NORMAL STRESS

Lect. (4)

Dr. / GAMAL GALAL

1 Dr./ Gamal Galal

 Core of Section

In the region near the centroid of every plane area there exists an area
where if the point of application of the normal force lies within its
boundary, the stresses allover the section will be the same sign. This
area is called the core of the section.

In the limiting case, when the point of application of the force on the
boundary of the core, the neutral axis is tangential to the section. It
follows that the core is the locus of the point of application of the
normal force (N) for which the neutral axis is tangential to the section.

Therefore, in order to determine a point in the core of a section, it is

necessary to draw the neutral axis touching the perimeter of the
section under consideration and locate the corresponding point of
application of the normal force. This point obviously lies on the core of
section. This procedure is repeated until a number of points sufficient
for plotting the core is obtained.

2 Dr./ Gamal Galal

 Core of Section
Note that:
1) A symmetrical section has a symmetrical core; the axis of symmetry
being the same for both figures.
2) For every corner on the perimeter of the section, there is a
corresponding straight line on the core.
3) For every straight line on the perimeter of the section, there is a
corresponding corner on the core.

 The relationship between the coordinates of the point on the core (ex
and ey) and the coordinates of the neutral axis (xo and yo) are:
(𝑟𝑦 )2 𝐼𝑦
𝑒𝑥 = − 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 (𝑟𝑦 )2 =
𝑥𝑜 𝐴
(𝑟𝑥 )2 𝐼𝑥
𝑒𝑦 = − 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 (𝑟𝑥 )2 =
𝑦𝑜 𝐴
3 Dr./ Gamal Galal
 Core of Section

Equqtion of the Core

𝑁 𝑀𝑥 𝑀𝑦
𝜎= + .𝑦 + .𝑥
𝐴 𝐼𝑥 𝐼𝑦
𝑀𝑥 = 𝑁. 𝑒𝑦
𝑀𝑦 = 𝑁. 𝑒𝑥
𝐼𝑥 = 𝐴. 𝑟𝑥2

𝐼𝑦 = 𝐴. 𝑟𝑦2

𝑁 𝑁 . 𝑒𝑦 𝑁 . 𝑒𝑥
𝜎= + 2 .𝑦 + 2 .𝑥
𝐴 𝐴. 𝑟𝑥 𝐴. 𝑟𝑦

4 Dr./ Gamal Galal

 Core of Section

Equqtion of the Core:

𝑁 𝑁 . 𝑒𝑦 𝑁 . 𝑒𝑥
𝜎= + 2 .𝑦 + 2 .𝑥
𝐴 𝐴. 𝑟𝑥 𝐴. 𝑟𝑦
𝑁 𝑒𝑦 𝑒𝑥
𝜎 = . 1 + 2.𝑦 + 2.𝑥
𝐴 𝑟𝑥 𝑟𝑦

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑁. 𝐴, 𝜎=0
𝑁 𝑒𝑦 𝑒𝑥
0 = . 1 + 2 . 𝑦𝑁 + 2 . 𝑥𝑁
𝐴 𝑟𝑥 𝑟𝑦

𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥𝑁 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑒𝑦 𝑟𝑦2 𝑟𝑥2

𝑒𝑥 = − 𝑒𝑦 = −
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑦𝑁 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑒𝑥 𝑥𝑁 𝑦𝑁

5 Dr./ Gamal Galal

 Core of Section

Evaluation of Core for Rectangle Section:

𝐼 (ℎ . 𝑏 3 )/12 𝑏 2
𝑦
𝑟𝑦2 = = =
𝐴 𝑏 .ℎ 12

𝐼 (𝑏 . ℎ 3 )/12 ℎ 2
𝑥
𝑟𝑥2 = = =
𝐴 𝑏 .ℎ 12
2
𝑟𝑦 𝑏 2 /12 𝑏
𝑒𝑥 = = =
𝑥𝑁 𝑏/2 6

𝑟𝑥 2 ℎ2 /12 ℎ
𝑒𝑦 = = =
𝑦𝑁 ℎ/2 6

6 Dr./ Gamal Galal

 Core of Section

Evaluation of Core for Circle Section:

𝐼 (𝜋 . 𝑟 4 )/4 𝑟 2
𝑟𝑥2 = 𝑟𝑦2 = = 2
=
𝐴 𝜋. 𝑟 4

𝑟𝑥 2 𝑟 2 /4 𝑟
𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 = 𝑒𝑦 = = =
𝑦𝑁 𝑟 4

7 Dr./ Gamal Galal

 Core of Section

Steps to find the core

1) Several positions are imposed for the neutral axis so that it is

tangential to the section.
2) Define the coordinates of the neutral axis (xo, yo).
3) Calculate the coordinates of the point on the core using the
following equations:

(𝑟𝑦 )2 (𝑟𝑥 )2
𝑒𝑥 = − 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑦 = −
𝑥𝑜 𝑦𝑜

4) These points are connected to each other to get the core.

