Chapter 1: Introducttion to Chem

mical Engineeering Profession 

CH
HAPTER 1: INTRODU
UCTION TO
O CHEMIC
CAL ENGIN
NEERING P
PROFESSIO
ON 

 
1.1 INTRODU
UCTION TO
O CONCEIIVE-DESIG
GN-IMPLE
EMENTATIION-OPER
RATION
(CDIO))

Course
e Learning
g Outcome
e:

 Students should
s be aware of CDIO
C apprroaches & integrated
i curriculum
 Students should be prepared to take part in all activities
a and
a develoop their
personal and
a interpe
ersonal sk
kills througgh 3 years diploma program
p

What is
i CDIO? 

Modernn enginee ering edu ucation

program
ms seek to t impart to the
studentts a broad ase
ba of
knowleddge, skillss and atttitudes
necessa
ary to become suc ccessful
young ers.
enginee Begginning
ers shoulld be ab
enginee ble to
particip
pate in en
ngineering processes, contribute to the developme
d ent of engin
neering
produccts, and do
o so while working
w in
n engineeriing organizzations.

Conceiive-Design-Implemenntation-Opperation (C
CDIO) is an innova ative educcational
framew
work for prroducing th
he next ge
eneration of
o engineerrs. The fra
amework provides
p
studen
nts with ann educatio
on stressin
ng engineerring funda
amentals set
s in the context
of Con
nceiving – Designingg – Implemmenting – Operating g real-worrlds system
ms and
produc
cts.

 Conceive – include es defininng custom mer needs s; consideering techhnology,

e strategy, and regu
enterprise ulations; and
a develo
oping conc ceptual, te
echnical
and businness plans..
 Design – focuses on n creatingg the desig gn, that is
s, the plan
ns, drawinng, and
algorithmss that desc
cribe whatt will be im
mplemented d.
 Implementt – refers to the tra ansformation of the e design into the product,
p
including manufactu uring, codiing, testing
g and valid
dation.
 Operate – uses the e impleme ented prod duct to deliver the intended value,
including maintaininng, evolvin
ng and retiring the syystem.

Examp
ple: To prod
duce small scale of plant
p produ
ucing amm
monia.
Chapter 1: Introducttion to Chem
mical Engineeering Profession 

Ammon nia is used

d for the prroduction of plastics
s, fibers, ex
xplosives and
a interm
mediates
for dye
es and pha armaceuticcals.

 Conceive – definin ng custommer need: what is the purity? Cons sidering

technologyy: what is the curren
nt technolo ogy availab
ble? Any lim
mitation?
 Design – Id
dentify the
e equipmen nt, Preparee the proceess flow.
 Implementt – Turn thhe design to reality, do
d testing
 Operate – Achieve thhe requiredd purity? Maintain
M th
he quality, minimizee the by
product.

ated Curriculum
Integra

Integra
ated curric
culum is oneo of CDIO standa ard which is designe ed with mutually
m
supporrting disciplinary co ourses, witth an expplicit plan to integraate person
nal and
interpe
ersonal skiills, produc
ct, process
s, and systtem buildin
ng skills.

Systematic
c Integration of skills
s

Level of
o Respon
nsibility

In the 3-years diploma program,

p the activiities in coontext of CDIO willl allow
nts to take this opportunity to develop th
studen heir personnal and interpersona al skills
other than
t disciiplinary kn
nowledge. Students also will have expe eriential le
earning,
problem
m solving learning,
l integrated project, bllended learrning and etc.
Chapter 1: Introduction to Chemical Engineering Profession 

Teach (T)

Students are exposed to a topic. No explicit learning objectives. No major activities

such as assignments, exercises of projects. No assessment is linked to this topic.

Use (U)

There is an explicit learning objective. Compulsory activities such as assignments,

exercises or projects are specifically linked to this topic. Students are assessed and
received feedback, it may or may not affect grade

Assess (A)

Students are assumed to already have some proficiency in the topic. It is utilized
mainly to learn and/or assess other learning objectives.

References:

1. http://www.cdio.org/
Chapter 1: Introducttion to Chem
mical Engineeering Profession 

1.2 INTRODU
UCTION TO
O THE WO
ORLD OF ENGINEER
E RING

Course
e Learning
g Outcome
e:

 To define engineerin
e ng
 To identify
y the engin
neering dis
sciplines an
nd job fun
nctions

What is
i Enginee
ering?

Accord
ding to the Accreditattion Board
d for Engin
neering and
d Technolo
ogy (ABET):

Engine eering is the profe ession in which a

knowle edge of th he mathemmatical an nd naturaal
sciencees gained d by stud dy, experiience, and d
practicce is appliied with judgment
j to develop
p
ways tto utilize economical
e lly the matterials andd
forces of nature for
f the bene efit if mank
kind.

Skills of Engine
eering Graduates sh
hould have
e:

 Apply kno owledge off mathema atics, scien

nce and eng gineering
 Design an nd conduct experime ent, analyzze and inteerpret dataa
 Design a system, co omponent or process s
 Function on multi-d disciplinarry teams
 Identify, formulate,
f and solve engineerin ng problemms
 Understand profess sional and ethical res sponsibilitty
 Communicate effecttively
 Understand impactt of enginee ering soluttions in a global
g andd societal context
 Recognize e the need for, and ability
a to en
ngage in liffe-long lea
arning
 Know con ntemporary y issues
 Use techn niques, skiills, and modern
m enggineering toools

us enginee
Variou ering disc
ciplines

 Electrical engineerin
ng
 Mechanica al
 Civil
 Industrial
 Manufactu uring
 Chemical
 System
 Electrical, etc
Chapter 1: Introduction to Chemical Engineering Profession 

Primary job functions

Design: Converts concepts and information into detailed plans and

specifications that dictate the development and manufacturing of a product
or process or system
Analysis: Performs mathematical and computer modeling of the problem,
based on mathematics, science, and engineering science and using
engineering software
Test: Develops and conducts tests to verify a selected design, product,
process meets all specifications
Development: Involves in the development of product, process, or system,
and often acts as intermediary between design and test engineers
Research: Involves in the creation of new knowledge by exploring
mathematic, sciences, and engineering sciences to look for new answers or
insights that will contribute to the advancement of engineering
Sales: Matches the needs of a customer with the product (products,
processes, services) of the company
Management: Manages groups of technical staff (line manager) or the whole
unit (group manager)
Consulting: Performs the functions of an engineer/technologist on a
contractual basis
Professor: Performs teaching, research, and service at an institution of
higher education

References:

www.abet.org
Chapter 1: Introducttion to Chem
mical Engineeering Profession 

1.3 WH
HAT IS CH
HEMICAL ENGINEE
ERING?

e Learning
Course g Outcome
e:

 To define chemical
c e
engineering
g
 To determ
mine the chhemical eng
gineering field
f area

What is
i Chemic
cal Engineering?

Chemic cal engineeering is based on applications of ch hemistry, biology, physics,

p
materiaals science, math hematics and
a econnomics. The
T chemmical engin neering
curricu
ulum inclu udes the study off applied mathemattics; mate erial and energy
balancces; properrties and physics
p of gases,
g liqu
uid, and so
olids; fluid
d mechaniccs; heat
and m mass tran nsfer; theermodynam mics; che emical reaaction kin netics; an
nd the
integra
ating subje
ects of proccess design
n, control, and econoomic optimmization. Because
B
of this broad-based found dation, empphasizing both basic and eng gineering science,
s
the chhemical enngineer is considered d the univ versal
engineer.

Chemiical Engin
neering Op
perations

Chemic cal engineering deals s with ope

erations su uch as
materiaals hand dling, fluiid flow and metering,
extrusiion, coatin
ng, heat ex xchange, filtration, drying,
evaporration, disttillation, absorption, extraction n, ion
exchannge, combu ustion, cattalysis, an
nd processiing in
chemiccal reactorrs. These operations
o are vital to
t the
comme ercial success of in ndustries based on n the
chemiccal and ph hysical tra ansformation of ma atter. Whille of courrse a chemmist or
biologis
st uses thhese opera ations in a laborato ory, develo
oping thesse operatio
ons for
compleex and larg ge-scale inndustrial processes
p r
requires a complete and quan ntitative
undersstanding ofo the che emical enggineering principles s as well as the sc cientific
princip
ples on which the ope erations re
est.

What Chemical
C Engineers
s do?

Chemiccal engineers work o on a wide variety of projects: basic

b and applied research,
producct developmment, des sign and modificatio
m on of proc cesses and
d equipme ent and
plant o
operation. Because many ind dustries are based on chemical and physical
p
transfo
ormation of
o matter, the
t chemiccal enginee
er is in gre
eat demannd. He or she may
work in
n a variety
y of fields a
and profess
sions:
Chapter 1: Introduction to Chemical Engineering Profession 

 In the manufacture of inorganic products such as acids, alkalis, ammonia,

fertilizers, paint pigments, ceramics, semiconductors and other electronic
materials.
 In the manufacture of organic products such as polymer fibers, films,
coatings, textiles, cellulise, paper, dyes, explosive, rubber, rocket
propellants, solvents, plastics, agricultural chemicals, pharmaceuticals,
coal-based fuels and petrochemicals
 In the manufacture of materials such as graphite, calcium carbide,
abrasives, or those in wet and dry batteries, fuel cells, and more complex
materials systems
 In the electroplating, metallurgical and materials processing industries
 In food processing
 In the fermentation industry for the production of antibiotics, feed
supplements and other biochemical products
 In the field of biotechnology, where application range from utilization of the
activities of microorganisms and cultured cells, to enzyme engineering, to
the manufacture of foods, and in the biomedical field to the design of
prosthetic devices and artificial human organs

Chemical engineers are also well suited for dealing with problems associated with
the disposal of industrial wastes and other forms of pollution, as well as with
environmental protection. And of course chemical engineering underlies most of the
energy fields, including the production of coal, petroleum, natural gas, oil shale,
geothermal deposits and nuclear energy.

References:

http://www.cems.umn.edu/academics/chen/whatischen.html

http://www.cems.umn.edu/academics/chen/chendo.html
Chapter 1: Introduction to Chemical Engineering Profession 

1.4 THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Course Learning Outcome:

 To explain and identify the building blocks of chemical engineering

Overview

It is true that chemical engineers are comfortable with chemistry, but they do
much more with this knowledge than just make chemicals. In fact, the term
"chemical engineer" is not even intended to describe the type of work a chemical
engineer performs. Instead it is meant to reveal what makes the field different from
the other branches of engineering.

All engineers employ mathematics, physics, and the engineering art to overcome
technical problems in a safe and economical fashion. Yet, it is the chemical
engineer alone that draws upon the vast and powerful science of chemistry to solve
a wide range of problems. The strong technical and social ties that bind chemistry
and chemical engineering are unique in the fields of science and technology. This
marriage between chemists and chemical engineers has been beneficial to both
sides and has rightfully brought the envy of the other engineering fields.

Building blocks of chemical engineering

More typically, chemical engineers concern themselves with the chemical processes
that turn raw materials into valuable products. The necessary skills encompass all
aspects of design, testing, scale-up, operation, control, and optimization, and
require a detailed understanding of the various "unit operations", such as
distillation, mixing, and biological processes, which make these conversions
possible. The building blocks of chemical engineering basically utilizes mass,
momentum, and energy transfer along with thermodynamics and chemical kinetics
to analyze and improve on these "unit operations." Figure 1.4.1 is the basic
building blocks of chemical engineering.

 
 
 
 
Chapter 1: Introduction to Chemical Engineering Profession 

Chemical 
Engineering 

Viability –Legal  Momentum 
Framework,  Transfer 
Economics, 
Operability & 
Reliability 

Chemical Kinetics  Process Control &  Environmental 

& Reactor Design  Instrumentation  Studies 

Separation Process   Process Design  Safety & Env.  Plant & Equipment 

Protection  Design 

Chem.  Material & Energy  Heat Transfer Mass Transfer 

Thermodynamics   Balances 

Building Blocks of Chemical Engineering – Core Courses/Subject of Chemical Engineering Degree

program. Hi-lighted (yellow) are the courses that will be offered during diploma program.

Mass Transfer

This course is amongst the most important material in an engineering discipline

and it is designed to provide the students with the principles of flow of fluid
through flow meters and pipes.

Thermodynamics

This course includes the following topics; an introduction to thermodynamics,

properties of pure substances, first law of thermodynamics and its application in
closed and open systems, second law of thermodynamics, heat engine and reversed
heat engine, entropy, Carnot and Rankine cycles.
Chapter 1: Introduction to Chemical Engineering Profession 

Material And Energy Balances

This course educates students to identify, formulate and solve mass and energy
balance problems based on the concept of “conservation of mass and energy” as the
fundamental tool of engineering analysis. Some of the topics covered in this course
are systems of units and dimensions, material balances for process with and
without chemical reaction, gases and vapors, saturation, energy concept and
balances, physical and chemical heat effects and the use of steam tables.
Application of simulation software (HYSYS) in solving the mass and energy
balances is also introduced.

Heat Transfer

The course introduces topics on the different kinds of heat transfer i.e. conduction,
convection and radiation in different cases, types of heat exchangers and finally
introduction on boiling and condensation processes.

Chemical Engineering Reaction

Chemical reaction engineering is the heart of chemical engineering as it serves as

the fundamental difference of this branch of engineering to fields like mechanical
and electrical engineering. The basic of chemistry is used in the review for some
definition of important terms used in chemical kinetics prior to the calculation in
chemical reaction engineering. This is followed by the types and operation of
common industrial reactors. The topic on industrial catalyst is included as deemed
important in real chemical processes.

Mass Transfer

This course involves the study of mass and heat transfer as well as the
performance of equipment for solvent extraction, leaching, gas absorption and
distillation.

Occupational Safety & Health

This course covers hazard identification, Occupational, Safety and Health Act
(OSHA) 1994, Toxicology, Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS), Personal Protective
Equipment, Chemical Safety and Chemical Plant Safety.
Chapter 1: Introduction to Chemical Engineering Profession 

Product Design & Development

This course is designed to address the fundamental theories for engineering system
(product) design and development in a chemical engineering discipline. Product
design involves customer needs, ideas, selection, specialty chemical manufacture
and product appraisal. Students are required to work in a (group) semester project
utilizing available information and material.

Separation Processes

This course involves the study of mass transfer as well as the performance of
equipment for solvent extraction, gas absorption and distillation.

Process Control & Simulation

This introductory course includes introduction to process control, instrumentation

in process control, conventional control systems, Control System and Their Basic
Components and Industrial Process Control Systems. Hands on experiment are
being emphasized.

Introduction to Environmental Engineering

Topics covered include process wastes and their effect on the environment,
pollutant transport, environmental impact assessment, disposal and waste
treatment, waste minimization, environmental audit, alternative uses and recycling
of wastes. The nature of pollution, major sources and effects of pollutants are also
discussed. In addition students will be introduced to environmental-related
legislation and policy.

References

http://www.pafko.com/history/h_chem20.pdf

Engineering Programme Accreditation Manual(2012). Engineering Accrediation

Council (EAC) Board of Engineers Malaysia (BEM)

EH110 Kejuruteraan Kimia UiTM Silibus – Pakej 4 (2013)

 
Chapter 1: Introducttion to Chem
mical Engineeering Profession 

1.4 THE CHEMICA

AL ENGINE
EERING PROFESSIO
P ON

e Learning
Course g Outcome
e:

n the profession of ch
 To explain hemical enngineering
 To identify
y the typical functionns of chemmical engineering
 To identify
y the indusstries relatted to chem
mical engin
neering

Overviiew

Chemic cal Engine

eers apply
y the laws of chemis stry and physics
p to solve rea
al world
problem
ms. They design, deevelop and
d test equiipment, prrocesses an
nd produccts that
involve
e chemicals
s.

Chemic cal engine

eers "devellop econom mic ways of using materials and enerrgy"] as
opposeed to chemmists who are
a more in nterested in the bas
sic compossition of materials
and syynthesizingg productss. Chemica al engineers use cheemistry annd engineeering to
turn raaw materiials into usable
u products, succh as med dicine, pettrochemica
als and
plastics. They are
e also invo
olved in wa
aste manag gement annd researchh.

It wouuld take tooo long too list all the produ

ucts that are impaccted by ch
hemical
engineers, but knowing
k w
what indusstries emplloy them may
m help you compprehend
the sco
ope of theirr work.

Chemic cal engine

eers work in manuffacturing, pharmace euticals, healthcare, design
and co onstruction, pulp and
a paperr, petroch
hemicals, food proc cessing, sp
pecialty
chemiccals, micro
oelectronics, electron
nic and advvanced ma
aterials, po
olymers, bu
usiness
service
es, biotech
hnology, annd environ nmental health
h and
d safety inndustries, among
others..
Chapter 1: Introducttion to Chem
mical Engineeering Profession 

Within
n these indu ustries, ch
hemical enngineers relly on theirr knowledg
ge of mathe ematics
and sccience—pa articularly chemistryy— to overrcome tech hnical probblems safe ely and
econom
mically. And, of co ourse, the ey draw uponu andd apply their
t engin
neering
knowleedge to so olve any technical challenges they en ncounter. Don't ma ake the
mistak
ke of think king that chemical engineers s only “ma ake thingss,” though h. Their
expertiise is also applied in the area as of law, education n, publishiing, financce, and
medicine, as welll as in man ny other fields that require
r tec
chnical traiining.

Specifically, chem
mical engineers improve food processing g techniqu ues, and methods
m
of prod
ducing fertilizers, to increase
i th
he quantity
y and quallity of avaiilable food..

They a
also constrruct the sy ynthetic fiibers that make ourr clothes more
m comffortable
and waater resisttant; they develop methods
m to
o mass-prooduce drugs, makin ng them
more a
affordable; and they create
c safeer, more effficient methods of re
efining pettroleum
produc
cts, making g energy and
a chemic cal sourcess more prooductive annd cost effe
ective.

Chemic cal engine

eers also develop so olutions to
o environmmental prroblems, such as
pollutio
on control and remeediation. An
nd yes, the
ey process
s chemicalss, which arre used
to makke or impro
ove just ab
bout everytthing

you see
e around you.
y

Chemic cal engineers face many

m of the
e same chaallenges th
hat other professiona
p als face,
and tthey meett these challenges s by app plying thheir technnical know wledge,
commu unication and
a teamw work skills
s; the mos
st up-to-daate practic
ces availab
ble; and
hard wwork. Ben nefits incluude financcial rewarrd, recognnition with
hin industtry and
society
y, and the gratificatio
on that commes from working
w w
with the pro
ocesses off nature
to meet the needs of societyy.

Chemiccal engineers find work

w in all stages of the
t manuffacturing process,
p fro
om raw
materia
als to finis
shed produucts. Some Chemica al Enginee
ers work in
n product design,
applyin
ng their ed
ducation in
n chemical theory to increase efficiency
e o new prod
of ducts.

Not all Chemica

al Enginee
ers find work
w in th
he private
e sector. According
A to the
can Chem
Americ mical Socie
ety (ACS), almost 8
8% of cheemistry prrofessionalls hold
Chapter 1: Introducttion to Chem
mical Engineeering Profession 

government positions. There are manny jobs ava

ailable in the
t local, state,
s and federal
hemical En
governments for skilled Ch ngineers.

Chemiccal Engineeers can allso find th

heir educattion suitabble for teac
ching at th
he high
school or college
e level. Holders of Bachelor's Degrees
D may
m find th
hat teachin
ng high
school science or
o chemistry is the eir true ca
alling. Ma aster's Deg gree holde
ers and
Ph.D.'s
s can holdd teachingg positionss at univerrsities or communitty colleges s. Some
academ
mics also perform
p con
nsulting work
w when not teachiing.

