Communication Optical Instrumentation

Page
No. 01
Classroom Practice Solutions

To
Communication & Optical Instrumentation
CONTENTS
Chapter
Name of the Chapter Page No.
No.
Communication
1 Introduction 02 – 02
2 Amplitude Modulation 03 – 05
3 Sideband Modulation Techniques 06 – 07
4 Angle Modulation 08 – 11
5 Radio Receivers 12 – 12
6 Baseband Data Transmission 13 – 16
7 Bandpass Data Transmission 17 – 18
Optical Instrumentation
1 Optical Sources & Detectors 19 – 20
2 LED’s & LASERs 21 – 22
3 Interferometers 23 – 23
4 Fiber Optics 24 – 25
Chapter 1 Introduction
Class Room Practice Solutions
01. Ans: (b) 02. Ans: (a)
03. Ans: (a) 04. Ans: (a)
05. Ans: (d) 06. Ans: (c)
07. Ans: (d) 08. Ans: (a)
09. Ans: (b) 10. Ans: (a)
11. Ans: (d) 12. Ans: (b)
13. Ans: (a) 14. Ans: (d)
15. Ans: (a) 16. Ans: (b)
17. Ans: (a) 18. Ans: (a)
19. Ans: (a) 20. Ans: (b)
21. Ans: (d) 22. Ans: (c)
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Chapter 2 Amplitude Modulation
1
Class Room Practice Solutions S(t) = Ac[1 + m(t)]cos2fct
AC
01. Ans: (a) 1

Ka =
Sol: V(t) = Ac.cosct + 2 cosmt . cosct. Ac
Comparing this with the AMDSBSC signal Am1 = 2, Am2 = 1
A cosct + m(t).cosct, it implies that 2 1
1 = KaAm1 = , 2 = KaAm2 =
AC AC
m(t) = 2cosmt  Em = 2
To implement Envelope detection, = 12   22
Ac  Em 4 1
 0.5 =  2
 (Ac)min = 2 2
Ac Ac
02. Ans (d)  AC = 20

Sol: m(t) = (Ac + Am cosmt)cosct.
04. Ans: (c)
= Ac(1 +
Am
cosmt)cosct. Sol: m(t) = 0.2 + 0.6sin1t, ka = 1, Ac = 100
Ac
S(t) = Ac[10.2 + 0.6sin1t]cosct
Given = 100[0.8 + 0.6sin1t]cosct
Ac = 2Am Vmax = Ac[1 + ] = 100[0.8 + 0.6] = 140 V
Vmin = Ac[1] = 100[0.8 0.6] = 20 V
= Ac(1 + 1 cosmt)cosct.
2
= 20V to 140 V
A
2
 μ2  A c2  μ 2 
PT  c 1  , Ps    05. Ans: (c)
2  2 2 4
Sol: fC = 1 MHz = 1000 kHz
2
PT 1  1 1 The given m(t) is symmetrical square wave
 2  8  9  16
Ps 2 1 8 of period T = 100 sec
4 16
PT = 18 Ps
1
fm = =10 kHz
T0
03. Ans: (a)
Sol: m(t) = 2cos2f1t +cos2f2t
C(t) = Accos2fct
S(t) = [Ac + m(t)]cos2fct
100sec

: 4 : Communication
X(t) = 100(P(t) +0.5g(t))cosct

= 100(1+0.5t)cosct
= Ac(1+Kam(t))cosct
ka = 0.5, m(t) = t
fc3fm fc2fm fcfm fc fc+fm fc+2fm fc+3fm  = ka[m(t)]max
=970K =980K =990K =1000K 1010K =1020K =1030K
 = 0.5 1 = 0.5
These frequencies 980k, 1020k are not
present because the symmetrical square
08. Ans: (d)
wave it consists of half wave symmetries
only odd harmonics are present, even 09. Ans (b)
harmonics are dismissed Sol: S(t) = 10cos2106t + 8cos25103tcos2106t
06. Ans: (d) Carrier = 1 MHz
Tuned ckt
2 Gain = 0.8
Sol: m(t) = sinc(200t)sinc (1000t)
=?
= sinc(200t)sinc(1000t)sinc(1000t)
Rect(f/200) Rect(f/1000) Rect(f/1000) Carrier message
Tuned ckt
= 1 MHz + 5 kHz
Gain = 0.5
f f
100 0
f
100 500 0 500 500 500
S(t) = 0.8 10cos2106t
0
Rect(f/2200) + 0.58cos25000tcos2106t
4
= f = 8(1+ cos 25000t ) cos2106t
1100 0 1100 8
BW = 2  1100 4 1
BW = 2200 Hz = = = 0.5
8 2
P(t) 0.8
07. Ans: (a) 1 AC
=4
Sol: P(t) = u(t) u(t1)  2 A C 0.5 0.5
=0.5
0 1
4
fcfm fC fc+fm
1 1
*
g(t) = P(t) *P(t) =
0 1 0 1
10. Ans: (d)
g(t)
Sol: Amax = 10V
= Amin = 5V
 = 0.1
0 1 2

: 5 : Postal Coaching Solutions
A max  A min
=
A max  A min
1
= = 0.33
3
A max  A min
AC =
2
10  5
= = 7.5 V
2
AC(1+)=AC + Ac
10V = 7.5 + 2.5
m(t) = 0 A
AC(1– ) = AC – AC
5V = 7.5  2.5
1
Amplitude deviation AC = 7.5 = 2.5 V
3
2 = 0.1  Ac22 = 2.5
Ac2 = 25 V
Which must be added to attain = 17.5
Chapter 3 Sideband Modulation Techniques
Class Room Practice Solutions Power =

A c2 A 2m
4
1600  1
01. Ans: (c) 
Sol: m(t) 2 4
V1 System aV1 o/p
 k   400 W
+ 1 +
+
03. Ans: (c)
2

V2 system bV2 Sol: Carrier = cos2 (100  106)t
+ 2
Modulating signal = cos(2  106)t
A cos C t Output of Balanced modulator

V1 = k [m(t) + c(t)] = 0.5[cos 2 (101  106)t + cos 2(99106)t]
V2 = [m(t) – c(t)] The Output of HPF is 0.5 cos 2(101  106)t
V0 = aV12 – b V22
Output of the adder is
= ak2[m(t) + c(t)]2 – b[m(t) – c(t)]2
= 0.5 cos 2 (101106) t + sin 2 (100106)t
= ak2 [m2(t) + c2(t) + 2m(t)c(t)]
= 0.5 cos 2[(100+1)106t]+ sin 2(100106)t
 b[m2(t) + c2(t) – 2m(t)c(t)]
= [ak2 – b]m2(t) + [ak2  b]c2(t) = 0.5[cos 2 (100 106)t. cos 2 (106)t
+ 2[ak2+b][m(t)c(t)]  sin 2(100  106)t. sin 2 (106)t]
b + sin 2(100 106)t]
on verification if k =
a = 0.5 cos 2 (100 106)t. cos 2 (106)t
S(t) = 4bm(t)c(t) DSBSC Signal + sin 2(100106)t [10.5 sin2 (106)t]
02. Ans: (d)
Let 0.5 cos 2 (106)t = r(t) cos (t)
Sol: Given A = 10
10.5 sin 2 (106)t = r(t).sin (t)
m(t) = cos1000t
The envelope is
b =1
r(t) = [ 0.25 cos2 2 (106)t
B.W = ? and power = ?
s(t) = 4b.A cos2fct. cos2 (500)t + {1 0.5 sin 2 (106)t}2]1/2
= 40.cos2fct. cos2 (500)t = [1.25  sin 2(106)t]1/2
B.W = 2 fm 5
=[  sin 2 (106)t]1/2
4
= 2 (500) = 1 kHz

04. Ans: (b) AcAm

S( t ) / TX  cos 2[f c  f m ]t
Sol: Output of 1st balanced modulator is 2
 AcAm 
S( t ) / R X  cos 2 ( f c  f m ) t cos 2 ( f c  10) t
 2 
 
f(kHz) AcAm
-13 -11 -10 -9 -7 7 9 10 11 13  [cos(2f c  10  f m ) t  cos(10  f m ) t ]
4
Output of HPF is i.e., from 310 Hz to 1010 Hz
07. Ans: (b)

