab attendants who helps in doing our project. And
finally thank to one and all who directly or indirectly involved in completion
of our project work.

2
 Abstract

The optimized RHA, by controlled burn or grinding. has been used as a pozzolanic
material in cement and concrete. Using it provides several advantages_ such as
improved strength and durability properties, and environmental benefits related
to the disposal of waste materials and to reduced carbon dioxide emissions. Up to
now. Little research has been done to investigate the use of RHA as
supplementary material in cement and concrete production. The main objective
of this work is to study the suitability of the rice husk ash as a poozolanic material
for cement replacement in concrete. However it is expected that the use of rice
husk ash in concrete improve the strength properties of concrete. ALso it is an
attempt made to develop the concrete using rice husk ash as a source material/
for partial replacement of cement which satisfies the structural properties of
concrete like compressive strength.

From the entire experimental work & studies it is concluded that mix M20, M30
with the replacement of 20% is the best combination among all mixes. Which
gives the maximum compressive strength.

3
 LIST OF TABLE

S.no. NAME OF TABLE PAGE NO.

1 Physical properties of 9
RHA
2 Chemical properties of 10
RHA
3 Sieve analysis of SAND 21
4 Sieve analysis of 22
gravel (20mm)
5 Amount of ingredients 27
Without replacement
of
RHA for casting
6 Compressive strength 33
at different curing
days

4
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
1. R.H.A………………………..Rice husk ash
2. C.A……………………………Coarse aggregate
3. F.A…………………………….Fine aggregate
4. S.G…………………………….Specific Gravity
5. W/C…………………………..Water cement ratio
6. O.P.C…………………………Ordinary Portland cement
7. N/mm2……………………….Newton per mili meter square

5
CHAPTER NO NAME OF TOPIC PAGE NO

1 Introduction 8-16

1.1 What is RHA 8

1.2 Properties of RHA 8

1.3 Material used 9

A Rice Husk ash 10

B Cement 11

B ( 1) Chief chemical component of op 12

B (2) Basic composition 12

B (3) Characteristics of opc 43 grade 12

B (4) Setting and hardening 12

B(5) Use of °pc 43 grade 13

C Concrete 13

C 1) History 13

C2) Characteristics of good concrete 14

D Aggregates 14

D (i) Classification of aggregates 15

1.4 Objectives 16

C .3 Scope of project 16

2 Literatures of Review 17-18

3 Methodology 19-20

3.1 General 19

3.2 Flow chart 20

6
4 Test to be performed 21-23

4.1 Sieve analysis

5 Mix design 24-29

6 Experimental work

6.1 Preparation of material 30

6.2 Slump test 30-32

6.3 Casting 33-35

6.4 Curing

6.5 Compressive test

7 Results and Graphs 33

7.1 Compressive strength test 33

8 Pros and Cons 34-35

8,1 Advantage of rice husk ash 34

8,2 Disadvantage office husk ash 35

8.3 Conclusion 36-37

9 Reference 38

7
 CHAPTER-1

Introduction

1.1 what is R.HA

Rice husk can be burnt into ash that fulfills the physical characteristic% and chemical
composition of mineral admixtures. Pazolanic activity of rice husk ash (RHA) depends on (i)
silica content.

(ii) silica crystallization phase_ and {iii) size and surface area of ash particles. In addition_ ash
must contain only a small amount of carbon The optimized RHA_ by controlled burn andior
grinding, has been used as a pozolanic material in cement and concrete. Using it provides
several advantages, such as improved strength and durability properties, and environmental
benefits related to the disposal of waste materials and to reduced carbon dioxide omissions.

REA produced after burning of Rice husks (RH) has high reactivity and pozolanic property.
Chemical compositions of RHA are affected due to burning process and temperature. Silica
content in the ash increase; with higher the burning temperature. The effect of partial
replacement of cement with different percentages of ground RHA on the compressive strength
and durability of concrete is examined.

1.2 Properties of RHA

Rice Husk Ash is a .Pozzolanic material. it is having different physical k chemical properties. The
product obtained from R.H.A. is identified by trade name Silpoz which is much finer than
cement.

