HOME AWAY FROM HOME: LEVEL OF SATISFACTION ON THE

LIVING CONDITION OF STUDENT BOARDERS IN AMPAYON,

BUTUAN CITY

Thesis

Presented to:

College of Arts in Sciences

Department of Social Sciences and Humanities

Bulat-ag, Arvin

Naquila, Marita

Roma, Sweet Khymberly

2018
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TITLE PAGE……………………………………………………… i

APPROVAL SHEET………………………………………………

ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………………………

DEDICATION……………………………………………………….

TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………..

LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………….

LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………

LIST OF APPENDICES…………………………………………..

CHAPTER

I. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study………………………....

1.2 Statement of the Problem……………………….

1.3 Significance of the Study…………………………

1.4 Scope and Limitation…………………………….

1.5 Theoretical Framework…………………………...

1.6 Conceptual Framework………………………….

1.7 Definition of Terms…………………...

II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Related Literature…………………………………

III. METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design…………………………………

3.2 Research Locale…………………………………

3.3 Sample and Sampling Design………………….

3.4 Research Instrument…………………………….

3.5 Data Gathering Method and Procedure……....

3.6 Statistical Tool …………………………………...

3.7 Data Analysis Techniques………………………

IV. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS……………

SUMMARY……………………………………………

CONCLUSIONS……………………………………..

RECOMMENDATIONS……………………………..

BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………

APPENDICES………………………………………………….

CURRICULUM VITAE…………………………………………
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

As the old saying goes, “Home is where the heart is” and according to

Cambridge Dictionary (2017), home is someone’s or something’s place of origin,

or the place where a person feels they belong. Our home represents more than our

financial assets; they have a deep and unique emotional meaning. Our earliest

memories of home are often connected to our childhood. For better or worse, our

home also represents the success of our parents: our home is an outward

expression of our family wealth, providing comfort, safety and a sense of

community. But as much as we define home, our home also defines us (Bennett,

2014).

The conception of student housing draws upon the model of the

conventional family house. For Sixsmith (1986), home is not a single place for

each person; rather, a number of places can fill this role simultaneously.

Similarly, Klis van der and Karsten (2008) argue that home can be a dual-

residence situation in which one dwelling is near the workplace and the other is

the family residence (Najikb et al,2010). On the other hand, Hurtubise et.al.

(2009) define shelter as a place where one goes to avoid danger or a place where

people who have no place else to go can gather.

 Abraham Maslow’s (1943) theory on Human Motivation, in his Hierarchy

of Needs emphasized that shelter is one of the most important basic needs of

humans to survive. Along with the needs of shelter is the need for safety. This

theory states that shelter provide protection from elements, security, order, law,

stability and freedom from fear. It is believed that shelter and safety must always

be together because they are closely knitted and related to each other that one

cannot stand alone in the absence of another.

Along with this, the rise of hotel, apartments, dormitories and

hostel/boarding houses are one of the remedy to cater people who are away from

their home. A boarding house is referred to a place where people can stay when

their residence is located far from the educational institution or their work place

(Suki & Chowdhury, 2015) and boarding houses also play a key role in providing

affordable rental accommodation for people on low incomes (Randwick

Comprehensive Development Control Plan, p.2). Students particularly those from

the provinces stay in boarding houses or dormitories which are considered

temporary dwellings. Their living conditions in these dwellings may result to

beneficial and/ or prejudicial contributions to their holistic well-being (Brilliantes

et al, 2012).

A housing that fulfills one’s daily needs provide a high satisfaction rate to

the occupants. Satisfaction towards the living condition means no complaints are

made since the housing units fulfill the needs and aspiration of occupants (Ajayi
et al, 2015). Satisfaction is a pleasant feeling that you get when you received

something you wanted or when you have done something you wanted to do

(Cambridge dictionary, 2017). In addition, according to Parker and Mathews

(2001), Satisfaction being a process of evaluation between what was received and

what was expected is the most widely adopted description of user satisfaction

(Ajayi et al, 2015). Satisfying users of any facility should be one of the main

objectives of providing such facility in the first place.

Similarly, the phenomena mentioned above is also true in Ampayon,

Butuan City where Caraga State University is located.  Caraga State University is

a school that has become the melting pot of Caraga wherein students from various

places in the region are attracted to study in this University that started to rose its

fame.

Along with the growth of the university population, the demands of

boarding houses nearby increased. So, boarding houses business near the school

flourished. However, the problem regarding the rise of these boarding houses

business is the proper implementation of boarding houses laws that may put the

lives of student boarders at risk. Since it played an integral role to the students’

life, then the living conditions of the students must be given attention, concern

and importance.

As a result of researchers initial observation, most of the boarders have

encountered problems in their boarding houses such as overcrowding, poor

ventilation, poor maintenance and limited facilities, kitchen that is infested with

rats and cockroaches, poor management.  These social and physical

environmental conditions of the boarding houses are believed to affect the living

conditions of the boarders. Through these observations, the researchers’ main

reason in conducting this research is for the government, boarding house owners,

CSU-OSA and students to know clearly the level of satisfaction on the living

condition on student boarders in their respective boarding houses/dormitories.

And also to have an idea about the life they will encounter when living in

boarding houses. This research is conducted to identify how comfortable and

satisfied the student boarders with the facilities, management, and their

relationship towards to their co-boarders, roommates and with the owner of the

boarding house, it also aims to know the perceived effects of the student boarders

towards the physical aspect and management of the boarding house including the

relational aspect towards the people surrounding the student boarder. The

researchers also wants to know the problems encountered by the students living in

the boarding houses near Caraga State University. And to further require insight

on how to come up with better solution in order to solve the particular problem. In

pursuance of this study it will help the researchers to gather relevant information.