The chhemical enngineer, wiith a bachhelors degrree, is usu

ually paid very welll. While
this m
may be partly becaus se of a bro
oad backgrround in science
s an
nd enginee ering, it
also haas a lot to
o do with the type of industrries that employ
e cheemical eng gineers.
About half of tod
day's chemical engine eers work in
i the petrroleum and d etrochemmical
industrry. Often these
t induustries req
quire enormmously expensive ca apital equiipment,
and thherefor empployee sala
aries becommes a mu uch smallerr part of the overall cost of
doing bbusiness. Because ofo this, it makes goo od sense for
f these companies
c to pay
handso omely to get the best
b perso
on for the e job. Additionally, many ch hemical
engineers have found
f theiir way into upper managemen
m nt. A chemmical engiineer is
either currently, or has prreviously, occupied the CEO position fo or: 3M, Du u Pont,
Generaal Electric, Union Carbide,
C Doow Chemiical, Exxon n, BASF, Gulf
G Oil, Texaco,
T
and B.F. Goodric ch.
Typicaal Functioons:

ugh the spe

Althou ecific respo
onsibilities
s of chemical engine eers vary among
a indu
ustries,
ven within companies, it's poss
and ev sible to cattegorize th
hem in genneral termss. Titles
such aas "Proces ss Enginee er" and "D Design En ngineer" describe
d positions in
n most
industrries, whattever type of work, process, equipmen nt, or prodduct is in
nvolved.
Typicall functions
s include:

Attornney
Specializes in intellectual properrty law, patent law, l tech
hnology trransfer,
environnmental coompliance, and safeety issues. Patent atttorneys obtain pate
ents for
clients and moniitor the ma
arketplace for possib
ble patent infringeme
i ents.

Biome edical Speecialist

Works alongside e physiciaans to deevelop sys stems tha
at track critical ch
hemical
processes in the e body. Biiomedical specialists
s may be involved in the deesign of
al organs, such as hearts
artificia h and lungs.

Compuuter Appliications and

a Technnology Eng gineer
Design
ns instrumentation and
a programms system ms to contrrol certain processes..
Automation engin neers may
y develop ways
w to mo onitor a serries of inte
eractive ste
eps in
cal, petrole
chemic eum, or bio
otechnologgy facilities
s.

Consuultant
Works for man ny different custom
mers and d
brings specialized
d knowleddge to inndividual
Chapter 1: Introducttion to Chem
mical Engineeering Profession 

projectts. Consu ultants in a con nstructionn

company may wo ork with teeams of en
ngineers too
design and con nstruct an n expansiion for a
pharmaceutical company.. Most co onsultantss
have seeveral yearrs of profes
ssional exp
perience.

Processs Design Engineer

Design
ns manuffacturing facilities and the e
equipm
ment and materials
m u
used insid
de. Process
s
design engineers
s work with
h teams off engineers
s
to deve
elop new or
o improveed processees to meett
a comppany's prod
duction ne
eeds.

Enviro onmental Engineer

Develops techn niques to o recover usable e
materia als, and re
educe wastte created during
manufa facture off a produ uct. Environmentall
engineers design n air polllution control and d
wastew water treattment systtems, was ste storage
e
and ttreatment facilities s, and soil and d
ground dwater cleaan-up systtems. They y also mayy
be resp ponsible fo
or monitorring all sys
stems in a
facility
y for com mpliance with
w environmentall
regulattions. 

Technnical Mana ager

Responnsible for the
t enginee ering staff and progrrams at a facility.
f Ma
anages peo
ople,
researcch programms, and da
aily operatiions of the
e engineering functions. Techniical
manag gers may oversee
o R&&D. With plant
p mana agers, they
y may plan n and imp
plement
the fun
nding and expansion n programs s necessary y to develo
op a new product.
p

Busineess Coordinator
Develops budgets and ca apital pro
ojections for
f a faciility or prrocess. Buusiness
nators worrk closely with
coordin w produ
uction andd design te
eam memb bers to dettermine
the ex
xact needss of a new w processs, then pllan the capital nee eds necess sary to
implem
ment the prrogram.

Plant P Process Engineer

E
Provide es technical suppo ort to sttaff and
trouble eshoots processes
p in a pro oduction
facility
y to keep a plant ru unning effficiently.
Plant process engineers work w closely with
equipm ment opera ators to ge
et feedbackk on the
operatiions of ea ach process and de etermine
how to o avoid shuut-downs. They may y also be
involveed with design
d woork for immproving
method ds of produ
uction.
Chapter 1: Introducttion to Chem
mical Engineeering Profession 

Processs Safety Engineer

E
Designns and maiintains plaants and prrocesses th
hat are saffer for workers and
commu unities. Pro
ocess safetty engineers may con
nduct safeety analysees of new and
a
existing equipm ment, and train employees on how to o operate a new p piece of
equipmment safelyy.

Produc ct Engineer
Followss the pro oduction cycle
c of a particula
ar productt to ensu ure it is meeting
m
specific
cation. Pro
oduct engineers may
y work withh marketin
ng and R& &D to ensu
ure that
a prodduct will meet the needs off custome ers, then see the product through
t
producction. Theyy may work
k on new products
p or variation ng products.
ns of existin

Manuffacturing Productio on Engineeer

Responnsible for the
t day-to--day opera
ation of a specific maanufacturin
ng process
s.
Manufafacturing production
p engineers work direectly with operators
o t ensure that
to t a
particu
ular product is made
e according
g to specifiications.

Professsor
Instruccts studen
nts and connducts ressearch.
Profess
sors may teach severral classes in
chemiccal engineering, be b membe ers of
universsity com
mmittees, and conduct
researcch using governmen
g nt, corporate, or
private
e funding.

Project Enginee er
Overseees the de esign and d construc
ction of
specific
c process ses in a facility. After
construuction, the
ey may assist in equ
uipment
testing
g, operatorr training, and plan
nt start-
up.

Project Managerr
ees the ove
Overse erall design
n and cons
struction of
o a facility, then mannages ongooing
operatiions. Proje
ect manage ers may manage a grroup of pro oject engin
neers durin
ng the
design and consttruction off a new fac
cility.

Qualitty Controll Engineerr

Monito ors the manufactur
m re of product to ensure
e th
hat qualityy standarrds are
mainta ained. Qua ality contro
ol enginee ers may brring samp ples of a product in from a
field te
est, or from
m a normal application, and test them to determ mine how specific
properties such asa strength h, color, an
nd weatherability chhange over time.

Regulaatory Affaairs Enginneer

Researrches, deve
elops, and monitors policies
p an
nd procedu
ures to ens
sure the prroper
handlinng of chem
micals and chemical componen nts. Chemic
cal engineers in regu
ulatory
Chapter 1: Introducttion to Chem
mical Engineeering Profession 

affairs may be go overnment employees

s who stud dy the enviironmenta
al impact of a new
chemic cal, then re
ecommendd appropria
ate guideliines for the
e chemicall's use.

