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Idoc - Pub - Ap Human Geography Chapter 6 Notes PDF
Idoc - Pub - Ap Human Geography Chapter 6 Notes PDF
A. Universalizing Religions
a. 58% of the world practiced a universalizing religion, 26% practice an ethnic
religion, 16% no religion.
b. The three main universalizing religions are Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism.
c. A religion is divided in three ways.
1. Branch – A large division within a religion.
2. Denomination – A division of a branch.
3. Sect – A small group broken away from a denomination.
1. Christianity
a. More than 2 billion adherent, more than any other.
b. Most widespread distribution.
c. Predominant in North America, South America, Europe, and Australia.
- Branches Of Christianity
a. Three major Branches: Roman Catholic (51%), Protestant (24%), and Orthodox
(11%).
b. Europe: Roman Catholicism is prominent in the Southwest and East.
Protestantism is prominent in the Northwest. Orthodox is prominent in the East
and Southeast.
c. The Orthodox branch is made up of a collection of 14 churches in the East.
More than 40% Belong to the Russian Orthodox Church (est. Sixteenth Century).
- Christianity In The Western Hemisphere
a. 90% of people in the Western Hemisphere are Christian.
- Smaller Branches Of Christianity
a. Most of these branches are isolated because of differences in doctrine and
because of Islamic control in Southwest Asia and North Africa.
b. The 2 small churches in Africa are the Coptic Church of Egypt and the Ethiopian
Church.
c. The Ethiopian Church started by 2 shipwrecked Christians who converted the
king in the fourth century.
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2. Islam
a. 1.3 billion people.
b. Predominant in the Middle East.
c. Half of the world‟s Muslims live in Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and India.
d. Islam means “Submission to the will of God”
e. Five pillars of faith.
1. There is no god worthy of worship except the one God, and Muhammad is the
messenger of God.
2. Five times a day, a Muslim prays, facing the city of Mecca.
3. A Muslim gives generously to charity.
4. A Muslim fasts during the month of Ramadan.
5. A Muslim makes a pilgrimage to Makkah.
- Branches Of Islam
a. 2 Branches: Sunni and Shiite.
Sunnis comprise 83% of Muslims and are the largest branch. Sunni means
“People who follow the example of Muhammad.”
Shiites comprise 16% of Muslims. Nearly 30% of all Shiites live in Iran.
Shiite means “Sectarian.”
- Islam In North America And Europe
a. The Muslim population has increased.
b. France has the largest Muslim population
c. In the United States, the Nation of Islam, known as Black Muslims, are found in
Detroit in the 1930. Tensions between Elijah Muhammad and Malcolm X divided
the sect in 1960s.
3. Buddhism
a. Third most universalizing religion.
b. 400 million adherents, living in China and Southeast Asia.
c. Four Noble Truths.
1. All living must endure suffering.
2. Suffering, which is caused by the desire to live, leads to reincarnation.
3. The goal of life is to escape from suffering and the endless cycle of
reincarnation into Nirvana, which is achieved through mental and moral self-
purification.
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4. Nirvana is attained through an Eightfold Path, which includes rightness of
belief, resolve, speech, action, livelihood, effort, thought, and meditation.
d. Buddhism splits into more than one branch because people disagree on the
statements by its founder, Siddhartha Gautama. The three main branches are
Mahayana (56%; China, Japan, and Korea), Theravada (38%; Cambodia, Laos,
Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and Thailand), and Tentrayana (6%; Tibet and Mongolia).
e. Difficult to count because most Buddhists also believe in another religion.
B. Ethnic Religions
a. Largest is Hinduism. It is the third-largest religion.
1. Hinduism
a. Mostly in India, but some in Nepal.
b. Hindus believe it is up to the individual to decide the best way to worship God.
c. Various paths include the path of knowledge, the path of reunification, the path of
devotion, and the path of action.
d. Hinduism does not have a single holy book.
e. Some manifestations of God are Vaishnavism, Sivaism and Shaktism.
A. Origin Of Religions
a. Universalizing religions have a precise origin. Ethnic religions have unclear
origins.
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c. In his third year of his mission, he was betrayed by his companion, Judas Iscariot,
and turned over to the authorities. On the third day after his death, his tomb was
empty.