8
9
Table 1: Physical Properties of RHA

&No PARTICULARS PROPERTIES

1 Colour Gray

2 Shape texture Irregular

3 Mineralogy Non crystalline

4 Particle size >45 micron

5 Odor Odorless

6 Specific gravity 2.3

Table 2: Chemical properties of R.H A

&No Particulars Proportion

I Silicon dioxide 86.94%

2 Aluminum oxide 0.2%

3 Iron oxide 01%

4 Calcium Oxide 03.-2.2%

5 Magnesium Oxide 0.2- 0.6%

6 Sodium Oxide 0.1= 0.84

7 Potassium Oxide 2.15-2.30%

8 Ignition Lass 3.15-4.4%

10
1.3 MATERIALS USED

(A) Rice Husk Ash (RHA).

Rice Husk Ash was burnt for approximately 72hours in air in an uncontrolled burning process.
The temperature was in the range of 400-fal degree C .The ash collected was sieved through ES
standard sieve size 754.km and its colour was grey.

(B) Cement

Ordinary Portland cement (CPC) of 43 grade was used in which the composition and
properties is in compliance with the Indian standard organization.

Cement can he defined as the bonding material having cohesive & adhesive properties which
makes it capable to unite the different construction materials and form the compacted
assembly. Ordinary Normal Portland cement is one of the most widely used type of Portland
Cement. The name .Portland cement was given by Joseph A.s.pdin in 1824 due to its similar it in
color and its quality when it hardens like Portland stone. Portland stone is white grey limestone
in Wand of Portland, Dorset.

B (i) The chief chemical components of ordinary Portland cement are!

1. Calcium

2.Silica

3.. Alumina

Calcium is usually derived from limestone, marl or chalk while silica, alumina and iron come
from the sands. Clays & iron ores. Other raw materials may include shale_ sheik and industrial
by products.

B (ii) BASIC COMPOSITION

s.no. Contents %

11
i. CaO+ 60-67

ii. Si02 17-25

iii. A120 3-8

iv. Fe20 3 0.5-6.0

v. MgO 0.5.4.0

vi. Alkalis 0.3-1.2

vii. SO 3 2.0-3.5

The chief compound which usually form in process of mixing:

1. triclcium silicate(3Ca0 SiO2)

2. Dicalcium silicate{2CaO.Si02)

3. Tricalcium aluminates (3Ca0.A.1203)

4. Tetracalcium alumino ferrite .( 4CaO.A1203.Fe203)

B(iii) CHARATERSTICS OF OPC 43 GRADE

1. Durable

2. Corrosion resistance

3. Low heat of hydration

4. Volume stability

5. Gigantic compressive strength

12
B {iv) SETTING AND HARDENING

Cement sets when mixed with water by way of a complex series of chemical reactions still only
partly understood. The different constituents slowly crystallize and the interlocking of their
crystals gives cement its strength. Carbon dioxide is slowly absorbed to convert the
port Landsite (Ca(OH)2) into insoluble calcium carbonate. After the initial setting, immersion in
warm water will speed up setting. Gypsum is added as an inhibitor to prevent flash setting.

B (5) USE OF OPC 43 GRADE

The most common use for Portland cement is in the prediction of concrete. Concrete is a
composite material consisting of aggregate {gravel and sand), cement and water. As a
construction material, concrete can be cast in almost any shape desired, and once hardened_
can become a structural (load bearing) element/cement. Concrete can be used in the
construction of structural elements like panels, beams_ load furniture, or may make cast-in situ
concrete for building superstructures like roads and dams. These may be supplied with
concrete nixed on site, or may be provided with "ready-mixed" concrete made at permanent
mixing sites. Portland cement is also used in mortars(with sand and water only) for plasters
and screeds, and in grouts (cement water mixes squeezed into gaps to consolidate
foundations, road-beck, etc.). When water is mixed with Portland cement the product sets in a
few hours and hardens over a period of weeks. These processes can vary widely depending
upon the mix used and the conditions of curing of the product_ but a typical concrete sets in
about 6 hours and develops a compressive strength of & MPa in 24 hours. The strength rises to
15 MPa at 23 days. at I week, 35 MPa at 4 weeks and 41 MPa at 3 months. In principle, the
strength continues to rise slowly as Long as water is available for continued hydration, but
concrete is usually allowed to dry out after a few \weeks and this causes strength growth to
stop.

(C) CONCRETE

13
Concrete is a composite material composed mainly of water, aggregate, and cement. Often.
additives and reinforcements (such as rebar) are included in the mixture to achieve the desired
physical properties of the finished material. When these ingredients are mixed together. they
form a fluid mass that is easily molded into shape. Over time, the cement form a hard matrix
which binds. the rest of the ingredients together into a durable stone-like material with many
uses.