f(kHz)
-13 -11 -10 10 11 13 Sol: BW of Basic group = 12×4 = 48 kHz
BW of super group = 5×48 = 240 kHz
The Output of 2nd balanced modulator is
consisting of the following +ve frequencies.
08. Ans: (d)
f(kHz)
Sol: Given 11 voice signals
0 2 3 23 24 26 B.W. of each signals = 3 kHz
Thus, the spectral peaks occur at 2 kHz Guard Band Width = 1 kHz
and 24 kHz Lowest fc = 300 kHz
Highest fc =
05. Ans: (c)
 f c H  f mlost  300kHz  11(3kHz)  10(1kHz)
Sol: Given = 343 kHz
f m1  100Hz, f m 2  200Hz, f m 3  400Hz, f cH  343 kHz  3 kHz
f c  100KHz, f c L 0  100.02KHz  340 kHz
A cA m
S( t ) / T  2 [cos( f c  f m1 ) t 
x
09. Ans: (b)
cos( f c  f m ) t  cos( f c  f m ) t ]
2 3 Sol: fm1 = 5 kHz  AM
S( t ) / R x  [S( t ) / Tx ]A c cos 2f c L 0 t fm2 = 10 kHz  DSB
fm3 = 10kHz  SSB
A 2A
 c m [cos(fc  fcLo  fm1 )  cos(fm1  20)  fm4 = 2kHz  SSB
4
fm5 = 5kHz  AM
cos(fc  fcLo  fm2 )  cos(fm2  20) 
fg = 1kHz
cos(fc  fcLo  fm3 )  cos(fm3  20)]
BW = (2fm1 + 2fm2 + fm3 + fm4 + 2fm5 + 4fg)
Detector output frequencies: = 2 5 + 210 + 10 + 2 + 25 + 41
80Hz, 180Hz, 380Hz = 10 + 20 + 10 + 10 + 6
= 56 kHz
06. Ans: (b)
 BW = 56 kHz
Sol: Given
SSB AM is used, LSB is transmitted
f LO  (f c  10)
Chapter 4
Angle Modulation
04. Ans: (d)

Sol: S(t) = Ac  J n () cos(2fct+sin2fmt)
n  
01. Ans: (a)
f = 3(2fm) = 12 kHz
Sol: s(t) = 10 cos(20t +t2) f
1 d i t  = =6
fi  fm
2 dt 
fi 
1
20  2t  S(t) =  5.J n (6) cos(2f c   sin t )
2 n  
df i 1 fc = 1000kHz, fm = 2 kHz
  2 1  1Hz / sec = cos2(1008 103)t
dt 2
= cos2(1000 +42)103t
02. Ans: (d) i.e., n = 4
The required coefficient is 5.J4(6)
03. Ans: (a)
05. Ans: (c)
Sol: In an FM signal, adjacent spectral
Sol: 2fm = 4 103
components will get separated by  fm = 2k
fm = 5 kHz J0 () = 0 at  = 2.4
k A k 2
Since BW = 2(f + fm) = 1MHz  = f m  2.4 = f
fm 2k
=1000  103 kf = 2.4 KHz /V
f + fm = 500 kHz, f = 495 kHz at  = 5.5
2.4 k  2
The nth order non-linearity makes the carrier 5.5 
fm
frequency and frequency deviation
fm = 872.72
increased by n-fold, with the base-band
signal frequency (fm) left unchanged since 06. Ans (c)
n = 3, Sol:  = 6
J0(6) = 0.1506 ; J3(6) = 0.1148
 (f)New = 1485 kHz &
J1(6) = 0.2767 ; J4(6) = 0.3576
(fc)New = 300 MHz
J2(6) = 0.2429 ;
New BW = 2(1485 + 5) 103
= 2.98 MHz Pf c  4 f m A
2
? PT = c
= 3 MHz PT 2R

2
A  J 2 ()  08. Ans: (d)
Pfc 4f  C  0  J 2 ()  J 2 ()  J 2 ()  J 2 ()
R  2 1 2 3 4  A C2
Sol: Pt = (R =1)
m
  2R
AC2 J02 () 2 
100
Pfc 4f    J1 ()  J22 ()  J24 () = = 50 W
m R  2  2
Pf c 4 fm 0.2879
  0.5759 = 57.6 % Power in components
PT 1 % Power =  100
2 total power
07. Ans: (c) 41.17

=  100
50
Sol: m(t) = 10cos20t
= 82.35%
fm = 10 Hz
inserting correct signal and frequency 09. Ans: (d)
k f A m 5  10 10. Ans: (c)

=  =5
fm 10
Sol: Given fc = 1MHz
A C J 0 () fmax = fc + kf Am
A C J1 ()
2 A C J 1 () kp = 2 kf
2
2 A J ()
C 2 kp 
A C J 2 () kf = 
2 2 2
2 A C J 3 ()
A C J 3 ()
1
2 2 =
2
fC-3fm fC-2fm fC-fm fC fC+fm fC+2fm fC+3fm

= 10 6   10 5   10 6  0.5  10 5
1
 
 2 
From fc to fc + 4fm pass through ideal BPF 
 10 6  5  10 4 
Powers in these frequency components = 10 3
 50 10 3
2 2 2
P
AC 2
J ()  2
AC 2
J ()  2
AC 2
J ()
= (103 + 50) k
2R 0 2R 1 2R 2
= 1050 kHz.
2 2
AC 2 AC 2 fmin = fc −kf Am
2 J 2 J  
2R 3 1R 4
 1 
= 10 6   10 5 
A (0.178)  2(0.328)  2(0.049)   2 
2 2 2 2
 
C

2R  2(0.365) 2  2(0.391) 2  
 10 6  0.5  10 5 
= 41.17 Watts  10 6
 5  10 4 

: 10 : Communication

= 10 3  50 10 3 f max  f c 
kp 1
 f 
kp
 4  10 3
2  10 
3 c
2
= (103 − 50) k  
 4 
= 950 kHz

 100 kHz   4  10 3
11. Ans: (d) 2
f = 102 kHz
Sol:  
fm 1
f min  f c  k p
 10 3 
f  
 =  4 
fm
= fc – 2 kHz
f =  fm fmin = 98kHz
= kp Am fm
14. Ans: (c)
12. Ans: (c)
Sol: Given,
Sol: Given +1 S(t) = Ac cos (i(t))
T/4 = Ac cos (ct +(t) )

-1 m(t) = cos (mt)
T =10-3sec
fc = 100  103 Hz fi(t) = fc+2k(fm)2 cos mt
kf = 10103Hz 1 d i ( t )
fi 
2 dt
m(t)|max = +1 , m(t)| min = –1
i(t) =  2 fi(t)dt
fi = fc  f
 i ( t )  2[f c  2k (f m ) 2 cos  m t ]dt
= fc  kf Am
= 100103  10103 (m(t)) i(t) = 2fct + (2fm)2 k cos  m t
m t
= 110 kHz & 90 kHz
i(t) = ct + mk sin mt
13. Ans: (c)
Sol: S(t) = Ac cos (2fct + kpm(t)) 15. Ans: (b)
Sol: f max  K f | m( t ) |max
1 d i(t)
fi  i (t)
2 dt 100
=  10
= 1 d (2fct + kpm(t)) 2
2 dt
 500 
1 d f max   Hz
= fc + k p m( t )   
2 dt

16. Ans: (b) 18. Ans: (a)

Sol: Given that Sol: Using Carson’s rule we obtain
s(t) = cos[ct + 2m(t)]volts BWPM = 2 (p + 1)fm = 8  1000 = 8000Hz
1 d
fi  c t  2m( t ) BWFM = 2 (f +1)fm = 14  1000 =14000Hz
2 dt
1 d
 2f c t  2mt 
2 dt 19. Ans: 70 kHz
d
f i  f c  mt  
Sol: s( t )  A c cos 2f c t  k p m( t ) 
dt
we know that fi = fc + kf m(t) kp d
fi  fc  x(t)
d 2 dt
Here kfm(t) = mt 
dt
f  maxk f mt 
 20k 
5
2
d

 5 sin 4103 t  10 cos 2103 t
dt

d  25 cos(410 t  10 cos 210 t )
3 3

f  max  mt   20k   
 dt  
2  4103  10 sin 2103 t  2103 

f  2kHz
m(t)
25
2 f i ( t  0.5 ms )  20k   cos(4  10)  4  103
2
25
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 t(ms)  20k   4  103
2
–2
= 20k + 50k
d
m( t ) f i ( t  0.5 ms)  70kHz
dt
2
0 2 4
–4 –4
–4 –4
17. Ans: (a)

Sol: p = kp max [|m(t)|] = 1.5  2 = 3
k f max| mt  |
f =
fm
3000  2

1000
6
Chapter 5
Radio Receivers
fs + 2IF > 108 MHz
88MHz + 2×IF > 108 MHz
01. Ans: (d) IF > 10MHz
02. Ans: (b) Among the given options IF = 10.7 MHz
03. Ans: (d) 06. Ans: (a)

Sol: Given fs = 4 to 10 MHz Sol: Range of variation in local oscillator
IF = 1.8 MHz frequency is
fsi = ? fLmin = fsmin + IF
fsi = fs + 2×IF = 88 + 10.7
= 7.6 MHz to 13.6 MHz fLmin = 98.7 MHz
fLmax = fsmax + IF
04. Ans: (a)
=108 +10.7
Sol: Image frequency fsi = fs + 2×IF
fLmax = 118.7 MHz
= 700103 + 2(450103)
= 1600 kHz 07. Ans: 5
Sol: fs = 58 MHz– 68 MHz
Local oscillator frequency, fl = fs + IF
When fs = 58 MHz
(fl)max = (fs)max + IF = 1650 +450 fsi = fs + 21F > 68 MHz
= 2100 kHz 21F > 10 MHz
1F  5 MHz
(fl)min = (fs)min + IF = 550 + 450
= 1000 kHz 08. Ans: 3485 MHz
2 Sol:
C  f l max   2100  2 fIf 3500 3515
R = max     4.41
C min  f l min   1000 
  fsI fLo fs
fIf
05. Ans: (a) fIf = 15 MHz
Sol: fs(range) = 88 - 108MHz fL o = 3500 MHz
fs  fLo = fIf
Given condition fIF < fLO, fsi>108 MHz fs = fLo + fIf = 3515 MHz
fsi = fs + 2×IF fsi = image frequency = fs  2 fIf
= 3515  215
fsi > 108 MHz = 3485 MHz
Chapter 6 Baseband Data Transmission
Class Room Practice Solutions (due to overhead by additional bits)