The purpose of this study is to know how satisfied the student boarders

with the physical aspect, management and relational aspect for students to be

more aware on issues and problems that the current boarders are facing in living

in a boarding houses, not only for the students, but also for the government,
boarding house owners and CSU-OSA so that, they will also be aware of what

was happening or the situation of the student boarders in their boarding houses

and how was their living condition. Furthermore, this study will give the

university and private owners of boarding houses subsequent knowledge that

having a good accommodation, good facility, and good social relationship has a

very important role in the living condition and satisfaction of the student boarders.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The main purpose of this study is to assess the living conditions of the

student boarders in a boarding house in Ampayon, Butuan City. It also aims to

determine the level of satisfaction of the boarders in terms of the physical

facilities, social relationship, and management aspect of the boarding house.

Specifically, this study will seek to answer the following question;

1. What is the profile of the boarder respondent in terms of:

1. Age

2. Sex

3. Year enrolled

4. Estimated monthly income of the parents

5. Length of stay in boarding house

6. Purok

7. Ethnic Affiliation

8. Degree Program and Year level

 9. Place of Origin

10. Monthly allowance

11. No. of siblings

1.10 No. of siblings currently studying

2. What is the general feature of the boarding house in terms of:

1. Physical Facilities

2.1.1. Electronic devices/ appliances

2.1.2. Water Supply

2.1.3. Electricity

2.1.4. Leisure area

2.1.5. Laundry/ washing area

2.1.6. Bathrooms/Comfort rooms

2.1.7. Bedrooms

2.1.8. Safety and security services/ device

2. Management

2.1 House Rules

2.1.1. Curfew Hours

2.1.2. Safety and security

2.1.3. Visiting Hours

2.1.4. Waste Disposal and Sanitary Condition

2.2. Rental Rate

2.3. Accessibility
 2.4. Number of Occupants

2.4.1 Number of Occupants in every room

3. What is the level of satisfaction in the living condition of the student boarders in

the boarding house in terms of:

3.1. Physical Facility/Structure

3.1.1. Bathrooms/Comfort Rooms

3.1.2. Comfort of Bed

3.1.3. Bedrooms

3.1.3. Water Supply

3.1.4. Electricity and Appliances

3.1.5. Proper ventilation

3.1.6. Safety and Security

3.2. Relational Aspect

3.2.1. Boarder to Boarder Relationship

3.2.2. Roommate to Roommates Relationship

3.2.3. Boarder to Boarding House Owner Relationship

3.3. Management

3.3.1 House Rules

3.3.1.1 Curfew Hours

3.3.1.2. Safety and security

3.3.1.3. Visiting Hours

3.2.1.4 Waste Disposal and Sanitary Condition

4. Is there a significant association between general feature of the boarding house

and the living condition of the student’s boarders.

5. What are the significant factors affecting the level of satisfaction on living

condition of the boarders.

6. What are the problems encountered by the University student boarders upon

their stay on their respective boarding houses?

7. H1. There is a significant association between physical facilities, management,

and relational aspect to the level of satisfaction to the boarders.

   HO. There is no significant association between physical facilities,

management, and relational aspect to the level of satisfaction to the boarders.

1.3 Significance of the Study

This study assessed the living conditions of student boarders in a boarding

house in Ampayon, Butuan City. The findings of this study are significant to the

following entities:

To the Boarders. This study will help the respondents by providing them

basic information about the living conditions of the student boarders. Also, this

study gives them idea how to look or choose a boarding house that will make their

stay comfortable, satisfied, safe and secured.

To the Boarding House Operators. The information in this study will

provide more knowledge to the operators/owners on what are the necessary

requirements to operate a boarding house and how should a boarding house will

be properly managed so that the boarders will be comfortable, happy and feel safe

as they stay in the place.

To the local Government Units. The output of this study will help them

to be aware of what is the situation of boarding houses specifically in Ampayon,

Butuan city and will help them make a necessary action in order to improve their

evaluation and monitoring mechanism to ensure quality services and facilities of

boarding houses which will provide a comfortable living condition among the

boarders.

To the Licensing Division. The result of this study will serve as a

reference to this department if the boarding houses followed the necessary

requirements in running a boarding house for the safety and security of their

boarders. This study will also give them realization that they should enhance their

monitoring system to monitor the boarding houses if the owners have secured the

necessary papers or requirements that are required from them to operate their

business.

To the Researchers. This study will be used as reference for those future

researchers whose also concern on the living condition of student boarders

especially, along this topic.

To the CSU-Office of the Student Affairs (OSA). The output of this

study will provide information to OSA on the real condition of student boarders in

their respective boarding house and able to make an intervention plan in terms of
accrediting these boarding houses in order to ensure the comforts and safety of the

students’ boarders especially those who are studying in Caraga State University.

1.4 Scope and Limitation

Central to this study is to assess the level of satisfaction on the living

condition of the student boarders who live in the boarding houses near the Caraga

State University, Ampayon, Butuan City, Agusan Del Norte in terms of the

physical facilities, rental rate, management, relational aspect and the problems

encountered of the boarders.

This study is a sequential mixed method with the used of the researchers’

made survey questionnaire. In selecting the location, Stratified Random Sampling

is used while, in choosing/selecting the respondents, Systematic Random

Sampling is use. There are 132 boarding houses and it’s divided into two clusters;

cluster A and B, every cluster is consist of 66 boarding houses and in every

boarding house the researchers get 2 respondents as a representative of the

boarding house and 1 key informant.

1.5 Theoretical Framework

This study is about the assessment of the level of satisfaction on the living

conditions of the student boarders in selected boarding houses in Ampayon,

Butuan City which can be explained by Abraham Maslow’s Theory of Human

Motivation, Customer Satisfaction Theory, and Karl Marx’s Modern Conflict

Theory.
 People have different kind of needs such as love/belonging, safety,

esteem, and self-actualization however, according to Maslow’s theory of human

motivation in his hierarchy of needs, the first and most basic need for people to

survive is having food, water and shelter.  People must have food to eat, water to

drink and a place to call home before they can think about anything else (Martin,

D. & Joomis, K., 2007).

As a basic human necessity, shelter is important because they keep people

from harm and give people a feeling of well-being and boost their will to live.