C (i) HISTORY

Famous concrete structures include the Hoover Dam. the Panama Canal and the
Roman Pantheon. The earliest large-scale users of concrete technology were the ancient
Romans_ and concrete was widely used in the Roman Empire. The Colosseum in Rome was
built largely of concrete, and the concrete dome of the Pantheon is the world's largest
unreinforced concrete dome.

C (ii) CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD CONCRETE

1. Workability

2. Freedom from segregation

3. Freedom from bleeding

4. Strength

5. Durability

6. Appearance

14
(D) AGGREGATES

The inert mineral materials such as sand, gravel, etc. used for manufacture of concretes are
known as aggregates. Requirements of Good Aggregates

1. It should be sufficiently strong.

2. It should be hard

3. It should be durable.

4. It should have rough surface.

5. It should be in spherical or cubical in shape.

D (i) Classification of Aggregate

1. Coarse Aggregates

2. Fine Aggregates

Coarse aggregates —

The aggregates which pass through 75mm IS sieve and retain on 4.75mm IS sieve are known as
coarse aggregates.

Fine aggregates —

The aggregate which pas through 4.75 mm IS sieve and retain on 75 micron IS sieve are known
as line aggregates.

The research work is restricted to sand collected from the river. The sand was collected to
ensure that there was no allowance for deleterious materials contained in the sand and the ski
of 5mm. In this research granite of 20mm maximum size was used.

(E) Water
15
Water prays an important role in concrete production {mix) in that it start; the reaction
between the cement, pozzolane and the aggregates. It helps in the hydration of the mix. En this
research, the water used was distilled water.

1.4 Objective

The main objective of this work is to study the suitability of the rice husk ash as a pozzolanic
material for cement replacement in concrete. However it is expected that the use of rice husk
ash in concrete improve the strength properties of concrete. Also it is an attempt made to
develop the concrete using rice husk ash as a source material for partial replacement of cement
which satisfy the various structural properties of concrete like compressive concrete like
compressive strength.

1. Effect of Rice Husk Ash on workability.

2. Effect on compressive strength of concrete
3. Comparison of result of different test with varying proportion of RHA

1.5 Scope Of project

it is also expected that final outcome of project will have an overall beneficial effect on
utility of rice husk ash concrete in the field of civil engineering construction work. Following
parameters influence behavior of the rice husk concrete, so these parameters are kept are
constant for the experiment work. Thus the scope of project summarized as:

A. To obtain mix proportions of control concrete by IS method.

B. To perform specific gravity test, sieve analysis and slump test under Indian Standard
method.
C. To conduct compression test on RHA and control concrete on standard IS specimen size
150*150*150mm.
CHAPTER 2

16
 Chapter 2
Literatures of Review

Al Khalaf and A.Yousif (1984)

Have investigated the effect of rice husk on pozzolanic behavior of rice husk ash. They
studied the actual range of temperature required to burn rice husk to get the desired
pozzolanic product. They investigated that up to 40% replacement of cement with RHA
can be made with no significant change in the compressive strength as compared to the
controlled mix, if the rice husk is burnt under optimum temperature condition.

Ismail and Waliuddin (1996)

Had worked on effect of rise husk ash on high strength concrete. They studied the effect
the rise husk ash (RHA) passing 200 and 325 micron sieves with 10- 30 % replacement of
cement on strength of HSC. Test result indicated that strength of HSC decreased when
cement was partially replaced by RHA for maintaining same value of workability. They
observed that optimum replacement of cement by RHA was 10 —20 %.

Ramezanianpour et al. (2009, 2010)

Concluded that burning rice husks at temperature below 700'C produces rice husk ashes
with high pozzolonic activity.

Ryan (1999)
Investigated on Concrete durability. He in his paper through QCL group addresses two
aspects of concrete serviceability. which has been the subject of extensive recent
discussion and research: sulphate attack and chloride ion penetration. The basic
chemistry involved in each of these processes is outlined by him and differentiated and
their effects on concrete and reinforcing steel are described. His paper relied for actual
test data, showing relative performance of binder options on experimental work carried
out by researchers at the CSLRO Division of Building Construction and Engineering.