Rb = 4 (nfs) = 2.822Mbps
01. Ans : (d) 04. Ans (c)
V V Sol: Number of bits recorded over an hour
Sol:   max n min
2 = Rb  3600 = 10.16 G.bits
1 1 2 n 2
 n ; 
2  2 2 n1 05. Ans: (c)
sin (4 π W t)
0.1 2 n 3 Sol: p(t) 
 n 4 π W t (1  16 W 2 t 2 )
2 2
1 1  1  0
 2  0.1  At t  ; P   
8 4W  4W  0
= 0.0125 Use L-Hospital Rule
4 π W cos (4 π W t)
Lt p(t)  Lt
02. Ans: (3) t
1
t
1 4 π W  64 π W 3 (3 t 2 )
4W 4W
n fs
Sol: (BW)PCM = 4 π W (1)
2 
 1 
Where ‘n’ is the number of bits to encode 4 π W  64 π W 3 3  2

the signal and L = 2n, where ‘L’ is the  16 W 
number of quantization levels. 4πW
  0.5
L1 = 4  n1 = 2 8 π W
L2 = 64  n2 = 6
(BW) 2 n 6 06. Ans: 35
 2   3
(BW)1 n1 2 Sol: Given bit rate Rb = 56 kbps, Roll of factor
(BW)2 = 3 (BW)1  = 0.25
BW required for base band binary PAM
03. Ans: (c) system
Sol: Given, R 56
BW  b [1  ]  [1  0.25]kHz = 35kHz
Two signals are sampled 2 2
with fs = 44100s/sec and each sample
contains ‘16’ bits 07. Ans: 16
Due to additional bits there is a 100% Sol: Rb = nfs = 8bit/sample  8kHz = 64 kbps
overhead. Rb
Out put bit rate =? (BT)min =
| 2 log 2 M
R b  n |f s
Rb R
|
f s  2f s | = 2 [44100]   b
2 log 2 4 2  2
( two signals sampled simul taneously) R 64
|
n = 2n = b   16 kHz
4 4

08. Ans: (b) Option (a) is correct if pulse duration is

Sol: Given fs =1/Ts = 2k symbols/sec from –1 to + 1
F. T
If P(f)  p(t), Option (c) is correct if the transition is from
Condition for zero ISI is given by 0.8 to 1.2, –0.8 to –1.2
Option (d) is correct if the triangular
1 
 P(f  n / Ts )  p(0)
Ts n  
duration is from –2 to +2

  P(f  n / T )  p(0)T
n  
s s 09. Ans: 200
p(0) = area under P(f) Sol: m(t) = sin 100t + cos 100t
p(f) = 2 cos [100t +  ]
1 V  Vmin 2  ( 2 ) 2 2
  0.75  max  
L L L
f(kHz) 2 2
–1.2 –0.8 0 0.8 1.2 L  4  2n
1 0.75
Area = 2  (1)(0.4)k  2  0.8k  2k So n = 2
2 f = 50 Hz so Nyquist rate = 100
1
p(0) Ts = 2k  =1 so the bit rate = 100  2 = 200 bps
2k

  P (f  n / T ) = 1 s 10. Ans: (b)
n   Sol: Given
f m1  3.6kHz  f s1  7.2kHz
f m 2  f m3  1.2kHz  f s 2  f s3  2.4kHz
The above condition is satisfied by only
option (b) f s  f s1  f s 2  f 3
 = 12kHz
 P (f  n 2 k )
n  
No. of Levels used = 1024
 n = 10bits
 Bit rate = nfs
=10  12 kHz
=120 kbps
f (kHz) 11. Ans: (a)

–2 –1.2 –0.8 2
0 0.8 1.2 Sol: (fs)min = ( f s1 )min+ ( f s 2 )min
 + ( f s 3 )min + ( f s 4 )min
= 200 + 200 + 400 + 800
= 1600 Hz
1
12. Ans: (a)