8 Dr./ Gamal Galal

 Core of Section
Extreme stresses:

𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝑰 : 𝑵 + 𝑴𝒙 + 𝑴𝒚 𝒐𝒓 𝑵 + 𝑴 𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒚 :
1) Find the position of normal force (N) as follows:

𝑀𝑦
𝑒𝑥 =
𝑁
𝑀𝑥
𝑒𝑦 =
𝑁

𝑒= (𝑒𝑥 )2 + (𝑒𝑦 )2

9 Dr./ Gamal Galal

 Core of Section

2) Connect between the normal force (N) and the center of the section
and extend the line until break the core in points d1 and d2 as shown
in the figure.

10 Dr./ Gamal Galal

 Core of Section

3) To get the points of extreme stresses, two tangents to the section

parallel to the neutral axis through the points 1 and 2, are drawn.

11 Dr./ Gamal Galal

 Core of Section

4) The points of application of the normal force corresponding to these

tangential neutral axes and passes through the core are c1 and c2.

12 Dr./ Gamal Galal

 Core of Section

5) The extreme stresses at point (1) with coordinates x1 and y1 is given

by:

𝑁 𝑒𝑦 𝑒𝑥
𝜎1 = . (1 + 2
. 𝑦1 + 2 . 𝑥1 )
𝐴 𝑟𝑥 𝑟𝑦

Finally, we get the extreme stress at point (1) and (2) from the following
equations:
by: 𝑁 𝑒
𝜎1 = . (1 + )
𝐴 𝑑1
𝑁 𝑒
𝜎2 = . (1 − )
𝐴 𝑑2

13 Dr./ Gamal Galal

 Core of Section

𝑪𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝑰𝑰 : 𝑴𝒙 + 𝑴𝒚 :
1) Calculate the resultant of moments and its direction as follows.

𝑀= (𝑀𝑥 )2 + (𝑀𝑦 )2
𝑀𝑥
tan 𝜃 =
𝑀𝑦

2) Calculate the extreme stresses.

𝑀
𝜎1 =
𝐴 . 𝑑1
𝑀
𝜎2 =
𝐴 . 𝑑2
14 Dr./ Gamal Galal
 Example (1)
Determine the distribution of normal P1 = 20 t P2= 10 t
stresses at the base of the concrete H2 = 4 t
pier shown in the figure due to given
loads using the core method.
Unit weight of concrete = 2.0 t/m3. H1 = 5 t W
5m

3m

20 t 10 t

1.17

1.0
5t

1.83 m

2.0 m
4t

1.0 1.5 m 1.5 m 1.0

15 Dr./ Gamal Galal

 Solution
Properties of section:
𝐴 = 2. 1 . 3 + 1 . 3 = 9 𝑚2

2. 3 . 1.5 + 3 . (2.5)
𝑦𝑐 = = 1.83 𝑚
9

1 . (3)3
𝐼𝑥 = 2. + 3 . (1.5 − 1.83)2 +
12
3 . (1)3
+ 3 . (2.5 − 1.83)2 = 6.75 𝑚4
12

3 . (1)3 1 . (3)3
𝐼𝑦 = 2. + 3 . (2)2 + = 26.75 𝑚4
12 12

16 Dr./ Gamal Galal

 Solution
Straining actions:

𝑤 = 9 . 5 . 2 = 90 𝑡

𝑁 = − 90 + 10 + 20 = −120 𝑡

𝑀𝑥 = − 20 . 1.17 + −10 . 1.17

+ 4 . +5 = −15.1 𝑚. 𝑡 ↑

𝑀𝑦 = − 20 . −2.5 + −10 . +2.5

+ 5 . +3 = +40 𝑚. 𝑡 ←

17 Dr./ Gamal Galal

 Solution
Core:

2
𝐼𝑥 6.75
(𝑟𝑥 ) = = = 0.75 𝑚
𝐴 9

2
𝐼𝑦 26.75
(𝑟𝑦 ) = = = 2.972 𝑚
𝐴 9
18 Dr./ Gamal Galal
 Solution
 𝑵. 𝑨. 𝒂𝒕 (𝑰 − 𝑰)
(𝑥𝑜 ) = 2.5 𝑚
−(𝑟𝑦 )2 −2.972
(𝑒𝑥 )1 = = = −1.189 𝑚
𝑥𝑜 2.5

19 Dr./ Gamal Galal

 Solution

 𝑵. 𝑨. 𝒂𝒕 (𝑰𝑰 − 𝑰𝑰)

(𝑦𝑜 ) = 1.17 𝑚
−(𝑟𝑥 )2 −0.75
(𝑒𝑦 )2 = = = −0.641 𝑚
𝑦𝑜 1.17

20 Dr./ Gamal Galal

 Solution

 𝑵. 𝑨. 𝒂𝒕 (𝑰𝑰𝑰 − 𝑰𝑰𝑰)
𝑦𝑜 = −1.83 𝑚
−(𝑟𝑥 )2 −0.75
(𝑒𝑦 )3 = = = +0.41 𝑚
𝑦𝑜 −1.83

21 Dr./ Gamal Galal

 Solution
Extreme Stresses:
𝑀𝑦 +40 𝑀𝑥 −15.1
𝑒𝑥 = = = −0.333 𝑚 𝑒𝑦 = = = +0.126 𝑚
𝑁 −120 𝑁 −120