Having a shelter therefore generally improves person’s quality of life. Since

shelters provide a sense of security, dwellers can better focus on the other aspect

of their lives (“Why is shelter important”, 2017).

For people who need to leave their hometown or move to somewhere else

for the purpose of finding a job or to study, dormitories and boarding houses

serves as a temporary shelter for this people. Especially, students who have to live

away from their families to pursue their studies. As their temporary home/shelter,

they are expecting most of the facilities they are enjoying in their respective home

places (Ylagan & Catibog, 2013).

As the boarders’ stays/lives in the boarding house, he/she must be

comfortable or satisfied with the facilities, accommodation and services that the

boarding house provides, Oliver (1997) stated that, satisfaction is the consumers’

fulfillment response. It is a judgement that a product or service feature, or the

product of service itself, providing a pleasurable level of consumption-related

fulfillment, including levels of under-or over-fulfillment (as cited in Hom, W.,

n.d). Satisfaction can be determined by subjective and objective factors,

subjective factors are the customer needs, emotions, etc. while, objective factors

are the facilities and service feature.

. Having a good facilities, accommodations and services in the boarding

house can have a positive or good impression towards the boarders. According to

the customer/consumer satisfaction theory as defined by Kotler et al (2013), that

this theory is the pre-determined by how the expectations of the boarders are met.

Customer/consumer satisfaction is directly connected to the boarders needs (Hill

et al., 2007 as cited in Guterman, 2015). A term preferable to alternatives such as

happiness/ unhappiness, since it specifically implies the satisfaction of specific

needs and wants (Schindler, 1988). Furthermore, Kotler and Armstrong (2004)

mention that:

“Consumers always require a product or service that is able to satisfy

their needs. Consumers choice is based on their perception on the

value and satisfaction of the product and service they receive”

(Sugiati et al, 2013).

The customer/consumer satisfaction in the lodging industries is mainly identified

by the boarding house services, management and quality. However, in the

boarding house industry, satisfaction is not referred to a specific product or

services; it is composed by a various feature.

Atkinson (1988) found out that cleanliness, security, value for money and

courtesy of staff or owner determine customer satisfaction while, Knutson (1988)

revealed that cleanliness of the room, comfort, convenience of location, prompt

service, safety and security, and friendliness of co-boarders and the owner are

important. However, a study conducted by Akan (1995) claimed that the

cleanliness, timeliness and the behavior of the co-boarders, roommates especially

the owner is the vital factor of customer satisfaction. According to Yoshido

(Kondo, 2001), boarders complain when they are dissatisfied with the facilities

and services they received. This means that the absolute number and/or

percentage of complaints can be the indicators of customer dissatisfaction

(Lengyel, 2012).

When the behavior of the people surrounding the boarder is not good or

appropriate, conflict will arise. The researchers will use conflict theory between

the relationship of the boarder towards his/her co-boarders, roommates and to the

owner. Conflict theory according to Karl Marx, is that society is in a state of

perpetual conflict due to competition for limited resources. It holds that social

order is maintained by domination and power rather than consensus and

conformity (Conflict theory, 2017). Conflict may occur within all kinds of human
relationships but it is prevalent in interpersonal relationship where the parties

share a living space like roommates.

Roommates share the same living space, they eat together and sleep

together in the same space which most of them implementing a rule inside in a

room to avoid conflict. However, people sharing one room may have grown up

with different values, customs or family tradition which it can break the rules that

implemented in the certain rooms. Conformity of the certain rules is difficult to

follow its because we have different standard of behavior and beliefs. According

to the Encyclopedia of Sociology (2001), conformity is a type of social influence

through which group members come to share similar beliefs and standard

behavior. Conflict also occur between roommates if there is a difference in

personality and poor communication, their reaction through verbal and nonverbal

communication.

Conflict between boarders may arise if there is paucity of resources which

refers to the different facilities in the boarding house, like water supply, bathroom

and comfort room which is useful in daily used. Conflict between the boarder(s)

and the boarding house owner may occur when some boarders are not paying rent

and violates the house rules and when the owner has bad characteristics or

mistreating his/her boarders. Especially, when the owner is forcing his/her

boarders to pay an advance rental payment and scaring them to be evicted.

However, aside of dealing problems with the owner’s characteristics, inadequate

of facilities can arise conflict between the boarders and the owner.

Conflict Theory of Stratification by Collins (1975), people are seen as

inherently sociable but also as particular conflict-prone in their social relation.

Conflict is likely to occur in social relations because “violent action” can always

be used by one person or many people in an interaction setting. Student boarders

are likely to be affected by material factors such as physical places like the

physical facilities of the certain boarding house, and the mode of communication

with in the boarding houses to interact with the people around them like the

behavior, attitude and the norms of the student boarders are different with their

co- boarders, roommates and the boarding house owner. So Collin seen in

everyday life among the interaction of the individual where the conflict occur.

Conflict may involve among the interaction of the individual since the

landlord/landlady has the power to rule the boarding house. An individual who

opposed the rules and regulation implemented, will have penalty such as treat of

eviction.

Collins also argued that in a situation of inequality, those groups that control

resources are likely to try to exploit those that lack of resources. The owner who

control the resources has implemented the rules and regulation of the boarding

house such as having the time limit using the light, curfew hour or in watching

television and etc. in which the boarders who are lack of the resources will follow
such rules even though it’s difficult for them to follow it because they are only

renters. Scarcity of the resources may be a source of frustration of the boarders

and it may lead to conflict. Stratification may occur in the boarding house

because the owner have the authority to control the boarders that’s why there is

subordination happen in which the boarders follow them. However, those who

have a resources can selected a good boarding house with a complete facilities

that will satisfy their needs for living.