Skalny et al (2002)

17
Researched on Concrete subject to sulfate attack undergoes a progressive and profound
reorganization of its internal microstructure. These alterations have direct
consequences on the engineering properties of the material. As seen from his studies.
concrete undergoing sulphate attack is often found to suffer from swelling swelling and
cracking. There is overwhelming evidence to show that the degradation also contribute
to significantly reduce the mechanical properties of concrete. He studied the behavior of
hydrated cement systems. tested under well-controlled Laboratory conditions is also
distinguished from the performance of concrete in service. He stated that Sulphate
attack has significant consequences on the microstructure and engineering properties
of concrete. Marked expansion and loss in the mechanical properties of the material
often accompany sulphate-induced micro structural alterations.

Prasad et a1(2006)
investigated on Cement concrete which continues to be the pre-eminent construction
materials for use in any type of civil engineering structure He concluded in his
investigation the blended cements_ particularly are better in Sodium Sulphate
environment. The blended cement mixes show more deterioration in Magnesium
Sulphate exposure in compared to plain cement mixes. The Magnesium Sulphate
environment is more severe than Sodium Sulphate environment. The performance of
low water binder ratio mixes is inferior in Sulphate resistance. The little initial air curing
of mixes. is beneficial for Sulphate resistance. He also stated that The deterioration of
cement mixes increases with increase in the concentration of Sulphate. 'The presence of
Chloride ions with Sulphate ions reduces the rate of Sulphate attack on cement mixes.
The deterioration rate of mixes due to Sulphate attack is higher at high temperature
with alternate wetting and drying cycles.

Abdulishi et s1(2006)
Investigated on the compressive strength of some commercial sandcrete blocks in
Minna, Nigeria was investigated. Rice Husk AA]. (RHA) was prepared from burning
firewood. Preliminary analysis of the Constituent materials of the ordinary Portland
Cement (OPC) f Rice Husk Ash (RHA) hollow sandcrete blocks were conducted to confirm
their suitability for block making. He conducted physical test of the freshly prepared
mix. 150m mx450 mm hollow sandcrete blocks were cast cured and crushed for 1_ 3_ 7
_ 14_ 21, and 28 days at 0_ 10, 20.50.40 and 50 percent replacement levels. He
concluded the results of test and indicated compressive strength of the OPORNA
sandcrete blocks increases with age at curing and decreases as the percentage of RHA
content increases.

18
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 GENERAL
It h also expected that the final outcome of the project will have an overall beneficial
effect on the utility of rice husk ash concrete in the field of civil engineering construction
work. Following parameters influence; behavior of the rice husk ash concrete, so these
parameters are kept constant for the experimental work.

• Percentage replacement of cement by rice husk ash

• Fineness of rice husk ash
• Chemical composition or rice husk ash
• Water to cement material ratio (w/c ratio)
• Type of Curing

Also from the literature survey, it is observed that the parameters suggested by
different researchers and the results are not matching with each other. It was due to
variation in properties of different materials considered in the work. Therefore the
percentage replacement of cement by rice husk ash and method of mix design is fixed
after preliminary investigation.

19
 Flow Chart:

literature Primary test Trial Mix Design

Controlled Concrete Design

Conclusion
Partial replacement of
cement with RHA(20%)

Compression test at 7th and

Result 28th day

20
 Chapter -4

Preliminary Test

4.1) Sieve Analysis

Purpose:
This test is performed to determine the percentage of different grain sizes obtained within a
soil . The mechanical sieve analysis Is performed to determine the distribution of the coarse,
large sized particles, and the hydrometer method is used to determine the distribution of the
finer particles.

Standard Reference:
ASTM D 422 Standard test method for particle -size method for particle size analysis of soil.

Significance :
The distribution of different grain sizes affects the engineering properties of soil. Grain size
analysis provide the grain size distribution and it is required in classifying the soil.

Equipment :
Balance, set of sieve, cleaning brush, sieve shaker, timing device.

TEST PROCEDURE

Sieve Analysis:
1. Write down the weight of each sieve as well as the bottom pan to be used in the
analysis.
2. Record the weight of the given dry soil sample.
3. Make sure that all sieve are clean, and assemble them in ascending order of sieve
members (4 sieve at top and 200 sieve at bottom ). Place the pen below 200mm sieve.
Carefully pour the soil sample into the top sieve place the cap over it.
4. Place the sieve stack in the mechanical shaker and shake for 10minutes.
5. Remove the stack from the shaker carefully weigh recorded the weight of each sieve
with its retained soil. In addition, remember to weigh and record the weight of the
bottom pan with its retained fine soil.