𝑒= 0.333)2 + (0.126)2 = 0.3564 𝑚

I I
II II
3 a ex = 0.333

ey = 0.126
d2 3
d1 N
e
1 1
1 1
2

2 III III
b
I
I

22 Dr./ Gamal Galal

 Solution
Extreme Stresses:
3
From figure, d2
d1
𝑑1 = 0.74 𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑2 = 0.60 𝑚 1 1

2
𝑁 𝑒 −120 0.3564
𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥. = . 1+ = . 1+ = −19.76 𝑡/𝑚2
𝐴 𝑑1 9 0.74

𝑁 𝑒 −120 0.3564
𝜎𝑚𝑖𝑛. = . 1− = . 1− = −5.41 𝑡/𝑚2
𝐴 𝑑2 9 0.6

23 Dr./ Gamal Galal

 Solution
N.S. Diagram:
−120 −15.1 40
0= + .𝑦 + . 𝑥 = −13.33 − 2.237 𝑦𝑁 + 1.495 . (𝑥𝑁 )
9 6.75 𝑁 26.75 𝑁
13.33 
𝑥𝑁 = = 8.91 𝑚

19
1.495

.76
13.33
𝑦𝑁 = = −5.96 𝑚
−2.237

−5.96
𝜃= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = −33.78 𝑜

(-
8.91

5.4
1
24 Dr./ Gamal Galal
 Example (2)
Determine the distribution of normal stresses for the shown cross section due
to given loads using the core method.
N = - 6 t , Mx = + 170 t.cm and My = + 30 cm.t.
A = 36 cm2 , Ix = 1068 cm4 and Iy = 168 cm4 .

25 Dr./ Gamal Galal

 Solution

2
𝐼𝑥 1068
(𝑟𝑥 ) = = = 29.67 𝑐𝑚
𝐴 36

2
𝐼𝑦 168
(𝑟𝑦 ) = = = 4.67 𝑐𝑚
𝐴 36

26 Dr./ Gamal Galal

 Solution
 𝑵. 𝑨. 𝒂𝒕 (𝑰 − 𝑰)
𝑥𝑜 = + 5 𝑐𝑚
−(𝑟𝑦 )2 −4.67
(𝑒𝑥 )1 = = = −0.933 𝑐𝑚
𝑥𝑜 5

 𝑵. 𝑨. 𝒂𝒕 (𝑰𝑰 − 𝑰𝑰)
𝑦𝑜 = +5 𝑐𝑚
−(𝑟𝑥 )2 −29.67
(𝑒𝑦 )2 = = = −5.934 𝑐𝑚
𝑦𝑜 5
 𝑵. 𝑨. 𝒂𝒕 (𝑰𝑰𝑰 − 𝑰𝑰𝑰)
𝑦𝑜 = −13 𝑐𝑚
−(𝑟𝑥 )2 −29.67
(𝑒𝑦 )3 = = = +2.28 𝑐𝑚
𝑦𝑜 −13
27 Dr./ Gamal Galal
 Solution
 𝑵. 𝑨. 𝒂𝒕 (𝑰𝑽 − 𝑰𝑽)
𝑥𝑜 = +4.16 𝑐𝑚
−(𝑟𝑦 )2 −4.67
(𝑒𝑥 )1 = = = −1.123 𝑐𝑚
𝑥𝑜 4.16
𝑦𝑜 = −14.78 𝑐𝑚
−(𝑟𝑥 )2 −29.67
(𝑒𝑦 )2 = = = +2.0 𝑐𝑚
𝑦𝑜 −14.78

28 Dr./ Gamal Galal

 Solution
Extreme Stresses:
𝑀𝑦 +30
𝑒𝑥 = = = −5 𝑐𝑚
𝑁 −6
𝑀𝑥 +170
𝑒𝑦 = = = −28.33 𝑐𝑚
𝑁 −6
𝑒= (5)2 + (28.33)2 = 28.77 𝑐𝑚

From figure,
𝑑1 = 2.22 𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑2 = 2.825 𝑐𝑚
𝑁 𝑒 −6 28.77
𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥. = . 1+ = . 1+ = −2.32 𝑡/𝑐𝑚2
𝐴 𝑑1 36 2.22
𝑁 𝑒 −6 28.77
𝜎𝑚𝑖𝑛. = . 1− = . 1− = +1.53 𝑡/𝑐𝑚2
𝐴 𝑑2 36 2.825

29 Dr./ Gamal Galal

 Solution
N.S. Diagram: N 2

−6 170 30
0= + . 𝑦𝑁 + . 𝑥𝑁 1.05
36 1068 168
0.93
= −0.167 + 0.159 𝑦𝑁 + 0.179 . (𝑥𝑁 ) . 53
1
)
(+
0.167
𝑥𝑁 = = 0.93 𝑚
0.179
A

1
0.167 (-)
𝑦𝑁 = = 1.05 𝑚
0.159
. 32
2

30 Dr./ Gamal Galal