1.6 Conceptual Framework

Figure 1. The Schematic diagram showing the process and flow of the research

undertaking

1.7 Operational Definition of Terms

The following terms are defined operationally for better understanding of the

study.

Boarding House. In this study, these refers to any house, building or structure in

which person are regularly accepted as boarders upon payment for the use of

living quarters and facilities.

Boarder. In this study, these refers to a student or person who lives in a boarding

house for a consideration payable in money, goods or services, or any

combination of money, goods or services.

Level of Satisfaction. In this study, these refers to the satisfaction of the boarders

towards the facilities, management and his/her relationship towards his/her co-

boarders, roommates and the owner of the boarding house,

Living Condition. In this study, these refers to the

Management. In this study, these refers to the House rules of the boarding house

which includes the curfew hours, visiting hours, sanitary condition and the safety

and security of the boarding house.

Owner.  In this study, this refers to any person who owns or manages, or

maintains a boarding house.

Physical Facilities. In this study, this refers to the facilities such as the bedroom,

the dining room, study room, kitchen, receiving room, toilet, bathrooms, laundry,

washing area, and electricity.

Policy. In this study, this refers to the rules and regulation implemented by the

management for the boarders to follow.

Problems Encountered. In this study, this refers to the problems/ experiences of

the boarders towards their boarding house in terms of the facilities or the people

around them.

Relational Aspect. In this study, this refers to the relationship of the boarder

towards his/her co-boarders, roommates and the boarding house owner.

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the review of related literatures that have bearings

on the study. These were considered to give substances of the topic.  In search for

information that could help us in our research, we’ve found a number of related

literature and sources. Various research papers, journals, internet articles and the

undergraduate thesis widened our knowledge about the topic related to our study.

These chapter presented the factors for living in the boarding house, living

condition and the problem encountered of the student boarders, then the level
satisfaction of the student boarders with the facilities, next is the effect that

perceive by the student boarders and the last is the summary.

2.1 Factors of Living in a Boarding House

College is one of the biggest events in a person’s life as it involves not

only education but also the youth’s culture. During this period, many students

choose to live away from their families and live closer to school due to many

different reasons (Glory, B. et.al, 2014). The main factor or reason for the

students to choose to live away from home during their college schooling is the

geographical isolation which the families who live in remote areas where schools

are not easily accessible may choose to send their children to boarding houses

near to the colleges or the universities (Goodeducation.com.au, 2013). In addition,

Lou et.al, (2009) stated that students that board tend to be from relatively poor

families living in the remote villages (Chu and Rozelle, 2012). Another factor

why students choose to live in a boarding house to avoid long commutes.

        Ylagan& Catibog (2013) stated that college students who come from far

places usually look for a boarding house in order for them to adjust to their new

college life and live independently. As their temporary home, they are also

expecting most of the facilities they are enjoying in their respective home places.

Boarding houses of students are their home away from their real home. Thus,

students especially freshmen and even those at the higher years including their
parents must check the houses before deciding where their child or children will

stay while studying at the College or State University.

      In addition, Selm (2015) stated that boarding house is a unique experience for

the students. Not only they learn how to cope with living away from their family

and friends, but also how to make decisions whilst being taught how to live within

a community composed of a variety of different people. However, Clamor (2013)

emphasizes that many college students living away from home and closer to their

schools would arrive at their rented rooms, exhausted and starving. But there is no

mother cooking their favorite dish in the kitchen, no father to ask how classes

were, and no siblings or cousins to greet them with noise and hugs. This scenario

is a part of an adjustment process of many college students who have opted to

study far from their home in the provinces. A daily dose of this can add to the

homesickness. But many students stood up against sad emotions for four years

just to complete their college studies on a practical budget.       

2.2 Living Condition and Problems Encountered of the Student Boarders

         Velasquez-Garcia & Garcia (2016) stated that majority of the universities in

the Philippines caters to commuting students and very few other offers on campus

residential facilities. Living arrangements for Filipino students can vary from

staying with parents to living in boarding house. Most dormitories and boarding

houses in the Philippines are privately owned and that the quality of the facilities

and living conditions are variable and mostly unregulated.

       According to Cummins (2000), living conditions can be of an objective or

subjective order, comprising dimension such as maternal well-being, health,

productivity, family relations, social relations, friendship, security, emotional

well-being, etc. The objective dimension could be defined culturally relevant

measures of objective welfare, in other words, those related to material

possessions. The subjective dimension in turn, would represent the satisfaction

provided by the other dimensions, and could be assessed through important

people perceive in these (as cited in Freitas, et al, 2016). Moreover, According to

RegDwight (2013), living conditions refers to the circumstances of a person's life-

shelter, food, clothing, safety, access to clean water. Living in the boarding

houses, teaches students responsibility in managing household chores, doing

laundry, managing their time, and budgeting money amid the demands of school

activities and homework. In addition, Barton, et al, (2007) stated that the living

conditions in boarding houses can be defined by the physical environment that

they live.

                According to Brilliantes, et al, (2012) proximity and affordability are

the two major requirements in choosing a boarding house or dormitory to the

school and to other establishment is a great factor, moreover, the price of the rent

is a thing to be greatly considered. They also found out in their study that some

boarding house facilities in Davao City are failed to furnish for safety and welfare

and most of them violated the provisions stipulated in the Building Code of the
Philippines. And also, the facilities like study rooms, bathrooms and safety

lockers are missing in several boarding houses; noise is a big problem to the

students especially during study period and lightning in the study rooms and

supply of natural air as abated. Thus, majority of the boarding house in Davao

City have no business permits to operate.