0

Sol: Peak amplitude  Am
  P (f  n 2 k )  1 Peak to peak amplitude Am
n  

  14. Ans: (c)

 Qe 
2 2 Sol:
 C1 C2……….CN
PCM maximum tolerable = 0.2% Am
2
Peak to peak 2A / m 0.2
=  = Am wi
L 2L 100
T
2A m N
(  =
L
) Minimum B.W of TDM is w
i 1
i
 L = 500
2n = 500 15. Ans: (b)
n=9 Sol: To avoid slope over loading, rate of rise of
Rb = n(fS)TDM + 9 the o/p of the Integrator and rate of rise of
fS = RN + 20%RN = RN + 0.2RN
the Base band signal should be the same.
fS = 1.2RN = 1.2 2
fS = 2.4 K samples/sec fs = slope of base band signal
(fS)TDM = 5(fS)   32  103 = 125
= 5  2.4 K  = 28 Volts.
= 12 K sample/sec
16. Ans: (b)
Rb = (nfS) + 0.5%(nfS)
0.5 Sol: x(t) = Emsin2fm(t)
= (9 12k) + (912k)
100  dm( t )
<  slope overload distortion
= 108540 bps TS dt
takes place
13. Ans: (b)
fS < Em2fm
Sol: Number of patients = 10
ECG signal B.W = 100Hz f S
 < Emfm (  = 0.628)
(Qe)max  (0.25) %Vmax 2
2Vmax 0.25 0.628  40K
 Vmax  < Emfm
2  2 n 100 2
2n  400 fS = 40 kHz  4 kHz < Emfm
n  8.64
Check for options
n=9
Bit rate of transmitted data = 109200 (a) Em  fm = 0.3  8 K = 2.4 kHz
(4K  2.4 K)
= 18kbps
(b) Em  fm = 1.5  4K = 6 kHz
(4K < 6 K) correct

(c) Em  fm = 1.5  2 K = 3 kHz 18. Ans: (c)

(4K  3K) Sol: Pulse rate which avoid distortion
(d) Em  fm = 30  1 K = 3 kHz d
f s  m( t )
dt
(4K  3K)
28  10 5
fs 
17. Ans: (a) 0.314
Sol: Given fs = 280103 pulses/sec
m(t) = 6 sin (2103t) + 4 sin (4103t)
 = 0.314 V
d 
Maximum slope of m(t) = (m( t )) / t 
dt 2
= 2103(6) + 4103[4] = 28103
Chapter 7 Bandpass Data Transmission

05. Ans: (c)
bit rate 34
Sol: In QPSK baud rate = =
2 2
01. Ans: (c) = 17 Mbps
Sol: (BW)BPSK = 2fb = 20 kHz
(BW)QPSK = fb = 10 kHz 06. Ans: (d)
Sol:
02. Ans: (b) b(t) o/p b1 (t)
Sol: fH = 25 kHz ; fL = 10 kHz
 Center frequency
Delay
 25  10 
=  kHz = 17.5 kHz
 2 
b(t) 0 1 0 0 1
 Frequency offset, b1(t)(Ref.bit) 0 0 1 0 0
 = 2 (25  17.5)  103 Phase   0  
= 2 (7.5)  103
= 15  103 rad/sec. 07. Ans: (b)
The two possible FSK signals are
Sol: Given
orthogonal, if 2T = n
 2(15)  103  T = n Bit stream 110 111001
 30  103  T = n (integer) Reference bit = 1
This is satisfied for, T = 200sec.
b(t) b|(t)
03. Ans: (a)
Sol: rb = 8 kbps
Coherent detection Q(t)
nr
f = b
2 b|(t) = b(t) Q(t)
Best possible n = 1
1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1
8K
f = = 4K
2 1
To verify the options f = 4k 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
i.e. fC2 fC1 = 4K
(a) 20 K – 16 K = 4 K
(b) 32 K – 20 K = 12 K 0 0    0  
(c) 40 K – 20 K = 20 K
(d) 40 K – 32 K = 8 K 08. Ans: (d)
Sol: rb = 1.544 × 106
04. Ans: (a) & (c) α = 0.2

rb 10. Ans: (b)

BW  1    Sol:
1og M2
1.544  10 6
 1  0.2 (∵ M = 4)
2
Minimum shift keying
BW = 926.4 × 103 Hz
09. Ans: 0.25 11. Ans: (b)

Sol: BW = 1500 Hz
BW required for M-ary PSK is
R b [1  ] 12. Ans: (d)
 1500Hz rb
log 2 16 Sol: BW  1   
log 2 M
 Rb [1 + ] = 1500  4 = 6000
r
 (1  ) 
6000 36  10 6  b 1  0.2  M  4, QPSK 
4800 2
6000 rb  60  10 6 bps
Roll off factor     1  0.25
4800
Chapter 1 Optical Sources and Detectors
Class Room Practice Solutions 0.3V 100 