- Origin of Islam
a. Abraham married Sarah, who did not have children. Then, he married Hagar, who
had Ishmael. Then, Sarah had Isaac. She banished Hagar and Ismael. Hagar and
Ismael wondered the Arabian desert to Makkah. Centuries later, one of Ishmael‟s
descendants, Muhammad, became the prophet of Islam. Jews and Christians trace
their story though Sara, while Muslims trace their story through Hagar.
b. Muhammad was born in Makkah around 570. He had his first revelation of God
through Angel Gabriel. The Quran is a record of God‟s words. It is written in
Arabic.
c. After suffering persecution, he was told by god to emigrate to Yathrib in 622, an
event known as the Hija which marks the start of the Muslim calendar.
d. The 2 main branches, Shiites and Sunnis, are split because of the disagreement in
the line of succession. Because Muhammad had no son, his father-in-law was the
next successor (Abu Bakr).
e. The next 2 caliphs were Umar and Uthman.
f. Uthman had initially opposed Muhammad so Muslims criticized him and found a
leader in Ali, a cousin of Muhammad.
g. After they were assassinated, the chain had been broken.
- Origin of Buddhism
a. The founder of Buddhism, Siddhartha Gautama, was born about 563 B.C. in present-
day Nepal. A son of a lord, he was sheltered from life‟s hardships.
b. His life changed on his fourth trip. On the first trip, he encountered an old man.
On the second trip, he encountered a diseased old man. On the third trip, he
encountered a corps. Finally, he did not want to live, so on his fourth trip, he
encountered a monk, who taught him how to withdraw from the world.
c. At age 29, he left his palace and meditated for the next 6 years in the forest. He
emerged as the Buddha and trained monks and preached.
d. Theravada is the older of the two largest branches. They believe they are closer to
Buddha‟s original approach. They believe that this is a full-time occupation, so they
are monks.
e. Mahayana believe they can help more people because they are less demanding.
- Origin of Other Universalizing Religions
a. Sikhism and Baha‟i are the two most recent.
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b. The founder of Sikhism, Guru Nanak, traveled through South Asia 500 years ago,
spreading his new faith. Nine other gurus followed him, the fifth, Arjan, wrote the
Guru Granth Sahib, the holy book.
c. Baha‟i was established in Iran in the nineteenth century.
B. Diffusion of Religions
a. Ethnic religions typically remain clustered in one location.
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a. Muhammad‟s successors organized followers into armies that extended into Africa,
Asia, and Europe.
b. Often through intermarriage, Muslims converted non-Arabs to Islam.
c. To the West, Muslims captured much of North Africa, crossed the Strait of
Gibraltar, and retained part of the Western Europe, mostly Spain.
d. Indonesia is predominantly Muslim because Arab traders brought the religion there
in the thirteenth century.
e. Spread by relocation diffusion of missionaries.
- Diffusion of Buddhism
a. Did not diffuse rapidly.
b. Asoka, emperor of the Magadhan Empire from 273 to 232 B.C., was mostly
responsible for the spread.
c. The Magadhan Empire formed the nucleus of several powerful kingdoms in South
Asia.
d. When Asoka became a Buddhist, he wanted to spread it and formed a counsel at
Pataliputra to send missionaries.
e. In the first century, merchants along trading routs from India introduced
Buddhism to China.
f. From China, it spread to Korea, then to Japan. It also lost its original support in
India.
- Diffusion of Other Universalizing Religions
a. The Bahá‟í religion diffused in the nineteenth twentieth centuries, under the
leadership of „Abdu‟l-Bahá, son of the prophet Bahá‟u‟lláh. Bahá‟í also spread rapidly
during the late twentieth century, when a temple was constructed on every
continent.
b. Sikhism remained relatively clustered in the Punjab, where the religion originated.
After it became an independent state, the British took control but let them fight in
the British army.
c. Preferring to live in Hindu-dominated India rather than Muslim dominated Pakistan,
2.5 million Sikhs moved from Pakistan‟s West Punjab region to East Punjab in India.
C. Holy Places
An ethnic religion has a less widespread distribution because its holy place
relate to the mountains or rives.
A universalizing religion has holy cities relating to the founders life instead
of physical features.
a. Pilgrimage – Journey for religious purposes.
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Sravasti is where Buddha performed his greatest miracle. He created
multiple images of himself and visited heaven.
Samkasya is where Buddha ascended to heaven, preached to his mother, then
returned to Earth,
Rajagrha is where Buddha tamed a wild elephant and after he died, is where
the first Buddhist Council met.
Vaisali is where Buddha said he would die and is where the second Buddhist
Council met.