According to the study of Canto (2006), revealed the problems of student

nurses in selected boarding houses in Batangas City, that respondents experience

a lot of problems such as money and other finances and disturbed sleeping pattern

because of some disturbance like noise. De Larrosa (2000) added that living in the

boarding houses does vastly improve the sociability of the students in college,

especially in freshmen. Being away from home increases leadership and

interpersonal skills and cultural awareness. (as cited in Ylagan & Catibog, 2013).

Hidalgo (2010) reported that some boarding houses at the University Belt

in Manila look cramped, dilapidated and poorly ventilated. But some students put

up with these conditions because such boarding houses are cheaper and closer to

their schools. One owner even admitted to not having the business permit to

operate his boarding house. With this living condition, occupants are putting

themselves in danger as the houses are made of light materials which are

flammable.

However, Ghani and Suleiman (2016) stated that security is an important

element in human living environment, where security is not guaranteed in any

boarding houses the lives and properties of the student will be at risk; comfort and

safety living in such area became an illusion. Moreover, Donaldson, et al, (2014)

shared the view that off-campus student housing becomes vulnerable to criminal

attacks because criminals are monitoring and aware that student houses are

deserted during vacations periods. Most of the off- campus student housing is

stunned with inadequacy of security facilities and personnel, also couples of the

students’ carelessness on taking precautions of securing all doors and windows,

makes it vulnerable target. While, Alaka, et al, (2012) in their study in Nigeria

observe and confirmed that only “20 out of the 44 private student hostels have just

one security personnel each’ while the remaining 24 has none.

             Furthermore, in the study of Collen and Anderson (2003) as cited by

Villanueva, et al, (2007) they stated that a gender mixed or co-ed boarding house

can draw intimate relationship among female and male boarders. This is alarming

as sexual intimacy which may lead to engagement of male and female boarders to

relationship, pre-marital sex and unwanted pregnancies may take place. On the

other hand, Deasy (1985) emphasizes that, privacy is very important for residents

of boarding houses and dormitories, more importantly for women, as it is for

everyone. Should a person want to be in private, he/she cannot make it so in this

orientation, since it is implied that one is being surrounded by many individuals.

In the study of Navarez (2017), he found out that the DLSU student concerns

related to privacy living also unsatisfactory among the residence since the rooms
are crowded and that space for movement is minimal with four residents sharing

in one room. Curfew, visitation policies and all others for implementations must

be intensified because the study of Villanueva, et al, (2007) reports that looseness

or laxity of the rules or policies and their implementation especially on visitation

is one of the common causes why students-renters are deemed to involve in some

worthless activities. Furthermore, a respondent of their study said that due to

laxity of policies in the boarding house, they are encouraged to bring partners and

engage in some conducts like drinking spree and sexual activities among others.

        In addition, Brilliantes, et al, (2012) found out in their study that owners

most of the time allow parents and close relatives to stay in or enter the

occupant’s room. However, other visitors who are considered non-relatives are

allowed to visit but are to be entertained in the receiving area not inside the room.

And also, some students prefer to stay near their school campus to save

transportation cost but some are willing to pay a higher monthly rental for a more

secure and safe place.

While, Donaldson, et al, (2014) describe that student housing as the most

“exploited housing market”, because students pay high rental rate for housing

accommodation. Likewise, Sage, et al, (2013) observe in students dominated

areas, high rental price is distinguished as landlords “hike property prices” and

Gopal (2008) reported the rent is inflated because so many people go to school in

the certain area. Ghani and Suleiman (2016) added that rent price of student house
is an important factor for economic conscious students which supported economic

demand and supply theory of “higher the price, lower the demand”. Therefore,

students have to choose to live with shared rent-cost among them to meet up with

the market rent values. Rugg, et al, (2000) summarized it by saying ‘students

shared rooms to make savings on rental cost. Garmendia, et al, (2011) found in

UK that most of the student share three and four-bedrooms flats so that they can

easily afford the rent. It is clear that affordability is often a top priority to

students, as many students in private rental accommodation share house

apartment or room to reduce rental rate per person. They found out that low rental

value in housing market play significant role in students housing demand and will

encourage students living comfortably.

            In addition, in the study of Ylagan and Catibog (2013) they found out that

there are few students who stay in accredited boarding houses even if it is

recommended by the Office of Student Affairs (OSA). Accredited boarding

houses in LPU complied such very much as, there is a sticker identifying their

dorm as an accredited boarding house, are well-being maintained and their

dormitory rules are properly discussed to them to ensure better service.

          Furthermore, Reyes II (2006) find out in his study in Kalinga Apayao, that

majority of the boarding houses of the students is of the single type which

accommodates 4-6 student boarders and the main source of water for the boarding

house is from private artesian wells and from the water system of the city and the
manual types of comfort rooms which common to males and female’s boarders.

The problems of the student boarders were no abode policy, rules and regulations,

and contract executed between the landlady/ the landlord and the boarders, and

common bath and comfort rooms were very serious problem. while, Hassanain

(2008) classified support services as electrical wiring, water supply, garbage

disposal, fire safety, pipe repairs, and 24-hours security guards. Karlin, et al,

(1979) stated that hotel room size can indeed influence student’s level of

satisfaction. For instance, students who lived in triple-sharing rooms were less

satisfied and unhappier with their living conditions than students residing in

double-sharing rooms. This result in a very congested living environment.

Silva and Lankathilake (2016) discovered in their study that quality of

drinking water in boarding houses is questionable. The inhabitants of the boarding

house have insufficient sanitary facilities, and often they have to share one toilet

with other members in the house hold. And they cook their meals in a limited

space inside their own habitable room in the boarding house.