Researrch and Developme

D ent Engine eer
Seeks out new and
a more efficient ways
w of
using and produ ucing exis
sting prodducts.
Explores and deevelops new w processes and
produccts and deetermines their useffulness
and a applicabiliity. Chem mical eng gineers
workin
ng in R&D D may worrk with ch hemists
and other engineers to develop a new
process or new product that will better
meet cuustomer needs.
n

Sales and Mark keting Enggineer

Assists
s custome ers in sollving prod duction an nd proces
ss problemms by prroviding
produccts and serrvices to m
meet their specific
s ne
eeds. Chem
mical engin
neers in sa
ales use
their te
echnical knowledge
k to sell ch
hemicals, equipment
e t, and other products, and
providee follow-up
p services and
a trainin
ng, where needed.

Technnical Serviices Engin neer

Works with custo omers, usu ually on-siite, to solve
e productio
on problem ms caused by a
process or mac chine. Ch hemical en ngineers working
w in
n technic cal service
es may
ent the ma
represe anufacture er of a machine to determine
d w
why it is not
n perform ming as
designe
ed. They often
o must understan nd the oth her steps in
n the production pro ocess to
determ
mine if therre is a brea
akdown in another arrea.

Industtries:
A varie
ety of indu
ustries emp
ploy chem mical engin esenting a diverse range of
neers, repre
produccts, employ
yers, and services.
s

Chemiical Proce
ess Industries

The fo ocus of companies in this

industrry is on n the de evelopmentt,
extracttion, isolaation, co ombinationn,
and us se of chemmicals and d chemicaal
by-prodducts. Chemical
C engineers
design and ope erate proc cesses and d
system
ms to combine,
c transportt,
separa
ate, handle e, recycle, and store
them. This industry co onsists of
o
severall specialty
y areas: Agricultura
A al
Chemic cals; Caatalysts; Specialty
y
Chemic cals; Indu
ustrial Gas ses; Paints
s,
Chapter 1: Introducttion to Chem
mical Engineeering Profession 

Varnishes, Lacqu uers, Pigm

ments, andd
Inks; Petrocheemicals; Petroleum
m
Produccts; Plasticcs, Syntheetic Resins
s,
and Coomposites;; Polymers s; Pulp and
d
Paper; Rubber an nd Rubberr Productss;
Soaps, Detergen nts, Perfummes, Fatss,
Oils, a
and Cosmetics; and d Synthetic
Fibers,, Textiles, and
a Films.

Biotec
chnology

This arrea uses liv

ving cells, materials
produc ced by cells
s, and biollogical
techniqques develloped throu ugh researrch
to crea
ate produccts for use in other in
ndustries.
This field
f has produce ed antibio otics, insulin, inte erferon, artificial
a o
organs,
recomb binant DNA A, techniqques for waaste reducttion and recycling, and
a hybridd plants
that arre insect resistant.
r C
Chemical e
engineers develop an nd design the proceesses to
grow, hhandle, an
nd harvest living orga anisms and d their by--products.

Designn and Con nstruction n

This fieeld works with othe er industryy sectors to
t design and
a build facilities, specify
machin nery, and design
d andd troubleshhoot proceesses that allow commpanies to operate
safe an
nd efficientt plants. Chemical
C engineers
e a involve
are ed with prrocess desiign and
projectt managemment and work
w closelly with oth
her enginee
ering discip
plines.

Electrronics
Chemic cal enginneers in the electronics
industrry are involved with ma aterial
developpment an nd produ uction, prrocess
controll equipm ment desiign, and d the
manufafacturing of
o microchiips and inttricate
circuitrry. Chemmical en
ngineers have
contrib
buted to th he industrry by prod
ducing
components thatt better disssipate heaat and
operatee faster.

Enviro
onmental Safety & Health
Every process involving
i use and
manipuulation of raw
r materrials produ
uces some bby-produccts. Chemic
cal enginee
ers
minimiize the prroduction of by-prod ducts (orr find an appropriate use forr them)
throug
gh process s monitorinng and coontrol, as well as by
b designin ng more efficient
e
processes. Chemmical enginneers are involved
i in
n waste trreatment and
a dispos
sal and
process safety an
nd loss pre
evention
Chapter 1: Introducttion to Chem
mical Engineeering Profession 

Food aand Bever rages

This in
ndustry includes the e handling g,
processing, pre eparing, packaging g,
and preservingg of f
food andd
beverages. Chhemical engineers
formulate new products s to mee et
consummer d
demand, change
ingrediients to im
mprove fla avor, adappt
handlinng processes to en nsure more
consisttent textuure, and freeze-dry y
produccts or desiggn aseptic c packaging
to enab
ble a longeer shelf life
e.

Fuels
This industry comprises
c petroleum
m and pe etroleum products productio on and
refining, as well as nuclea
ar and synnthetic fuells. Typicallly known for their work
w in
refineries, chemiical engineers are also
a involv
ved in dev veloping alternative
a energy
sources, working g on produ
uction proc
cesses, envvironmenta al monitoriing, researrch and
developpment, andd process safety.

Advan nced Mater rials

Severaal industrries (most notably y aerospa ace, autoomotive, glass,
g cerramics,
electronics, refra
actories, metals,
m metallurgical products, minerals s processin ng, and
photoggraphic prroducts) employ
e ch
hemical en ngineers too help de evelop ma aterials.
Chemic cal engineers manip pulate the weight,
w strrength, hea
at transferr, reflectiviity, and
purity of substannces to pro
oduce mate erials with
h unique prroperties.

Others s
The tecchnical tra
aining rece
eived by chemical
c en
ngineers makes
m them well suited for
positions in bu usiness, finance,
f i
insurance, law, puublishing, educationn, and
government. Che emical enggineers ma anage, analyze, and
d insure businesses
b in the
chemiccal processs industrie
es. The gov
vernment employers
e include th
he Environ
nmental
Chapter 1: Introduction to Chemical Engineering Profession 

Protection Agency, the Department of Energy, the Department of Agriculture,

Universities, Research Institute and others.

References

http://www.icheme.org/careers.aspx

http://www.whynotchemeng.com/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_engineering

http://www.pafko.com/history/h_chem20.pdf

 
Chapter 1: Introducttion to Chem
mical Engineeering Profession 

1 ENGIN
1.5 NEERING COMMUNI
C ICATION & TEAMWORK

Course
e Learning
g Outcome
e:

 To define effective
e co
ommunica ation and teamwork
 To work effectively
e iin small te
eam, inclu
uding evalu
uating team
m peer an
nd team
performannce 
 To presentt orally an
nd in writin
ng 

Engine
eering Com
mmunicattion

Commu unication is an impoortant way y of acting in the

world. Professio onals in engineerring mus st be
prepared throug ghout theirr career tot learn how
h to
commu unicate. In I this topic,
t stu
udents wiill be
introduuced with general in nformation n about efffective
commu unication. Students s will allso involv ve in
activitiies related to enhancce their com
mmunicatiion skills.

