2020-05-07

Structural Health Monitoring 18CSE254

Medical Doctor Module – 1 SHM Engineer
Introduction to SHM
Dr S. G. Patil

Source: L.A. Bisby Source: L.A. Bisby

Source: H.P. Chen

Introduction

• Civil engineering structures such as bridges and buildings are typically large
and are built with uncertainties. Their behaviour during the construction
phase should be monitored to control the quality and safety of the
construction processes.

• After civil structures have been constructed, the construction materials are
subjected to degradation over time, leading to a decrease in structural
capacity and serviceability. Monitoring during the service phase offers useful
information on structural performance under gradual material degradation
and expected loads, and also records the structural responses of unexpected
sudden overloading.

• Data collected from real time monitoring can then be used for damage
assessment and health evaluation of the civil engineering structures in
service.
Dr. S. G. Patil

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Course objectives and Syllabus

Course objectives:

Structural Health Monitoring examines the use of low-cost, long term

monitoring systems to keep civil infrastructure under constant surveillance,
ensuring structural integrity.

Moreover, the tools and skills the students will learn in this course can be
implemented to develop sustainable maintenance and rehabilitation schemes
and programs.

SHM is to study the in-situ or the field behaviour of a structure through

appropriate instrumentation and tests in order to facilitate effective maintenance
that helps keeping the structure in good condition and extending its service life
beyond the design life.
The course will familiarize the students with the concepts and
techniques related to SHM in order to better prepare them to meet the
challenges in this area and take a leadership role.

Dr. S. G. Patil

Syllabus

References:
1. Structural Health Monitoring Edited by Daniel Balageas, Claus-Peter
Fritzen and Alfredo Güemes. 2006 by ISTE Ltd
2. An Introduction to Structural Health Monitoring by ISIS Canada and
SAMCO Network of the European Commission, L.A. Bisby and M.B.
Briglio

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Definition of Structural health monitoring (SHM)

• It is a non-destructive in-situ structural evaluation method that uses

several types of sensors which are attached to, or embedded in a
structure

• It is a process aimed at providing accurate and in-time information

concerning structural condition and performance. It consists of
permanent continuous, periodic or periodically continuous recording
of representative parameters, over short or long terms.

• The information obtained from monitoring is generally used to

plan and design maintenance activities, increase the safety, verify
hypotheses, reduce uncertainty and to widen the knowledge
concerning the structure being monitored.

Dr. S. G. Patil

Definition of Structural health monitoring (SHM)

• SHM can be defined as a nondestructive in-situ structural evaluation method

that uses any of several types of sensors which are attached to, or embedded
in, a structure.

• These sensors obtain various types of data (either continuously or

periodically), which are then collected, analyzed and stored for future analysis
and reference.

• The data can be used to assess the safety, integrity, strength, or performance
of the structure, and to identify damage at its onset.

• The main purpose of SHM is to study the in-situ or the field behaviour of a
structure through appropriate instrumentation and tests in order to facilitate
effective maintenance that helps keeping the structure in good condition and
extending its service life beyond the design life.

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Why SHM ?
• When innovative materials and techniques are used in rehabilitation of
existing structures or building new ones, we need to monitor their
performance to
• Understand the behaviour
• Prove the design concepts
• Detect possible degradation/damage over a period of time
• Estimate the remaining service life
• Estimate the external loads
• Benefits
GFRG Panels, IITM
• Increased understanding of in-situ structural behaviour
• Early damage detection
• Assurances of structural strength and serviceability
• Decreased down time for inspection and repair
• Development of rational maintenance / management strategies
• Increased effectiveness in allocation of scarce resources
• Enables and encourages use of new and innovative materials

Dr. S. G. Patil

Motivation for SHM

Flight from Hilo to Honolulu in Hawaii state of US

1 Dead, 8 serious injuries

Aloha Airlines flight 243, April 29, 1988, due to corrosion, insufficiently
controlled by maintenance. Metal fatigue
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Motivation for SHM

Killed 14 people
& injured 19,

Injaka bridge collapse in South Africa, July 1998, due to a poorly controlled
construction process Dr. S. G. Patil

SHM - a way for smart materials and structures (SMS)

• Structures which are able to sense and respond/adapt to changes in their

environment are often referred to as smart.
• The design philosophy of smart structures is associated with the integration of
sensors, actuators, controllers and signal processors
• The concept of Smart Materials/Structures (SMS) can be considered as a step in
the general evolution of man-made objects as shown in Figure

