Sorsogon State College

Sorsogon City Campus

College of Education
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM
Sorsogon City

PROJECT IN BASIC CALCULUS

(Natural Logarithmic Functions)

Submitted to:

Anthony L. Madrazo

Teacher

Prepared By:

Ivan Harvey Codillo

Carmela Nicole Delos Reyes

Mariane Geneblazo

Joshua Hagad

Ronald Santos

11- B Thymine
 Natural Logarithms
- Natural Logarithms also known as “Napierian Logarithm” is invented by a Scottish mathematician
named John Napier during 1614. This type of logarithm is widely used in mathematics, physics and
engineering.

- Natural Logarithms is the logarithm of x with a base of “e” (an irrational and transcendental
number approx. equal to 2.71828). It can be written as “logex” or “lnx”.

- It is also the inverse of Exponential Functions as shown below.

How to Graph Natural Logarithmic Functions?

1. y = ln x
Step 1: Since y = ln x is equal to y = logex , in order to graph we need to change y = logex into x = ey .

Step 2: Create a table of values such as the one seen below.

y -1 0 1 2

x 0.37 1 2.72 7.39

Step 3: Plot the values in the Cartesian Coordinate Plane.

 2. y = ln (x - 1)
The same procedure is done with the same table of values just like example no. 1

As you can observe the graph shifts to the right by one unit whereas the vertical asymptote and origin is
x=1.

3. y = ln (x + 1)
The same procedure is done with the same table of values just like example no. 1

As you can observe the shifts to the left by one unit whereas the vertical asymptote is now -1.

4. y = ln (-x - 1)
The same procedure is done with the same table of values just like example no. 1
As you can observe the graph shifts to the left by one unit whereas the vertical asymptote and origin is
x=-1 and the graph also faces to the left instead of the right and is also located on the second and third
quadrant.

5. y = (-x + 1)
The same procedure is done with the same table of values just like example no. 1

As you can observe the graph is almost similar to example no. 4 in terms of where the graph faces but the
difference is that here at example no. 5 the vertical asymptote is now located at x = 1 and at the second
and fourth quadrants.

6. y = (-x) + 1
The same procedure is done with the same table of values just like example no. 1

As you can observe the graph shifts upwards by one unit whereas the vertical asymptote and just like
examples no. 4 and 5 it faces to the left origin is x=o and it is in the second and third quadrant.
 7. y = (x) + 1
The same procedure is done with the same table of values just like example no. 1

As you can observe the graph shifts upwards by one unit whereas the vertical asymptote and origin is
x=0.

8. y = (-x) – 1
The same procedure is done with the same table of values just like example no. 1

As you can observe the graph shifts downward by one unit whereas the vertical asymptote and origin is
x=0 and just like examples no. 4, 5 and 6 the graph faces to the left and it is located in the second and
third quadrant.
 9. y = (x) - 1
The same procedure is done with the same table of values just like example no. 1

As you can observe the graph shifts downward by one unit whereas the vertical asymptote is x=o.

Rules of Natural Logarithm

Rule Name Rule Examples
Product Rule ln (x * y) = ln (x) + ln (y) ln (3*2) = ln (2) + ln (3)
ln (3 * 2) = 0.693 + 1.098
ln (3 * 2) = 1.791
Quotient Rule ln (x / y) = ln (x) – ln (y) ln (16 / 8) = ln (16) – ln (8)
ln (16 / 8) = 2.77 – 2.08
ln (16 / 8) = 0.69
Reciprocal Rule ln (1 / x) = −ln (x) ln (1/9) = -ln (9)
-2.197 = -2.197
Power Rule ln (xy) = y * ln (x) ln (54) = 4 * ln (5)
ln (54) = 4 * 1.61
ln (54) =6.44

Properties of Natural Logarithm

Scenario ln Property
ln of negative number ln of a negative number is undefined
ln of 0 ln (0) is undefined
ln of 1 ln (1) = 0
ln of ∞ ln (∞) = ∞
ln of e ln (e) = 1
ln of e raised to the power of x ln (ex) = x
e raised to the ln power eln( x )= x
 More examples in Solving and Graphing Natural Logarithms

1. ln (2) = x
Solution:
ln (2) = x
If you have a calculator, you can input the problem to get the answer.
0.693 = x

Graph:

2. y = ln (72 / 5)
Solution:
y = ln (72 / 5)

Use the quotient rule:

y = ln (72) – ln (5)

Use the power rule:

y = 2ln (7) – ln (5)

If you have a calculator, you can calculate the natural log values:

y =2(1.946) - 1.609

y = 3.891 - 1.609

y = 2.283.
Graph:

3. y = ln (e) / 15
Solution:
y = ln (e) / 15
Remember that ln (e) = 1
y = 1 / 15 or 0.067
Graph: