3.4.

2 Green’s Theorem
Recall:
Let R be a region bounded by a simple closed curve C and ⃗⃗⃗
𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑀 𝑖 + 𝑁⃗𝑗 is a vector
field defined over the region R where M and N are functions of x and y. The work done
by the force ⃗⃗⃗
𝐹 along a closed curve C is:
𝜕𝑁 𝜕𝑀
∮𝐶 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = ∬𝑅 ( 𝜕𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 ……… Green’s Theorem
𝜕𝑦

[Note: Work done, ∮𝐶 𝐹 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ∮ (𝑀𝑖⃗ + 𝑁𝑗) • (𝑑𝑥𝑖⃗ + 𝑑𝑦𝑗 ) = ∮ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦]

⃗⃗⃗ . 𝑑𝑟
𝐶 𝐶

Example:
1. Use Green’s Theorem to evaluate
i) ∮𝐶 (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑦, 𝐶: 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑀 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑦2 𝑁 = 𝑒𝑦 + 𝑥2
𝑀𝑦 = 2𝑦 𝑁𝑥 = 2𝑥

∮𝐶 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = ∬𝑅 (𝑁𝑥 − 𝑀𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
1 𝑦
= ∫0 ∫𝑦√ 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

√𝑦
1
= ∫0 [𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑥] 𝑑𝑦
𝑦
1
= ∫0 (√𝑦 − 2𝑦√𝑦) − (𝑦 − 2𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦
3 1
2𝑦 ⁄2 5⁄ 2 𝑦2 2𝑦 3
= [ − 2𝑦 2. − + ]
3 5 2 3
0
2 4 1 2 1
= − −
3 5 2
+3 = 30

ii) ∮𝐶 2𝑦 3 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 4 + 6𝑥𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦, 𝐶: 𝑥 4 + 𝑦 4 = 1

𝑀 = 2𝑦 3 𝑁 = 𝑥 4 + 6𝑥𝑦 2
𝑀𝑦 = 6𝑦 2 𝑁𝑥 = 4𝑥 3 + 6𝑦 2

∮𝐶 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = ∬𝑅 (𝑁𝑥 − 𝑀𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
4
1 √1−𝑦4
= ∫0 ∫0 4𝑥 3 + 6𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 2 . 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
4 4
= ∫0 [𝑥 4 ] √1 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1

0
1
= ∫0 1 − 𝑦 4 𝑑𝑦
𝑦5 1 4
= [𝑦 − ]
5 0
=5
2. Verify Green’s Theorem in the calculation of work done by the force ⃗⃗⃗
𝐹 = 2𝑦 𝑖 + 𝑥 3 ⃗𝑗
moving along the path C1 and C2 shown.
𝑀 = 2𝑦 𝑁 = 𝑥3
𝑀𝑦 = 2 𝑁𝑥 = 3𝑥 2

By Green’s Theorem:
∮𝐶 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = ∬𝑅 (𝑁𝑥 − 𝑀𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
2 −𝑥 2 +4
= ∫−2 ∫0 3𝑥 2 − 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
2
= ∫−2 [3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑦] −𝑥 + 4 𝑑𝑥
2
0
2
= ∫−2 3𝑥 2 (−𝑥 2 + 4) − 2(−𝑥 2 + 4) 𝑑𝑥
2
= ∫−2 −3𝑥 4 + 12𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 2 − 8 𝑑𝑥
3 14 3 2
= [− 5 𝑥 5 + 𝑥 − 8𝑥]
3 −2
32 32 64
= − (− ) =
15 15 15

By Line Integral:
Let 𝐶 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2

𝐶1 : x varies
𝑦 = 0 and 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝐶1 = ∫𝐶 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦
= ∫ 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑦
= ∫ 2(0) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 3 (0) = 0

𝐶2 : x varies, y varies
𝑦 = −𝑥 2 + 4 and 𝑑𝑦 = −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝐶2 = ∫𝐶 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦
= ∫ 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑦
−2
= ∫2 2(−𝑥 4 + 4)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 3 (−2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
−2
= ∫2 −2𝑥 2 + 8 − 2𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥
2 2 −2
= [− 3 𝑥 3 + 8𝑥 − 5 𝑥 5 ]
2
16 64 16 64 64
= 3
− 16 + 5
+ 3
− 16 + 5
= 15

𝐶 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2
64 64
= 0 + 15 = 15
 Conclusion:
64
∫ 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ 3𝑥 2 − 2 𝑑𝐴 = 15
Line integral Green’s Theorem
(work done)

3. Verify Green’s Theorem for ⃗⃗⃗𝐹 = (𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 3 ) 𝑖 + (𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦) ⃗𝑗 and C is the boundary of

a square with vertices (0,0), (2,0), (2,2) and (0,2).