21
 Table:3 Sieve Analysis of sand

Sieve size Weight retained % Retained % Passing

6.3 _ _ 0 100

5.0 0 100

2.36 5 0,33 99_67

1.15 130 Si .90.97

600 429 28.6 62.37

425 345 23.0 39.37

300 335 22.5 16.87

212 126 8,4 5.47

150 80 5.3 3.17

63 43 2.9 017

PAN 4 0.27 0

Table:4 Sieve Analysis of gravel (20mm)

Sieve size Weight Retained % Retained % Passing

20 0 100

13 4 0.3 99.7

22
10 18 1.2 95.5

6.3 119 8 90.5

4.7 70 4.7 85.5

2.36 234 15.5 70.0

PAN 40 2.70 67.3

23
 CHAPTER-5
MIX DESIGN

5.1 MIX DESIGN:

Mix design of concrete

Replacement of cement by 20% of RHA Grade of concrete — M20

Type of cement — OPC 43 grade

Type of material adm haute -Rice Husk Ash (ft HA) Maximum nominal size of aggregate —
2001m

Minimum cement content — 320kgm3

Maximum water cement ratio — 0.45

Workability — 100 {slump)

Exposure condition — Severe

Degree of supervision —Good

Types of aggregate — Crushed angular aggregate

Maximum cement — 450kg/m3

Specific gravity of Cement - 3.17 Specific gravity of RHA — 2.28

Replacement of cement 20% by RHA Replacement of sand 0%

24
 Target strength for mix proportion

fck = Eck + 1.65 S

fck = compressive strength ( 28 days =20

4 (Table no.1 IS 102622009)

fck' = 20 + 1.65* 4

= 26.6 N/ mm!

Selection of w/c Ratio

Max W/C RATIO =0.45 [from IS456]

Adopt - 0.4

* Selection Of Water Cement

Max water content for 20mm aggregate =326 liter (for 20 to 50mm slump range] Water
content for 100mm slump = 186+ 6/100*186

=186+11.1

=197.1-197L

Assuming 29%

= 197 -197429/100 = 140 (approx.)

• Calculation Of Cement Content

Water -Cement ratio -0.40

Cement content = 140/0.4 = 350kg/m3

25
From table No.5 of 15456 minimum cement content for severe exposure conditions

320kg/m3

350kg/m3 > 320kg/m3 Hence ok

• Volume of coarse and fine aggregate for zone 1

Volume of C.A= 0.6

Volume of F.A= 1-0.6 0.4 [IS 10262:2009]

Cement nous Material Content = 350 *1.10

-385kg/m3

Water content =140 kg/ m3

So water cement ratio 140/385=0.364

■ RHA @20% or Total Cement nous

material content cement= 385-385* 20/100

= 308 kg/m3

Saving of cement while using RHA

= 350 - 308

=42 Kg/m3

RHA being utilized = 77 kg/m3

26
(a) VOLUME OF CONCRETE = 1 m3

B)VOLUME OF CEMENT = MA55 OF CEMENT/s.G OF CEMENT * 1/100

= 308/3.17* 1/1000

= 0.0971 mi3

VOLUME OF RHA =mass of RHA/s.g of RHA * 1/1000

= 77/2.28* 1/1000

=0.0337 m3

VOLUME OF WATER- 140* 1/1000 = 0.140 m3

Volume of all in AGGREGATE = [a- (b+c+d)]

[1-(0.98+0.0337+0.14)]

= 0.7293 m3

•Mass of C.A = e * volume of C.A * sg of CA * 1000

= 0.7293* 0.6* 2.6 * 1000

= 1126.78 — 1127 kg

Mass OF F.A =e* volume of F.A * sg of F A * 1000

=- 751.19 — 751 kg

•Mix proportion for 1 m3

Cement= 308 kg/ m3

RHA = 771(kg/ m3

WATER = 140 kg/ m3

F.A = 751 kg/ m3

C.A = 1127 kg/ m3

27
w/C Ratio = 0.45

RATIO = 1 :0.20 :0.45 :1.5: 3

VOLUME OF 1 CUBE =0.15* 0.15 *0.15

= 0.003375 m3

 Total cube in 1 m3= 296.2~297

 Mass of cement in 1 cube = 308/297= 1.03kg
 Mass of RHA in cube = 77/297 = 0.295kg
 Volume of water in 1 cube =140/297 = 0.47kg
 Mass of F.A =75.1/297 = 2.52kg
 Mass of C.A = 1127/297 = 3.79kg