Definittions

Commu unication is the waays of impparting or exchangin ng of inforrmation eitther by

througgh written, verbal or
o body la anguage, or with anya other medium, which
involve
es both prresenters and
a audiennces. Stud dies have shown tha at words a
account
for 7%
% of the information communiicated. Voc cal tone accounts fo or 55% annd body
languaage accounnts for 38%
%. To be efffective com
mmunicato ors, team members
m m
must be
aware of these e forms, how to use them m effective
ely, and barriers to the
commu unication process.
p

Writtten  •Assignm
•Letter
ment

languaage •Curriculum Vitae (C
CV)

Verb
bal  •Intervie
ew
•Meetingg
languaage •Presenttation

Body  •Body geestures

languaage •Expresssions

Types of
o commun
nications
Chapter 1: Introducttion to Chem
mical Engineeering Profession 

Effectiv
ve commu unication means se ending thhe right innformation
n which will
w be
correcttly receive
ed and weell undersstood by the
t audien
nce or reecipient. Effective
E
commu unication will
w often raise
r the relationshi
r ip and undderstandin
ng with thee entire
audiennce.

ve ways to communiicate:
Effectiv

Acknowled dge commuunications s (“Roger”)

Provide innformationn in accorrdance wiith Standa ard Opera ating Proccedure’s
(SOP’s)
Provide information when asked
Repeat, ass necessaryy to ensure commun nication is accuratelyy received
Use standdard terminnology whe en communication in nformationn
Request and provide e clarificatiion when needed
n
Ensure sta atements are
a direct anda unam
mbiguous
Inform thee appropriaate individ
duals when n the missiion or plan
ns change
Communicate all information needed by y those ind
dividuals or
o teams external
e
m
to the team
Use non-v verbal communication approprriately
Use prope er order wh
hen commu unicating informatio
i on

The folllowing fig

gure showss the com
mplexity of the process of com
mmunicatio
ons and
how it can be inffluenced.

Shannon’s communic
c cation mod
del

Barrierrs to communicatio
ons

Barrierrs are inffluencing factors which

w pede or breakdown the conttinuous
imp
commu unications loop. Theey block, distort,
d or alter the informatio
on. By iden
ntifying
the ba arriers an
nd applying counttermeasure es, team members s can efffectively
commu unicate.
Chapter 1: Introducttion to Chem
mical Engineeering Profession 

Distraction
ns

Anger/fru
ustration Inteerruptions

Types o
of 
barrierrs Inapproprop priate 
Personal biaas
priorities

Non‐assertivve 
N
L
Lack of confid
dence
behavior

Senderr

Commu unicationss is a two o-way proccess that starts witth the sen nder. The sender
shouldd be conv veying info ormation necessary y for miss sion accom mplishmennt. The
senderr must be proactive e in makinng the rec ceiver und
derstand th he messagge. Too
often, what
w is saiid is not allways wha
at is heard. To preven
nt this from
m happeniing, the
followin
ngs can bee used:

 State one idea at a ttime

 as simply
State idea
 Explain when appro opriate
 Repeat if appropriat
a e
 Encourage e feedback
k
 Read betwween lines. Did your choice of words,
w tone of the se
entence, an
nd body
language (intentiona
( al gestures
s or subcon
nscious movements) convey th he same
meaning?

Messag
ge

The message is simply the informattion the sender wan nts to com
mmunicate e to the
er. The me
receive essage is usually
u verrbal, but it
i can also
o be non-v
verbal. To reduce
potentiial problem
ms, the sen
nder shoulld:
Chapter 1: Introduction to Chemical Engineering Profession 

 Use correct terminology (standard commands)

 Speak clearly
 Time the message to be sent when the receiver is able to listen
 Use appropriate vocal tone and volume. Commands must be heard and
perceived as an imperative, not a question or comment.
 Be relevant to the receiver, not a distraction. The message needs to be
inclusive and informative.

Receiver

The receiver needs information to accomplish his/her task. The effectiveness of the
team often rests on its member’s ability to listen. Unfortunately, most people find
listening difficult.

The receiver must exert control over the communication process. For receivers to
have control, it is important that they ensure that the senders understand what the
receivers want and why they want it.

Active listening

Active listening is a process used by the receiver to facilitate communication and

enhance performance. It requires the receiver to be active in the communication
process. To actively listen, the receiver needs to:

Focus attention on the message, giving it momentary priority. If possible,

look at the sender
Listen and look for the indirect message content (nonverbal) as well as
hearing the words. Observing non-verbal cues provides information
regarding what the sender wants to convey. Your perception of the message
and the sender’s intent for the message may be different. Word choice, tone
of voice, body position, gestures, and eye movements reflect the feelings
behind the spoken word.
Keep an open mind and suspend judgment
Verify what was heard. Don’t assume that your perception of the message
agrees with the sender’s intent. Provide the sender feedback.

Message feedback

Effective receivers verify their understanding of the message with the sender. They
consider words, tone and body language when they give feedback. Forms of
feedback include:

 Acknowledgment
 Parroting
 Paraphrasing
Chapter 1: Introduction to Chemical Engineering Profession 

Acknowledging

“Rogering” a message is common courtesy. It demonstrates that the receiver has

heard the message. However, for critical information or complicated ideas,
acknowledgement normally is insufficient to ensure understanding.

Parroting

Parroting is repeating back verbatim the words of the speaker. It confirms to the
speaker that the words transmitted were the words received. It is preferred in
verifying receipt of standard commands. Like acknowledgement, it does not
ensure the receiver understood the message

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is rephrasing, in your own words, the content of the sender’s

message to the sender’s satisfaction. It clarifies the message for both you and
the sender. Paraphrasing allows you to check your understanding of the
message and shows the sender, that you listened accurately (i.e the content and
intent was correctly understood). If you listened inaccurately, the sender has an
opportunity to correct the communication error.

Definition of Teamwork

No matter how hardworking, brilliant, or good at problem solving you are, you can’t
do it all by yourself. In today’s world, projects are usually too big to be completed
by one person, and problems are often too complex to be solved by one person.
Instead a team of people needs to be involved. And when people work together,
personalities and communication styles come into play. To become someone who
can succeed in a team setting means becoming someone who can succeed at any
job.

People form groups of all types and sizes. However, not every group is a team.

Team can be defined as:

 Two or more individuals with a high degree of interdependence geared

toward the achievement of a goal or the completion of a task.
 Teams make decisions, solve problems, provide support, accomplish
missions, and plan their work.
Chapter 1: Introducttion to Chem
mical Engineeering Profession 

Wherea
as the defiinition of Teamwork
T is:

 As defined in Webs ster's New World Dic ctionary ass "a joint action
a by a group
of people,, in which each persson subord dinates hiss or her inddividual in
nterests
and opiniions to thee unity and
d efficiency
y of the gro
oup."
 This doess not mean n that the individua al is no lon
nger imporrtant. How wever, it
does mea an that efffective annd efficien
nt teamworrk goes beyond
b ind
dividual
accomplisshments.
 The mostt effective teamwork is produc ced when alla the ind dividuals innvolved
harmonizze their conntributions
s and work k towards a common n goal.

Why T
Teamwork is importtant?

In todaay’s world, almost eeverything is accomp plished byy teams. Large com mpanies
often use
u projectt teams that span th he globe. Small
S comppanies use e teams to ensure
that th
heir produucts and services
s re
each their customers s. Non-proofit organiizations
put tea
ams togethher to accoomplish gooals. Instru
uctors teach and de evelop currriculum
in team
ms, and wo ork in team
ms with co ounselors,, administrrators, andd other accademic
employyees. Government wo orkers from
m local to national le
evels workk in teams.. Aware
of the importanc
i ce of working with otthers, acaddemic instiitutions haave increa
ased the
teamwork compo onent of m
many cours ses, and sttudents woork togethe er both in person
and online to create do ocuments or reportts, put to ogether prresentation ns and
compleete projects
s.

The prrime advantage to working

w in
n teams is i the abillity to commbine skills and
talentss. An acad demic or work
w team
m benefits from a wide
w array of skills that
t no
single student orr employee e could pos
ssess alon ne, from an
nalytical sk
kills to ma
arketing
skills tto technica
al skills and everythin
ng in betwween. Comp plex projeccts at scho
ool or in
the workplace de emand all ofo these skkills, espec
cially when
n things neeed to get done
d in
a speciific time fra
ame.

Teams are a partt of everyoone's life. You're

Y a member
m of a family te
eam, a stafff team,
school,, health ca
are and commmunity teams.
t So it is appro
opriate that you unde erstand
how to function effectively
e as a team member.

The m multi-dime ensional and thus s multi-

discipliine naturee of many problems s requires
a teamm approach h. This appproach enncourages
you as s staff witth complem mentary skills
s and
compettencies, to o coordinaate your effforts. By
establishing priorities, concentrating
g financial
resourc ces, and combinin ng knowle edge and
expertiise, you can
c have greater im
mpact on
seriouss problem ms throug gh your program
efforts.. Such effo
orts can serve to:
Chapter 1: Introducttion to Chem
mical Engineeering Profession 

 lighten you
ur work lo
oad
 reduce duuplication of
o efforts
 produce a result greeater than all of yourr separate efforts

Basic g
good attittudes in Teamwork
T

Co-opeeration is the
t lifebloo
od of any team.
t Evenn when pro oject teams are not large
l or
global, co-operattion is important. Co o-operation
n is the actt of workin
ng effective
ely with
others to get a common goal.g It ne
eeds to bee built on trust, wh hich can only
o be
achieveed throughh honesty, openness, consisten ncy and respect.

Honesty means that team m members s tell one another

a the
e truth, no
ot just wha
at each
wants to hear. They
T feel comfortabl
c le disclosin
ng problemms so thaat other members
can join in the prroblem-sollving proce
ess and he elp overcomme obstacle
es.

Opennness means that team m memberrs are not afraid to say what isi on theirr minds
and th
hey do not fear reperrcussions for commu unicating their thou
ughts. They y share
information beca
ause they are
a confide ent that pe
eople won’tt make fun
n of their id
deas.

Consisstency me eans that each

e team member works,
w andd interacts
s, in a con
nsistent
manne er. This allows mem mbers of the team to know what to expect fro om one
anotheer. Progres
ss toward a goal cann suffer when
w team members are incon nsistent
with th
heir work, meeting atttendance,, communiication, or even moodd.

Respecct means that team m memberrs see one e another as importtant parts of the
team. They spea ak and be ehave respectfully toward
t on
ne anotherr. They lis
sten to
ne’s ideas without ju
everyon udgment, and
a offer coonstructiv
ve criticsm..

Advantages and
d Disadvan
ntages of Teamwork
T k

Advanttages:

 Generatess multiple ideas for solving prroblems, making

m it easier to resolve
issues
 Provides wide
w pool of talents
s, letting members
m w
work togeether to coomplete
tasks
 Strengthenn bonds be
etween emmployees an nd improve b satisfaction
es their job
Chapter 1: Introduction to Chemical Engineering Profession 

Disadvantages:

 Slows down the problem-solving process because of discussion and

disagreements. This is particularly true when teams grow larger. As a result,
deadlines may be compromised
 Potentially challenging for employees who prefer working alone or are not
comfortable working with people with widely divergent skills and
backgrounds
 Allows some team members to do less work that others and not participate
as much

Basic methods on how to develop Teamwork

It's important to realize that the development of effective working relationships

among staff is a gradual process which requires considerable time and skill. This is
not meant to discourage you, but to help you realize that teams aren't created
overnight. A certain amount of frustration and conflict are normal.

Team development is often viewed as a series of stages, described below. Although

all the attributes and skills needed for an ideal working relationship (as listed in
the preceding section) are important at every stage, some become more crucial as
the team develops and staff members increase their level of involvement. At a
minimum, it's important for individual staff members to realize the benefits of
teamwork and to have a commitment toward working together. Without such
elements, further team development will be less likely to occur. Conflict, a natural
part of the development process, will overpower or dominate the situation,
reventing the team from ever reaching its full potential. With a positive attitude
toward team efforts, and with increased opportunity and time to practice teamwork
skills, staff members can develop as an effective working team, and consequently
have greater impact upon clientele problems.

Stages of Team Development:

Stage 1: Hello, I Am…

Getting acquainted is of most concern at this initial stage of team development. It
usually includes polite dialogue of a superficial, information-sharing nature. Based
on first impressions or past experiences, group members develop stereotypes in an
attempt to categorize each other and anticipate future responses. Ideas are simple;
emotions and feelings are kept in tight control, and controversy is avoided. There is
an unspoken agreement not to disagree-a feeling that all members think and feel
alike. Items on the hidden agenda stay hidden, and there is a shared ambiguity
about the specific task to be undertaken by the team.
Chapter 1: Introducttion to Chem
mical Engineeering Profession 

Stage 2: What's Our Destiination?