While, Dagongdong (2014) suggested that a safe dormitory living based

on physical condition is the characteristics of the campus public setting and their

immediate neighborhoods which are generally associated with greater perceptions

of fear. It was also stated that factors such as darkness, desolation, lack of other

people in surrounding areas, and poor maintenance can influence perceptions of

fear about public setting. One might think that someone’s hiding on the places
where there are obstructions in one’s line of sight which would make them feel

trapped without possible escape routes (as cited in Loukaitou-Sideris and Fink,

2009).

Thus, Tesfaye and Jibat (2014) found in their study that students could not

meet their basic needs including food, clothing and housing and special needs of

hygiene material. Increasing living cost and expectation of family support from

payment they receive worsen their conditions. The community also negatively

perceives off-campus students as sources of prices inflation, crime and sexual

misbehaviors. Lack of access to house rent, unsuitability and insecurity are among

pressing problems. Absence of dormitory facility is perceived to be the root cause

for their vulnerability to sexual harassment including rape, theft and robbery.

They are forced to seek male assistance of security and or income which turn

increases their sexual vulnerability. As male and female students share a single

living room, their vulnerability to pre-marital sex and its complicated unforeseen

consequences such as unwanted pregnancy.

2.3 Level of Satisfaction

         Fecika (2004) define satisfaction as merely the result of things not going

wrong, satisfying the needs and desires of the customer and it is a feeling which

results from the process of evaluating what was received against that expected,

the purchase decision itself and or the fulfilment of needs and wants. On the other

hand, Amoled (2005), define satisfaction with student housing facilities as a

pleasant feeling when the student’s housing needs have been fulfilled especially

with the existence of superiority physical features. He also affirmed that

satisfaction with student housing facilities student’s impression when their

privacy needed in a room has been ben met.

          While, Stoltenberg (2011) defines satisfaction as a fulfillment of need or

desire, the pleasure obtained by such fulfillment. “Satisfaction is the feeling of

pleasure or disappointment attained from comparing a product’s perceived

performances (outcome) in relation to his or her expectations. If the performances

fall short of expectations, the customer is dissatisfied and if the performances

match the expectations the customer is satisfied. Student may remain a long

length of time to stay in the boarding house when they’re satisfied and

comfortable the facilities inside the boarding house. According to Maslow’s

Hierarchy of Needs theory (1943) as cited by McGraw- Hill (N.D) that there are

four types of needs that must be satisfied before a person can act unselfishly. The

physiological needs are basic needs; the sleep, oxygen, freedom of movement and

moderate temperature. When any of these are in short supply, we feel the

distressing tension, fatigue, shortness of breath, or discomfort of being too hot.

When the physiological needs are met, the need for security kicks in. Safety need

includes physical, environmental and emotional safety and protection. Safety

needs operate mainly on a psychological level. Love and belongingness needs

come into play after the physiological and security drives are satisfied. Maslow’s
concept of belonging combines the twin urges to give and receive love. Esteem

needs which is the result of competence or mastery of tasks. Harvard psychologist

David McClrlland calls this ‘need for achievement’. There’s the attention and

recognition that come from others. Maslow on the other hand, believes that

repeated shift in motivation are possible when a person is in a supportive

environment. Lastly is the self- actualization can take many forms; may include

the quest for knowledge, understanding peace, self-fulfillment, meaning in life, or

beauty.

Ajayi, et al, (2015) stated that the physical entity of housing ties down a

person or family to personal services and relationships. A housing that fulfills

one's daily needs provide a high satisfaction rate to occupants. Satisfaction

towards the living conditions means no complaints are made since the housing

units fulfill the needs and aspirations of the residents. Satisfaction towards the

housing environment reflects residents' reaction towards their living environment.

In general, housing has been accepted as a main component towards a quality

life. There are factors that are associated with housing satisfaction. These factors

can be broadly categorized as physical, social and management factors. Physical

factors are those related to the physical characteristics of a dwelling and its

surrounding environment. Regarding the physical factors, empirical studies have

shown that housing satisfaction is associated with an improvement of security

control; dwelling design and privacy; unit size and length of stay; property value,
housing adequacy and available housing space, adaptability and flexibility of

spaces and satisfaction with the facilities of surrounding environment. All of these

factors emphasize the importance of the physical attributes of the constructed

environment on residents' satisfaction.

Liu (1999) study residential satisfaction in housing estates: a Hong Kong

perspective on automation in construction and study presented factors (on both

physical and social levels) which influence residential satisfaction of a sample of

occupants in a chosen residential area in Hong Kong. Findings showed that there

exists a high level of dissatisfaction amongst the public housing occupants.

However, the major concerns of the public housing occupants lie in the areas of

maintenance and cleanliness of the estate, integrity of the building fabric and ease

of access by public transport while the major concerns of the private housing

occupants lie in the lack of facilities for the disabled as well as for recreational,

elderly and childcare facilities. In the other words, a dwelling can provide more

satisfaction to its residents if, besides being available, it meets the residents'

requirements (as cited by Ajayi, et al., 2015). Residential satisfaction is an

important predictor of individuals well-being, where being satisfied with the

residence reduces negative emotions such as loneliness (Botha, et al., 2015)

While, Hassanain (2008) stated that on common residential satisfaction

measurement as point out that student perception can be assessed in terms of both

technical (i.e room acoustic and visual comfort) and functional (i.e room finish
and room layout requirement). However, considers technical and functional

building performances as two different aspect that can be used to explain student

residential satisfaction. According to Strange (1991), that other physical factors

that adversely affect satisfaction levels with residence halls include excessive

noise, too little or too much light, extreme temperatures, or poor air quality. The

factors affect satisfaction negatively and all result in poor overall satisfaction with

residence hall. Building size is also a key determinant of satisfaction, with lower

levels of satisfaction reported in larger residence halls. This is mostly due to the

perceive crowdedness of the residence hall, which takes into account the perceive

size of the facilities. High density situation, such as in a perceived crowded

residence hall, have the least positive impact on residents (Strange, 1991). The

second key determinants that contributes to student satisfaction of residence halls

is social factors (Floubert et al., 1997). Moreover, Ullom & Hallenback (1981),

states that students who are supported both emotionally and socially or who have

a strong sense of community tend to be more satisfied with their residence hall

experience (as cited by Othman, 2015).

Likewise, Bruin and Cook (1997) stated that social factors concern the

personal characteristics of the people who reside in these dwellings as well as

their feelings and perceptions of the environment. Studies have shown that

housing satisfaction is associated with the personality characteristics of the

residents, perceived quality and physical comfort, residents' relationship with

management staff, home ownership and aggregate income. The findings of

research of Fatoye and Odusanmi (2009) in Nigeria on the evaluation of housing

performance based on occupiers' satisfaction approach showed that the occupiers

were most satisfied with criteria under design such as the number of rooms in

their houses, the ceiling height, the location of different rooms, and nearness to

schools. They were least satisfied with the criteria under the subsystems of estate

layout and site location, and access to local facilities and city-wide services such

as nearness of house to fire-fighting stations (Ajaya, et al., 2015).

          According to Price, et al, (2003) good housing management could increase

the relative satisfaction of students in their residence halls. The role played by the

management in managing the housing environment is crucial especially in student

housing. Effects of management can be discerned through the way hostel

allocation was carried out, implementation of the law, hygiene, maintenance,

security and students' relations. The relationship between the housing

management and students pose a large influence on students' housing satisfaction

(Ajani, et al., 2015).

2.4 Perceive Effects of the Student Boarders

          According to the study of Brillantes, et al, (2012), they found out that on

the academic level, the respondents agree that their academic performance has

improved during their stay in the boarding house. They also agree that they can

accomplish academic requirements efficiently during their stay in the boarding

house. This is probably because no household chores will interrupt them

whenever they review their lessons or do their school projects or requirements. In

addition, board mates’ helps in academic related needs, thus, they perform better

in school. This is usually observed if one has a senior board mates willing to assist

the needs of boarders of lower years. In addition, Reyes II (2016), said that

students who lives in housing facilities are expected to have better performances

in school than who live in substandard homes. Good housing facilities with clean

environment, sanitary waste disposal system, portable water supply, and peaceful

surrounding will enable students to concentrate better in their studies. The kind of

boarding house can very well affect a student’s academic performance. If the

environment is depressing to student, that depression will interfere with a

student’s study skills. On the other hands, if the environment is lively, a lot of

activity and peer pressure, that also can have a negative effect on students

performances. Students must feel comfortable within their environment, and in an

environment that facilitate a good balance between school responsibilities and

personal life (as cited by (Bomogao, et al, 2010).

Brilliantes, et al, (2012) also states that in social aspect the respondent

claim that they become friendlier when they stay in a boarding house. They are

able to establish friendship among other occupants when one needs to have a

sense of belongingness. To be with friends or to socialize is one of the most

important needs of human being as reflected in Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs.

Brillantes, et al, (2012) as cited by (Estrada, et al, 2008) social activities in

boarding house create essentialities in the lives of the students. Since away from

one’s family creates the feeling of homesickness and loneliness; experts agree that

one of the best ways to cope with these is to get involved in activities. Siblings-

like relationships also are present and easily observable on any college dormitory.

.In their emotional aspects most of the college students prefer not confide to their

friends when they have problems. Furthermore, respondents agree that their

friends call their attention when they misbehave. In addition respondents have

significantly identified and recognized the support system that can be given by

their friends to them, especially in cases when they feel sad.

2.5 Summary and Conclusion

Living in the boarding house is necessary for students who come from far

places. Geographical isolation is the factor of living in the boarding house which

they live in the remote villages. However despite the above recommendations

what is on ground is quite different as most boarding houses do not have adequate

fire extinguisher, poorly ventilated with small living space, lightning in the study

room and the supply of natural of natural air is abated and the noise is a big

problem of the students. Gender mixed of the boarding house can draw intimate

relationship. Most of the boarding house failed to furnish for safety and welfare of

the students. The existence of physical features of the boarding house can create a

pleasant feeling when the students housing needs have been fulfilled. The kind of
boarding house can very well affect a student’s academic performance and also

can affect in their physical, emotional and social aspect.

The researchers have garnered information that most student of Caraga

State University main campus Ampayon, Butuan city originated from different

places. The related literature will support the study of the researchers to elaborate

the scope of the study about the level of satisfaction in the living condition of the

student boarders and its effects especially to the college student’s boarders. With

the aid of book articles, research papers, journals, thesis and other helpful sources

that will support to formulate valuable information and arrive at concrete

conclusions in the future by explaining the level of satisfaction in a living

condition of the student boarders in terms of physical facilities, management,

physical aspects and the relational aspects. The researchers have acquired

background information about our research topic which would be very essential in

determining the methods to be used conducting the research and in identifying the

kind of approach best be applied in gathering the rest of the data needed for the

completion of the study. The review of related literature identified several gaps

that further convinced the researcher to undertake this study.

 Therefore, this research seeks to undertake an in-depth investigation on

student’s satisfaction with the facilities, management and the relationship towards

co-boarders, roommates and owner in selected boarding houses in Ampayon,

Butuan City.
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presented the research design, research locale, sample and

sampling design, research instrument, data gathering method and procedures,

statistical tool and data analysis technique.

3.1 Research Design

The study used mixed method research design. According to Creswell

(2007), quantitative research is a means for testing objective theories by

examining the relationship among variables. These variables, in turn, can be

measured, typically on instruments, so that numbered data can be analyzed using

statistical procedures (Creswell, 2008). In connection, the data will be gathered on

the student-boarders of the selected boarding houses in Ampayon, Butuan City.