1 k 2 k + 4 k
+ – –
01.
Sol: +
10 k 10 V
5V 3 k
Ii –
1 k
–
i2
+
10 V 3k
V2k = ?
5V
V3k  = ?
1st case:  5V  5V
i2 = = = –0.714 mA
4k  3k 7k
Rp 1 k, no 10 V source
V3k  = i23 k
= (–0.714) 3103
2nd case: = –2.14 V
From circuit
Rp  5 k 10 V source is present Ii = 1.41 mA
So
So, V= V01Only10 V  + V02 Only 5 V 
V2k = 1.41 mA 2 k = 2.8 V
 10 k 
V= 03. Ans: (c)
1k   R p
Sol: Given data.
Cj = 6 pF
  10k   10k  
=   10  1  5 A = 10 mm2
 1k  5k   1k  1k  R = 0.5 A/W
  10k   10k  I= 1mW/cm2
V=   10   1  5 RL = 100 k
 6k   2k 
Ip 
V = 13.33 V +
VL
–
RL
02.
Sol: PIN
1 k D1 2 k 4 k
VL = ?
3 k We know
10 V D2 5V VL = IPRL
Ip
R=
P0
D1,D2 are in forward bias
D2–ON, D1 –OFF P0 = AI
: 20 : Optical
0.5A 05. Ans: -1V

Ip = AI
W Sol: Output is independent Vr
0.5A 1mW
Ip =  10mm 2  06. Ans: 2
W 10mm 2
Sol: Given
 10  Area = 10 mm2
Ip =  0.5  1m Amp
 100  Sensitivity = 0.5 A/W
–5
Ip = 510 amp Intensity = 4 W/m2
Photodiode current
VL = IpRL = 510–5100 k Ip = Area  sensitivity  Intensity
VL = 5 volts IP = 10 mm2  0.5 A/W  4W/m2
Ip = 20 A
04. Ans: (c) I to V converter sensitivity is 100 mV/A
Sol: Given: 100mV
So, Vo   20A
 = 0.65 A
 = 900 nm = 2 Volt
P0 = 0.5 w
07. Ans: 75.18
Im = 10 A
M=? I e
Sol: 
I 10A P hc
M= m 
Ip Ip
e
We know I P
hc
EI p
= 0.75 1.6 10 19  830 10 9 100 10 6
P0 q 
6.624 10 34  2 108
hcI p
0.65 =
P0 q I = 75.18A
 6.6  10 34  3  10 8 
 0.65=  6
  Ip
19 
 900n  0.5  10  1.6  10 
 Ip = 2.36 10–7
10 A
M=
2.36 10 7 A
= 42.4 ≈ 43
Chapter 2
LED’s & LASERs
=
1500 10 6
 1000  10  3
3  10 8
01. Ans: (b) =5

Sol: 2i = 1150.34 = 115.5660,
04. Ans: (c)
i = 57.7830, u = tan i = tan57.7830 E3 = 20.66 eV
Sol:
= 1.587
02. Ans: (a) Laser transition
Sol:
 E2 = 18.7 eV
2r
Ground
4×105km E1 = 0 eV
 = 1 m rad 05. Ans: (c)

r hc
tan = = 1 mrad Sol: E3–E2 =
4  10  1000
5

(tan≈) =
hc
r = 4105 meters E3  E2
= 400 km 6.625  10 34  3  10 8
Diameter = 2r =
20.66  18.7   1.6  10 19 J
= 2400 km
= 633.8 nm
= 800 km
06. Ans: (d)
03. Ans: (b) Sol: Given
Sol: Given:
 = 6328 A
L = 500 mm
Bandwidth = 1 MHz
Bandwidth = 1500 MHz
Cl = ?
f =?
We know
Number of longitudinal oscillating modes
C
BW C= 
= Ct
f
1 1
We know Cl = 3  10 8  (∵ Ct = )
1 MHz f
C
f = Cl = 300 m
2L
Number of longitudinal oscillating modes 07. Ans: 40
Sol: for photo diode D1
1500 MHz
= Intensity = 50W/m2
 3  108 
 