Grade designated : M20

Grade ratio : 1:15:3
Cement used : ordinary Portland cement
Grade of cement used :43
Density of cement=2400kg/m3

Calculation :-
Density = mass/volume
Mass= density*volume
Volume of mould = 0.15*0.15*0.15
Mass = (0.15)3*2400 = 8.1kg

Table: 5 Similarly all the following values given in the table are calculated as
above

(a) Without RHA Replacement

Material 1 cube(kg) 12 (cubes/kg)

Cement 1.03 12.36
Sand 2.51 30.12
28
Coarse aggregate 3/9 45.48

(b)With 20% RHA replacement

Material 1 cube(kg) 12 cubes(kg)

RHA 0.251 3.012
Cement 0.779 9.348
Sand 2.51 30.12
Coarse 3.79 45.48
aggregate

29
 CHAPTER-6

Experimental work

6.1. Preparation of materials

Mixing:

Mix the concrete either by hand or in a Laboratory batch mixer

Hand mixing:

1.mix the cement and fine aggregate on a water tight none-absorbent platform
until the mixture is thoroughly blended and is or uniform color

2.Add the coarse aggregate and mix with cement and fine aggregate until the
coarse aggregate is uniformly distributed throughout the batch

3.Add water and mix it until the concrete appears to be homogeneous and of the
& desired consistency

6.2. Slump Test

Procedure to determine workability of fresh concrete by slump test.

30
1.The internal surface of the mould is thoroughly cleaned and applied with a light
coat of oil

2.The mould is placed on a smooth_ horizontal_ rigid and non absorbent surface.

3. The mould is then filled in four layers with freshly mixed concrete each
approximately to one-fourth of the height of the mould.

4. Each layer is tamped 25 times by the rounded end of the tamping rod (strokes
are distributed evenly over the crass section).

5. After the top layer is rotted the concrete is struck off the level with a trowel.

6. The mould is removed from the concrete immediately by raising it slowly in the
vertical direction.

7. The difference in level between the height of the mould and that of the highest
point of the sub side concrete is measured.

8. this difference in height in mm is the slump of the concrete.

Result:

The value of the slump test i.e height of the slump came out to be 26cm.

6.3. Casting:

1.clean the mould and apply oil

2. Fill the Concrete in the moulds in Layers approximately 5cm thick

3.Compact each layer with not less than 35strokas per layer using a tamping rod
{steel bar16 man diameter and 60cm long bullet pointed at lower end)

4. Level the top surface and smoothen it with a trowel.

6.4: Curing:

31
The first batch of 12 test specimens are stored in moist air for 24hours and after
this period the specimens are marked and removed from the moulds and kept
submerged in clear fresh water until taken out prior to test.

The next batch of 12 test specimen are carted and stored in moulds for 24hrs
after remoulding the rust batch. After this the specimen are removed from the
moulds and kept submerged in clear water until taken out prior to test.

Precautions

The water for curing should be tested every 7days and the temperature of water
must be at 27+-2oc. We should make sure that the water should be free from any
deleterious material.

6.5. Compression Test

Aim:

"to find out the compressive strength of 24 test specimen.

Apparatus:

Compression testing machine

Specimen:

12 cubes of 15cm size mix. M20

Procedure:

32
 1. Remove the specimen from water after specified curing time and wipe out
excess water from the surface.
2. Take the dimension of the specimen.
3. Clean the bearing surface of the tasting machine
4. Place the specimen in the machine in such a Manlier that the load shall be
applied to the opposite sides of the cube cast.
5. Align the specimen centrally on the base plate of the machine.
6. Rotate the movable portion gently by hand so that it touches the top
surface of the specimen.
7. Apply the load gradually without shock and continuously at the rate of
140KG/cm2minute till the specimen fails
8. Record the maximum toad and note any unusual features in the type of
failure.

Note:

Minimum three specimens should be tested at each selected age. If strength of

any specimen varies by more than 13 per cent of average strength_ results of
such specimen should be rejected. Average of their specimens gives the crushing
strength of concrete. The strength requirements of concrete.