Membe ers begin to
t question n the team m's goals and
a objecttives. Theyy want to discuss
d
reason
ns for the group
g efforrt. If extern
nal forces have spec cified the destination
d n of the
team, members may wantt to discus ss why eac ch was pla aced on thhe team, and
a the
purposse of the specific group tas sk. As me embers be egin to express divergent
opinion
ns, hiddenn agendas are sensed and poo or listeningg develops s. Team members
m
may be e quick to agree in an
a effort tot avoid co onfrontatioon. A desirre to move e ahead
withou
ut "real" unnderstanding and co ommitmen nt results. A tentativ ve timetab
ble may
be devveloped thaat probablly overestiimates the e contributtion of eac ch team member
m
and unnderestimaates the ammount of tiime for eac ch phase ofo the proje ect/task.

Stage 3: What Are

A the Co osts/Beneffits as Perrceived byy the Indivvidual/Tea am?
With ffirst notionns of a te eam effortt emergingg, memberrs perceiv ve that the ere are
costs/bbenefits off their invo
olvement in
n the team
m effort. Meembers ma ay ask themmselves
such questions
q a Will th
as: he team eff
ffort have value
v for me?
m Can I use the team
t to
help mme achieve individuall goals? Will
W my individual con ntribution be large aand the
benefitts small? Will
W I do all a the worrk and ha ave the teaam receive the recog gnition?
Will no
onproductiive membe ers get som
me of the rewards
r I deserve?
d O Will oth
OR: hers on
the teaam make comparab ble contrib
butions? Will
W individ duals sharre the worrkload?
Can thhe team be enefit from such an effort?
e As individual
i agendas are
a identifified and
expressed, mem mbers with h similar needs and d viewpoin nts begin to form private
alliances.

Stage 44: What Skills

S Do W We Need?
In the struggle to t determiine the costs/benefiits
of team
m efforts, the
t resourrces of team members
are expplored. Atttention is s given to the talen nts
and skkills which each mem mber might contribu ute
to th he effort. Hidden n talents may go g
undisccovered as the group p is still dealing
d at a
superfiicial level and still blinded
b by stereotypees
and laabels, If taalents overrlap, if thhere are tooo
many experts on the same s subbject, or if
additio
onal skills are nece essary, de ecisions are
made aabout whether to add or drop members o or
developp the skillls of existing members. Whe en
membe ers are added
a or subtracted d from th he
team, tthe team developmen
d nt cycle beegins again
n.

Stage 5: What Is s the Bestt Route?

With thhe "end" goals
g agreeed upon, team
t memmbers begin negotiatting the "m means."
There iis a strong
g need for structure,
s which inc
cludes a biid for poweer and struuggle or
leaders
ship. As a result, competition develops. Individuall agendas are made public.
Emotioon and alliances to each other,, rather thaan logic, in
nfluence ju
udgments o of team
membe ers; members listen poorly
p andd are close-minded about
a otherrs' pinions
s/ideas.
The tea
am may prrematurely y resort to voting as a means ofo making decisions, which
Chapter 1: Introducttion to Chem
mical Engineeering Profession 

causess some inddividuals to o feel theyy have nott been give en adequaate opportu unity to
express their viewwpoints. There
T is a lack
l of team m spirit in
n this stage
e. Many members
ncomfortab
feel un ble with thhe group struggles.
s Some are e silent an
nd others ttend to
domina ate the group.
g Commmitmentt to this team effo ort will vaary signifficantly.
Individ
dual prioritties seem to
t block th he work of the team as a some members
m plaace
personnal committments "firrst." The team may be difficullt to assem mble as members
are unnwilling to change their
t scheddules to accommod
a ate the work
w of thee team.
Extremme frustrattion with indecision
i may impe ede progre ess such thhat the tea am will
never gget beyond
d this stage e. It may still
s fulfill iits task, bu
ut not to the
t satisfacction of
all mem
mbers.

Howeve er, if the team

t persiists in its task
t and at
a least a few memb bers are wiilling to
sacrific
ce individuual agendaas for the benefit of the team m, a comp promise ap pproach
may be egin to emerge. Stage e 6: How Can
C We Co ompromise e and Work k Togetherr? Team
membe ers' attitud
des changge as they y realize th
hat workin ng togethe er can prooduce a
produc ct greater than the sum of th heir indiviidual efforrts. Individ
dual agenddas are
adjusteed to accommmodate the
t needs of the grouup.

Membe ers begin to share e leadershhip responsibilities.. Individu uals contin nue to
disagreee but theiir ideas are
e heard; members
m lis
sten active
ely and diffferences arre dealt
with hhonestly an nd openly.. Understaanding res sults. Allia
ances rema ain, but th hey are
built o
on ideas ra ather than n personallities and loyalties. Logic rathher than emotion
e
guides the decis sion-makin ng processs. Compettition gives way to compromise, for
conflictt is now viiewed as a mutual problem.
p A team me
As embers beg gin to rela
ax in an
atmosp phere of trrust and openness,
o creative id
deas emerg ge, and th
he team fee els that
progresss is being
g made.

Stage 7: We Are e ...

High g group morrale and loyalty, empathy, and a an open
o climaate of tru
ust and
acceptaance charracterize th
his final stage
s of te
eam development. Even
E thou
ugh one
membe er may be identifie ed as the e "coordin
nator" for a particu ular group p task,
leaders
ship roles are sharedd among all memberrs. There is
s freedom to
t select frrom the
variety
y of work king relatiionships outlined by the earlier
e description of the
dimens sions of inv
volvement.
Chapter 1: Introducttion to Chem
mical Engineeering Profession 

Group members agree to disagree;

d hey agree to settle co
th onflicts, to
o make dec
cisions,
and to proceed too work tog
gether on the
t basis o
of criteria identified
i b the grou
by up. The
team is
i both effffective and
d efficientt in meeting deadlin nes and accomplish
a hing its
objectiv
ves. Produ
uctive resu
ults are most evident..

Becaus se of an intense fe eeling of "group sp

pirit," new members s are reluuctantly
accepteed. If new members join,
j the group
g must regress to
t an earlie
er stage an
nd grow
again tto this fina
al phase, to
ogether.

Refere
ences

http://
/www.cons
structingex
xcellence.o
org.uk/pdff/documen
nt/Teamwo
ork_Guide
e.pdf

http://
/www.pearrsonhigherred.com/a
assets/hip/
/us/hip_u
us_pearson
nhighered/sample
chapteer/0321858
8093..pdf

http://
/www.uwe
ex.edu/ces
s/pdande/planning/pdf/teamw
wrk.pdf

http://
/www.stan
nford.edu/group/wto
o/cgi-bin/d
docs/Cohe
en_Bailey__97.pdf

http://
/oxforddicttionaries.c
com/definiition/engliish/commu
unication