The study will be utilizing the descriptive and inferential statistic to analyze and

properly describe the data through combination of tabulated descriptive and

inferential statistic.

Hence, this research study is to determine the living condition of University

student in selected boarding house in Ampayon, Butuan City.

3.2 Research Locale

 The study conducted in Barangay Ampayon, Butuan City. The required

respondents of this study were focus only on the Student of Caraga State

University who lives in the selected boarding houses.

The city of Butuan, is the home of "Balanghai's" or "Butuan Boats",

famous pre-historic native boats in Southeast Asia. Butuan is situated in the

northwestern part of the Caraga Region (Region 13). It is the seat of government

of the region and serves as its trading center as well. The city’s strategic location

makes it a natural gateway to the different prime destinations in the region

(Department of Tourism, 2009). Butuan City is consisted of 86 Barangays and

one of them is Barangay Ampayon.

Barangay Ampayon is 7.3km from the city proper and consist of 17

puroks, Ampayon can be reach through public jeepneys or private vehicles. PUJs

are a public transportation used in the main city streets and it has a corresponding

route numbers going to their assigned destination. Multicabs with the route

numbers 7, 8 and 10 are used in getting to the main campus of Caraga State

University.
Figure 2. Map of Barangay Ampayon, Butuan City (source: googlemap.com)
3.3 Sample and Sampling Design

This study used stratified random sampling technique in selecting the

location where the actual sample is located and the systematic random sampling

also used in selecting the respondent that we are going to interviewed. Stratified

random sampling is a method of sampling that involves the division of a

population into smaller groups known as strata. The location is group into two

strata. The strata A is in the front of the CSU and the strata B is located at the

back of the CSU the green gate.

In stratified random sampling, the strata are formed based on members'

shared attributes or characteristics (Investopedia, 2017). The researcher

interviewed only two boarders per boarding house. And also the researcher select

15 respondent, the owner of the boarding house as the key informant of the study.

The respondents of the study limit only for those student-boarders of Caraga State

University that stay in boarding houses with the length of stay in the certain

boarding house at least two years and above. There are 264 respondents are

considered in this study.

There are estimated 200 boarding houses around CSU. A stratified random

sampling will be used to determine the respondent of the survey, that is, a

representative from the boarding house selected.

 To determine the total number of boarding house to be considered as a

sample in this study, a sample size for estimating proportion formula is used. It is

also emphasized that the researcher interviewed only two boarders per boarding

house that are selected as sample. The formula is given below:

Where:

N - is the total number of boarding house

P -  is the proportion of boarding house where respondents/ boarder claims of

having a satisfied living condition;

q - is equal to 1-p (or the proportion of respondents/ boarders’ that experience and

perceive otherwise);

ME-  is the margin of error; and Z is the normal variate value. Thus, at 95%

confidence level with margin of error of 5% and p equals to 50% (the

conservative value), the total sample size, given that there are 200 boarding

houses around CSU, is 132 boarding houses. This sample size will then be equally

allocated to two strata.

3.4 Research Instrument

The study used a survey questionnaire through individual interview as a

tool in collecting the data. The said questionnaire formulated by the researchers

and this validated through pretesting of the instrument.

The questionnaire presented in sequence based on the statement of the

problem. It is divided into four parts: The first part is the socio-demographic

profile of the respondents. Second part, general feature of the boarding house in

terms of the physical facilities, management and rental rate; third part, the living

conditions of the student boarder in boarding house in terms of their satisfaction

and comfortability of the facilities, management and their relation towards their

roommates, co-boarders and the boarding house owner and fourth part is about

the problems encountered by the University student boarders upon their stay on

their respective boarding houses.

The instruments validated through pretesting of the questionnaire to

boarders that are not included in the study. Also, the questions are presented to the
adviser and statistician for their expert’s suggestions that enhanced further the

research instrument.

3.5 Data Gathering Method and Procedure

The data gathered at Barangay Ampayon, Butuan City. The data gathering

through face to face interview with the aid of the questionnaire. Before the

collection of data, the questionnaire presented to the adviser and to the statistician

for further corrections, suggestions and validations.

Also, before the onset of data gathering, the researcher asked permission

from the Barangay captain/officials to allow the researchers to conduct the survey.

As soon as the letter of consent granted the data gathering followed. But before

the start of the interview, the researchers presented a letter/ statement of

confidentiality to the respondent to ensure that their identity and their personal

information is confidential. Then, the questionnaire presented to the respondents

for them to decide if they are going to agree to be a part of this study. After the

questionnaire is answered, the researcher tabulated and process the data with the

help of the adviser and the statistician.

3.6 Statistical tool

The researchers used descriptive and inferential statistics in data   analysis.

Responses from the survey will be grouped, categorized and analyzed.

Descriptive statistics such as frequency counts, percentage distribution, mean,

standard deviation will be employed to analyze numeric data. Chi-square test is

the calculation used to determine how closely the observed data fit the expected

data and it will be employed to determine significant association between

different indicators and/or variables. Further, a linear regression analysis attempt

to the model the relationship between two variables by fitting a linear equation to

observe the data and it will be performed to determine significant factors affecting

the level of living condition of the boarders.

Further, the researchers utilized the Statistical Package for the Social

Science (SPSS) in the computation of the data.

3.7 Data Analysis Technique

The data gathered analyzed through the aid of Statistical Package for the

Social Science (SPSS). SPSS is a Windows based program that can be used to

perform data entry and analysis and to create tables and graphs. SPSS is capable

of handling large amounts of data and can perform all the analyses covered in the

text and much more. SPSS is commonly used in the Social Sciences (Field, 2009).

SPSS can help pure data turn into with tables and graphs, and through that it is

easy to analyze and interpret the data in result and discussion that is tackle in

chapter 4.

The data presented through tables and graphs for a logical presentation of

data that are obtained from the respondents.

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