General evolution of materials/structures used by people, and the place of smart

structures, including structures with SHM Dr. S. G. Patil

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SHM - a way for smart materials and structures

• There is a continuous trend from simple to complex in human production,

starting from the use of homogeneous materials, supplied by nature and accepted
with their natural properties, followed by multi-materials (in particular, composite
materials) allowing us to create structures with properties adapted to specific
uses.
• In fact, composite materials and multi-materials are replacing homogeneous
materials in more and more structures. This is particularly true in the aeronautic
domain.
• For instance, composite parts are now currently used or envisaged for modern
aircraft (see for instance Boeing’s 7E7 Dreamliner project, which has 50% of its
structures made of composites).
• The next step consists of making the properties of the materials and structures
adapt to changing environmental conditions. This requires making them
sensitive, controllable and active.
• Classically, three types of SMS exist: SMS controlling their shape, SMS controlling
their vibrations, and SMS controlling their health.
• The next step towards smarter structures would be to make self-repairing
materials/structures, or at least materials/structures with embedded damage-
mitigation properties. For instance puncture self-healing materials comprised of
commercially available, known self-healing polymer resin and additive blends.
Dr. S. G. Patil

SHM and Bio Mimetics

• The research on SMS in general, and on SHM in particular, is more or less
influenced by biomimetics (or bio inspiration).
• Regarding SHM, a strong similarity exists between it and medical activity.

Phase of life Man Structures

Birth Birth monitoring Process monitoring

Sound life Health check-up Health and usage

monitoring
Illness and death Clinical monitoring Health (damage)
monitoring

• Very often, sensitive structures equipped with various types of sensors are
compared to living skin. This analogy remains superficial because skin is really an
auto-adaptive smart structure controlling its integrity.
• Often, another analogy is also used, such as between the nervous system of living
beings and structures instrumented by sensors and equipped with a central
processor

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SHM and Bio Mimetics

• The gap between living systems and artefacts is perhaps smaller in this case
• After detection of the damage by the sensors embedded in the structure, the
central processor can build a diagnosis and a prognosis and decide of the
actions to undertake (restriction of the operational domain to avoid
overloading in the damaged area, and/or scheduling a condition-based
inspection possibly followed by a repair).

Courtesy of Prof. A. Sabamehr Dr. S. G. Patil

SHM as a part of system management

• System health management is defined as the capabilities of a system that
preserve the system’s ability to function as intended.
• An equivalent, but much wordier, description is “the capability of the system
to contain, prevent, detect, diagnose, respond to, and recover from conditions
that may interfere with nominal system operations.”
• System health management includes the actions to design, analyze, verify,
validate, and operate these system capabilities.
• These historically have included analytical methods, technologies, design and
manufacturing processes, verification and validation issues, and operational
methods.
• However, System health management is not a purely technical endeavor,
because failures largely originate in the organizational, communicative, and
cognitive features of humans as social beings and as individuals.

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SHM as a part of system management

• Health Management can be defined as the process of making appropriate
decisions/recommendations about operation, mission and maintenance
actions, based on the health assessment data gathered by Health Monitoring
Systems

General organization of SHM taking ex. as Aircraft Dr. S. G. Patil

SHM as a part of system management

• Structural usage and damage parameters are registered by sensors and used
by on-board data acquisition and signal processing equipment.
• The data from the sensors are transformed into information, related to the
structural usage, the environmental history and the resulting damage, with
the help of usage and damage Monitoring Reasoner, which contains
information processing algorithms.
• Predictive Diagnostic Models and Prognostics Models feed a Life
Management Reasoner, which converts the information delivered by the
Usage/Damage Monitoring Reasoner into knowledge about the structural
health of the aircraft.
• This knowledge is then communicated to an Integrated Vehicle Health
Management (IVHM) system, which disseminates the information to the flight
crew, the operations and maintenance services, the Regulatory Agencies and
the Original Equipment Manufacturer

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Passive and Active SHM

Passive
• The structure is equipped with
sensors and interacts with the
surrounding environment, in such a
way that its state and its physical
parameters are evolving.
• If the experimenter is just
monitoring this evolution we can call
his action “passive monitoring”.
• Passive SHM only ‘listens’ to the
structures but does not interact with
them
• Ex- Acoustic emission, strainbased
method, Ambient vibration method
Active
• If the experimenter has equipped the
structure with both sensors and
actuators, he or she can generate
perturbations in the structure, thanks to
actuators, and then, use sensors to
monitor the response of the structure.
In such a case, the action of the
experimenter is “active monitoring”.
• Ex- Lamb wave, Electromechanical
(E/M) impedance and active vibration-
based methods are few examples
Dr. S. G. Patil