Calculation:

size of cube = 15*15*15cm

area of the specimen is (calculated from the mean size of

specimen)=22.5cm

33
 CHAPTER-7

Results and Graphs

7.1 Compressive Strength

Table 6. Compressive strength at different curing days

Compressive Strength (mm2)

DAYS (0% R.H.A) (20% R.H_A)

7 22.38 20.27

14 - -

28 - -

34
 CHAPTER -8

PRO AND CONS

(A) ADVANTAGES OF RHA

 Improves the compressive strength.

 RHA mixed concrete shows better bond strength as compared to
opc cement.
 Permeability of concrete decreases improve.; compressive
strength
 RHA makes a role to increased resistance to chemical attack.
 Show better durability of concrete.
 Improves Resistance to sulphate attack.
 Reduce the amount of cement making concrete by 2O% by
weight.
 Improves the corrosion resistance and strength of concrete as
compared to that of OPC concrete.
 Reduces effects of alkali-silica reactivity.
 Reduces shrinkage due to particle packing. making concrete
denser.
 Enhances workability of concrete.
 Reduces heat grow through the walls of buildings.
 Reduces amount of super plasticizer.
 Decrease air permeability due to the filler and pozzolanic effect.
 Reduces the plasticity of soil.
 Increases compressive strength and decreases leach ability.
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  Reduces material cast and emission of CO due to less cement
utilization.
 RHA could be used as an alternative source for high surface area
silica.

(B) DISADVANTAGE OF RHA

Effective consumption of following RHA In cement or concrete has a

great importance regarding strength, Durability and cost effectiveness
of concrete up to a certain replacement percent. Having the more
benefits using RHA in cement or concrete it shows a few disadvantages
that are mentioned below

 Suitable incinerator furnace as well as grinding method is

required for burning and grinding rice husk in order to obtain
good quality ash.
 Strength of concrete is reduced for Larger (beyond 30%)
replacement. 'There is a little transportation problem.
 Unburnt RHA is not suitable for concrete production.

(C.) Conclusion

Based on the Limited study carried out on the strength behaviour of

Rice Husk ash. the following conclusions are drawn

 At all the cement replacement levels of Rice husk ash; there is

gradual increase in compressive strength from 3 days to 7 days.
However there is significant increase in compressive strength
from 7 days to 28 days followed by gradual increase from 28 days
36
 By using this Rice husk ash in concrete as replacement the
emission of greenhouse gases can be decreased to a greater
extent. As a result there is greater possibility to gain more number
of carbon credits.4.
 The technical and economic advantages of incorporating Rice
Husk Ash in concrete should be exploited by the constriction and
rice industries_ more so for the rice growing nations of Asia.
 RHA based sand cement block cam significantly reduce room
temperature. Hence air conditioner operation is reduce resulting
in electric energy saving.
 Moreover with the use of rice husk ash the weight of concrete
reduces , thus making the concrete lighter which can be used as
light weight construct ion material.
 The pozzolonic activity of rice husk ash is not only effective in
enhance the concrete strength_ but also in improving the
impermeability characteristics of concrete.
 As the Rice Husk Ash is waste material it reduces the cast of
construction.

37
 CHAPTER -9
References

G.V Rama Ranand M.V.Shesha giri Rao, performance Concern with

Rice Husk Ash as Mineral Admixture, ICI Journal, April-June 2003, pp.17-
22.6.

Genuna Rodriguez de Sensale Sirerigh Development of Concrete

with Rice-

Husk Ash:ten-lent & Concrete Composites 28 (2006) 158-160.7.

H.B .Mahmud, B.S.Chia and N.B A . A. H amid, "Rice Husk Ash-

An Alternative material in producing High Strength Concrete
:International Conference on Engineering Materials, June R-11, 1997,
Ottawa Canada, pp.275-284.8.

Jose James and M. Subba Rao,"Reactivity of Rice Husk Asti-Cement

and Concrete Research, Vol .16, 1986, pp.296-302.9.

IC.Canesan, K.Rajagopal and K.Thangavelu Effects of the

Partial Replacement of Cement with Agro wale ashes (Rice husk ash and
Bagame Ash) :Durability of Concrete ,proceedings of the
International Conference on Recent Advances in Concrete and
Construction Technology, December 7-9, 2005,SRMIST, Chennai, India
pp_73-R5.

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Ephraim etal, Compressive strength of concrete with RHA as partial
replacement of OPC. Scholarly journal of engineering research
vol.1(2)pp32-36Cook,D.1(1996)Rice Husk Ash increment replacement
material, concrete technology and design vol.3 Ed.R.Swamy, Surrey
University,UK.iS code books - 10262,456

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