By Line Integral:

𝐶1 : x varies
𝑦 = 0 and 𝑑𝑦 = 0

⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ∫ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦
⃗⃗⃗ . 𝑑𝑟
∫𝐹 𝐶
2
= ∫0 (𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 3 ) 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦) 𝑑𝑦
𝑥3 2 8
=[ ] =
3 0 3

𝐶2 : y varies
𝑥 = 2 and 𝑑𝑥 = 0

⃗⃗⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
∫𝐹 𝑑𝑟 = ∫𝐶 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦
2
= ∫0 (𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 3 ) 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦) 𝑑𝑦
2
= ∫0 (22 − 2𝑦 3 ) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑦 2 − 4𝑦) 𝑑𝑦
𝑦3 4𝑦 2 2 16
=[3 − ] = −3
2 0

𝐶3 : x varies
𝑦 = 2 and 𝑑𝑦 = 0

⃗⃗⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
∫𝐹 𝑑𝑟 = ∫𝐶 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦
0
= ∫2 (𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 3 ) 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦) 𝑑𝑦
0
= ∫2 (𝑥 2 − 8𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + (4 − 4𝑥) 𝑑𝑦
𝑥3 8𝑥 2 0 40
=[ − ] =
3 2 2 3

𝐶4 : y varies
𝑥 = 0 and 𝑑𝑥 = 0
 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ∫ 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁𝑑𝑦
⃗⃗⃗ . 𝑑𝑟
∫𝐹 𝐶
0
= ∫2 (𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 3 ) 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦) 𝑑𝑦
0
= ∫2 (0) 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦 2 − 0) 𝑑𝑦
𝑦3 0 8
=[ ] = −
3 2 3

Hence, ∮ (𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 3 ) 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦) 𝑑𝑦
= 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 + 𝐶4
8 16 40 8
=3− 3
+ 3 −3

=8

By Green’s Theorem:
𝑀 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 3 𝑁 = 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦
𝑀𝑦 = −3𝑥𝑦 2 𝑁𝑥 = −2𝑦

∮𝐶 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = ∬𝑅 (𝑁𝑥 − 𝑀𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
2 2
= ∫0 ∫0 (−2𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
2 2𝑦 2 3𝑥𝑦 3 2
= ∫0 [− + ] 𝑑𝑥
2 3 0
2
= ∫0 (−4 + 8𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
8𝑥 2 2
= [−4𝑥 + ] =8
2 0

Conclusion:
∮ (𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 3 ) 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ (−2𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝐴 = 8
Line integral Green’s Theorem
(work done)

4. Use Green’s Theorem to evaluate ∮ (𝑒 𝑥 + 6𝑥𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + (8𝑥 2 + sin 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦, bounded by

circles of radius 1 and 3 units, centered at the origin, lying in the first quadrant.
𝑀 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 6𝑥𝑦 𝑁 = 8𝑥 2 + sin 𝑦 2
𝑀𝑦 = 6𝑥 𝑁𝑥 = 16𝑥

∮𝐶 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = ∬𝑅 (𝑁𝑥 − 𝑀𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦

= ∬ (10𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑅
 Convert to polar coordinates, x= r cos , 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃

𝜋
𝑅 = {(𝑟, 𝜃): 1 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 3, 0≤𝜃≤ }
2

∮𝐶 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑑𝑦 = ∬𝑅 (10𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝜋
2 3
= ∫ ∫1 10𝑟 cos 𝜃 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 . 𝑑𝜃
0
𝜋
2 3
= 10 ∫ ∫1 𝑟 2 cos 𝜃 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 . 𝑑𝜃
0
𝜋
2 𝑟3 3
= 10 ∫ [ 3 cos 𝜃] 𝑑𝜃
0 1
𝜋
2 26
= 10 ∫ 3
cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
0
𝜋
26
= 10 [ 3
sin 𝜃] 2
0
260 𝜋 260
= [ sin − sin 0] =
3 2 3

5. Use Green’s Theorem to evaluate ∫ ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑟 if given

𝐹 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
1 3
⃗⃗⃗
𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = ( 𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑥 ) 𝑖 + ( 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑦 2 𝑙𝑛𝑦)⃗𝑗
2 4

bounded by triangle y=0, x=2, 2y=3x.

9
Answer: 4 (D.I.Y)