Non-Destructive Evaluation (NDE), SHM and NDECS

• SHM was born from the conjunction of several techniques and has a
common basis with NDE.This is illustrated in Figure
• In fact, several NDE techniques can be converted into SHM techniques, by
integrating sensors and actuators inside the monitored structure
• For instance, traditional ultrasonic testing can be easily converted in an
acousto-ultrasonic SHM system, using embedded or surface-mounted
piezoelectric patches.
• An intermediate solution can be found
by only embedding the emitter or the
receiver, the other part of the system
being kept outside the structure, which is
defined as NDE Cooperative Structure
(NDECS).

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Basic components of SHM

Data acquisition

Source: L.A. Bisby Dr. S. G. Patil

Basic components of SHM

SHM system will typically consist of six
common components, namely:
1. acquisition of data (a sensory
system);
2. communication of information;
3. intelligent processing and analyzing of
data;
4. storage of processed data;
5. diagnostics (i.e. damage detection and
modelling algorithms); and
6. retrieval of information as required.

A typical flow pattern between the six

components of an SHM system is shown
in Figure; however, other flow patterns are
also possible, and the flow of information
between system components can certainly
take more than one path

Source: L.A. Bisby Dr. S. G. Patil

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Basic components of SHM

1 – Acquisition of Data
• The collection of raw data such as strains, deformations, accelerations,
temperatures, moisture levels, acoustic emissions, and loads

(a) Selection of Sensors

• Appropriate and robust sensors
• Long-term versus short-term monitoring
• What aspects of the structure will be monitored?
• Sensors must serve intended function for required duration

(b) Sensor Installation and Placement

• Must be able to install sensors without altering the behaviour of the
structure
• Features such as sensor wiring, conduit, junction boxes and other
accessories must be accounted for in the initial structural design

Dr. S. G. Patil

Basic components of SHM

1 – Acquisition of Data
(c) Transfer to Data Acquisition System (DAS)
• Method 1 - Lead wire
• Direct physical link between sensor and DAS
• least expensive and most common
• Not practical for some large structures
• Long lead wires increase signal “noise”
• Method 2 - Wireless transmission
• More expensive
• Signals are transferred more slowly and are less secure
• Use is expected to increase in the future
(d) Data Sampling and Collection
• General Rule: The amount of data should not be so scanty as to jeopardize its
usefulness, nor should it be so voluminous as to overwhelm interpretation
• Issues:
• Number of sensors and data sampling rates
• Data sorting for onsite storage
• In some cases, large volumes of data
• Result:
• Efficient strategies needed for data sampling and storing

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Materials for sensor design

Load cells

Accelerometer

Courtesy of Prof. E. Chatzi,ETH

Displacement Sensor –LVDT
(Linear Variable Differential Transformer)
or Displacement Transducer
Dr. S. G. Patil

Materials for sensor design

• Load
• Magnitude and configuration of forces applied to a structure
• Are they as expected?
• How are they distributed?
• Measured using load cells or inferred using strain data
• Deformation
• Excessive or unexpected deformation, may result in a need for
rehabilitation or upgrade
• Are they as expected?
• Measured using various transducers
• Strain
• Strain: Intensity of deformation
• There are weldable (for steel) and bondable (for FRP or Concrete) strain
gauges
• Magnitude and variation of strains can be examined to evaluate safety and
integrity
• Measured using strain gauges : Ex – Fiber optic sensors (FOS), electrical,
vibrating wire, etc.
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Materials for sensor design

• Acceleration
• Loads cause accelerations of structural components and vice versa
• Widespread use in highly seismic regions
• Measured using accelerometers
• Records acceleration time history for vibration monitoring
• Capacitance-based system
• Fast-Fourier Transform of acceleration time history gives the frequency
content of the signal which is used for determining the natural
frequencies of the structure
• Piezo-electric (PZT) sensors
• Generate electrical charge when Deformed
• Deform when subjected to electrical Charge
• Fibre Optic Sensors (FOS)
• A class of sensors in which are primarily used to measure variations in strain
and/or temperature.

Source: L.A. Bisby Dr. S. G. Patil

Than

Thank You
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