3 
Area = 10 10–3  (510–3+10010–6)m2
 2  500  10  = 2.55  10-3m2
: 22 : Optical
Total current of diode D1 08. Ans: 2

ID1 = 2.5510–3 0.4A = 1.0210–3A hC
Sol: E g 
For photo diode D2 
Intensity = 50W/m2 4.13567  1015  3  108
Eg  = 2eV
Area = 10 10–3  (510–3–10010–6)m2 620  10 9
= 2.45  10-3m2
Total current of diode D2
ID2 = 2.4510–3 0.4A = 9.810–4A
Difference between photo currents
ID1–ID2 = 1.0210–3A – 9.8  10–4A
= 40A
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Chapter 3
Interferometers
03.
Sol: Given data
t = 1.5 m
01.  = 0.5 m
Sol: Given data: n=?
t = 5 m We know
n=5 n
t=
 = 589 nm
2
n  0.5  10 6
–6
g =?  1.510 =
2
We know 6
1.5  10  2
t(g–1) = n  =n
0.5  10 6
 510–6(g–1) = 558910–9  n=6
5  589  10 9
 (g – 1) = 04.
5  10 6 Sol: Given data:
 (g – 1) = 0.589 n = 100
 g = 1.589  = 6328Ao
t = 20 cm
=?
02. We know
Sol: Given data: 2t(–1) = n
 = 515 nm  22010-2(–1) = 100632810–10
Refractive index () = 1.6  = 1.0001582  1
R = 45o 05.
t =? Sol: Given data
R.I = g = 1.53
we know
air = 1.0
t(–1) = n 2
  g   air 
n R=  
t=   
(  1)  g air 
R = 0.044
515  10 9 R = 4.4 % of loss
 t=  8.58  10 7
1.6  1
 t = 0.85 m
Chapter 4
Fiber Optics
04. Ans: (c)
Sol: g = 1.732
01. Ans: (d) air  air=1
Sol: NA = n 12  n 22 glass
= 1.44   1.4 
2 2
= 0.34 g = 1.732
02. Ans: (c) g

Sol: Given data tan B =
 air  1
r = 2.5
n=? B = tan–1(1.732)
n = refractive index
B = 60o
We know,
n = rr
r = relative permittivity 05. Ans: (a)
r = relative permeability Sol: Given glass = 1.720
n = 2.5 (∵ r = 1)
2
    glass 
R =  air   100
= 1.58   
 air glass 
03. Ans: (d) 2
Sol: n1 = 1.6  1  1.72 
R=    100
 1  1.72 
n2 = 1.422
=7%
c = ?
06. Ans: (d)
cladd n 
Sol: c = sin 1  2 
c  n1 
core
Given
sin  c n n1 = 1.641
o
 2
sin 90 n1 n2 = 1.422
 1.422 
c = sin 1    1.422 
 1.64  c = sin 1  
 1.641 
= 60.12
≃ 60 = 60o
08. Ans: (b) 10

Sol: NA = ? NA =
10 2  50 2
= 0.196
A.A
≈ 0.2
0
10 mm
09. Ans: 0.75
n t
20 mm Sol: 1  1 = 0.75 (n  t)
n2 t2
50 mm
NA = n 12  n 22
NA = 0 sin0
NA = sin0

Communication Optical Instrumentation

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Classroom Practice Solutions

3 Sideband Modulation Techniques 06 – 07

6 Baseband Data Transmission 13 – 16

7 Bandpass Data Transmission 17 – 18

2 LED’s & LASERs 21 – 22

Class Room Practice Solutions

01. Ans: (b) 02. Ans: (a)

03. Ans: (a) 04. Ans: (a)

05. Ans: (d) 06. Ans: (c)

07. Ans: (d) 08. Ans: (a)

09. Ans: (b) 10. Ans: (a)

11. Ans: (d) 12. Ans: (b)

13. Ans: (a) 14. Ans: (d)

15. Ans: (a) 16. Ans: (b)

17. Ans: (a) 18. Ans: (a)

19. Ans: (a) 20. Ans: (b)

21. Ans: (d) 22. Ans: (c)

01. Ans: (a) 1

02. Ans (d)  AC = 20

X(t) = 100(P(t) +0.5g(t))cosct

Class Room Practice Solutions Power =

A cos C t Output of Balanced modulator

= 40.cos2fct. cos2 (500)t = [1.25  sin 2(106)t]1/2

04. Ans: (b) AcAm

07. Ans: (b)

07. Ans: (c) 41.17

k f A m 5  10 10. Ans: (c)

fC-3fm fC-2fm fC-fm fC fC+fm fC+2fm fC+3fm

T/4 = Ac cos (ct +(t) )

16. Ans: (b) 18. Ans: (a)

17. Ans: (a)

03. Ans: (d) 06. Ans: (a)

Class Room Practice Solutions (due to overhead by additional bits)

08. Ans: (b) Option (a) is correct if pulse duration is

f (kHz) 11. Ans: (a)

12. Ans: (a)

  14. Ans: (c)

(c) Em  fm = 1.5  2 K = 3 kHz 18. Ans: (c)

Class Room Practice Solutions

rb 10. Ans: (b)

09. Ans: 0.25 11. Ans: (b)

Class Room Practice Solutions 0.3V 100 

0.5A 05. Ans: -1V

01. Ans: (b) =5

 = 1 m rad 05. Ans: (c)

Total current of diode D1 08. Ans: 2

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01. Ans: (d) air  air=1

02. Ans: (c) g

08. Ans: (b) 10

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