D. The Calendar
a. An ethnic religion is more clustered because the holidays are based on the
environment.
b. Universalizing religions are more dispersed because the holidays relate to the
founder‟s not the seasons.
A. Places of Worship
a. Church, basilica, mosque, temple, pagoda, and synagogue
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1. Christian Churches
a. The word church derives from the Greek term meaning lord, master, and power.
It also refers to the gathering of believers.
b. The church is more prominent in Christianity because it is an expression of
religious beliefs and attendance is important.
c. The church was originally the tallest and largest building.
d. Orthodox churches were developed in the Byzantine Era and have highly ornate,
topped by domes. The Protestant churches are more simple and is decorated in
the assembly hall.
e. Early churches in the U.S. were built from wood (Northeast), brick (Southeast),
and adobe (Southwest). Stucco and stone were prominent in Latin America.
- Hindu Temples
a. Important religious activities are more likely to take place at home. Temples are
built to house shrines, not to pray in.
b. The typical temple contains a small, dimly lit room with an artifact.
c. Size and frequency of temples is determined by the local population.
- Buddhist and Shintoist Pagodas
a. Visually attractive. Tall, many sided towers with balconies and slanted roofs. They
contain relics that are believed to be part of Buddha‟s body or clothing. These are
not built to worship.
- Baha‟i Houses of Worship
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a. The locations are not because of proximity, but have been dispersed across
different continents to dramatize the religion. They are open to all religions.
b. Built in Wilmette, Illinois, in 1953; Sydney, Australia, and Kampala, Uganda, both in
1961; Lagenhain, near Frankfurt, Germany, in 1964; Panama City, Panama, in 1972;
Tiapapata, near Apia, Samoa, in 1984; and New Delhi, India, in 1986. Also in Russia.
B. Sacred Space
2. Religious Settlements
a. Early utopian settlements in the United States were Bethlehem, Pennsylvania;
Oneida, New York; Ephrata, Pennsylvania; Nauvoo, Illinois; and New Harmony,
Indiana.
b. The utopian movement started with the building of Salt Lake City by the Mormons.
c. Most utopian societies declined in importance and residents moved away.
C. Administration of Space
a. Universalizing religions must be connected to ensure communication and
consistency.
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1. Hierarchical Religions
a. Hierarchical Religion – Well-defined geographic structure and organizes territory
into local administrative units. i.e. Roman Catholicism.
- Later-Day Saints
a. Mormons organize the landscape. Primarily in Utah and surrounding states.
Organized into wards of 750 people. Several wards are combined into a stake of
5,000 people. The highest authority in the Church frequently redraws wards
because of the growing population.
- Roman Catholic Hierarchy
a. Organized into an administrative structure.
The Pope
Archbishops report to the Pope. Each heads a province, which is a group of
several dioceses. Distinguished archbishops are known as a cardinal.
Bishops report to the archbishop. Each administers a diocese, which is the
most basic unit of organization in the religion. The headquarters, called a
see, are in the largest city.
Priests report to Bishops. A diocese is divided into parishes, each headed by
a priest.
- Protestant Denominations
a. The Episcopalin, Lutheran, and most Methodist churches have hierarchical
structures. Baptists and United Church of Christ are extremely autonomous.
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b. Individual churches are united in a presbytery, several of which in turn are
governed by a synod, with a general assembly as ultimate authority over all
churches.
- Ethnic Religions
a. Judaism and Hinduism have no centralized structure of control.
b. Hinduism is more autonomous because worship is done privately. Hindus share ideas
primarily through undertaking pilgrimages and reading traditional writings.
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b. Fundamentalism – Literal interpretation and a strict adherence to basic
principles of religion.
c. Two long standing religious conflicts are in Northern Ireland and the Middle
East.
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People living in the West Bank, Gaza and East Jerusalem territories captured
by Israel in 1967
Citizens of Israel who are Muslims rather than Jews
People who fled from Israel after the 1948-49 war
People who fled from the West Bank or Gaza after the 1967 war
Citizens of Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia.
b. After capturing the West Bank from Jordan in 1967, Jewish settlers lived there
because they believe it was theirs and living costs were too high in the original land
of Israel. To protect the settlers, Israel has military control over most of the
West Bank.
c. The Palestinian fight against Israel was coordinated by the Palestine Liberation
Organization (PLO) under the leadership of Yassir Arafat, who died in 2004.
d. The Fatah Party is willing to recognize Israel as a country if they get their land
back from the 1967 war. The Hamas Party wants to continue fighting and is
considered a terrorist group.
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