UNIT 3 LIGHTS, SHAPES AND SOUND Lights, Shapes and

Sound Signals
SIGNALS
Structure
3.1 Introduction
Objectives

3.2 Part C of Regulations: Lights and Shapes

3.2.1 Rule 20: Application
3.2.2 Rule 21: Definitions
3.2.3 Rule 22: Visibility of Lights
3.2.4 Rule 23: Power-Driven Vessels Underway
3.2.5 Rule 24: Towing and Pushing
3.2.6 Rule 25: Sailing Vessels Underway and Vessels Under Oars
3.2.7 Rule 26: Fishing Vessels and Annex II – Additional Signals for Fishing Vessels
Fishing in Close Proximity
3.2.8 Rule 27: Vessels Not under Command or Restricted in their Ability to Manoeuvre
3.2.9 Rule 28: Vessels Constrained by their Draught
3.2.10 Rule 29: Pilot Vessels
3.2.11 Rule 30: Anchored Vessels and Vessels Aground

3.3 Part D of Regulations: Sound and Light Signals

3.3.1 Rule 32: Definitions
3.3.2 Rule 33: Equipment for Sound Signals
3.3.3 Rule 34: Manoeuvring and Warning Signals
3.3.4 Rule 35: Sound Signals in Restricted Visibility
3.3.5 Rule 37: Annex IV – Distress Signals

3.4 Summary
3.5 Answers to SAQs

3.1 INTRODUCTION
In Unit 2, you have studied the following parts of these Regulations:
• Part A dealing with general matters.
• Part B Section I dealing with procedures for keeping lookout, determining
risk of collision and factors to be considered before taking any action to
avoid collision.
• Part B Section II dealing with different risk of collision situations at sea,
involving two vessels in sight of one another, and the actions which each
should take to avoid collision.
• Part B Section III dealing with different risk of collision situations in
restricted visibility and the actions which each vessel should take to avoid
collision.
In this Unit, you will study the remaining parts of these Regulations as follows:
• Part C (except Rule 31) dealing with lights and shapes which have to be
exhibited by different vessels at night and in day respectively, so that every
vessel can be easily recognized.
• Part D (except Rule 37) dealing with signals to be sounded by different
vessels when in sight of one another and when in restricted visibility.
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Bridge Equipment and
Watch Keeping and
Objectives
Collision Prevention
After studying this Unit, you will be able to
• identify and describe the lights and shapes required to be exhibited by
different vessels so that you can recognize the vessels and decide the action
which you should take to avoid collision in accordance with the Rules of
Part B Section II, and
• identify the signals prescribed for different vessels, which have to sound in
clear conditions as well as in restricted visibility.

3.2 PART C OF REGULATIONS: LIGHTS AND

SHAPES
3.2.1 Rule 20: Application
Para (a)
(a) Rules in Part C shall be complied with in all weathers.
(b) The term “All weathers” means the different weather conditions as follows:
(i) Hot or cold weather.
(ii) Good or bad visibility.
(iii) Cloudy or bright sunshine.
(iv) Precipitation like rain, drizzle, snow, etc., or clear conditions.
(v) Strong winds or heavy waves causing rolling and/or pitching, or calm
conditions.
(c) Various navigation lights and shapes are prescribed for different vessels in
the Rules of Part C. You should ensure that the lights and shapes, which are
prescribed for your vessel, are so manufactured, fitted, secured and
displayed that they remain in their position and are always visible,
regardless of the weather conditions, when your vessel is at sea.
Para (b) and (c)
(a) Navigation lights prescribed in Rules of Part C shall be exhibited at sea:
(i) From sunset to sunrise.
(ii) From sunrise to sunset in restricted visibility.
(iii) From sunrise to sunset when thick dark clouds block most of the
sunlight.
(b) During the above periods other lights are not exhibited unless they satisfy
following conditions:
(i) Other lights are different from, and hence cannot be mistaken for, the
prescribed navigation lights.
(ii) Other lights do not adversely affect the visibility of the navigation
lights, e.g. if a comparatively bright light is displayed near a
navigation light then the navigation light will not be visible at its
normal range as prescribed in Rule 22.
(iii) Other lights do not alter the characteristics of the navigation lights,
56 e.g. if another light of the same colour is exhibited near a navigation
 light then the latter’s arc of visibility, as defined in Rule 21, may
Lights, Shapes and
apparently change as seen by another vessel far away. Sound Signals
(iv) Other lights do not interfere with or prevent a person from keeping a
proper lookout.
(c) To comply with the above requirements you will have to ensure that all the
lights on the Bridge are switched off except for very dim lights which are
required for reading instruments or for doing navigation work in the
chartroom. You will also ensure that the lights from cabins, which are
located in front or side of the accommodation, are obscured by drawing the
curtains on the windows of these cabins. You should keep a small torch
ready at hand which may be used only when it is absolutely necessary for
searching something.
Para (d)
The shapes prescribed in Rules of Part C shall be exhibited during day.
Para (e)
The detailed specifications for the navigation lights and shapes are given in Annex
I of the IRPC.
During this course you may not be expected to study this Annex in full, but certain
important data given in this Annex, as considered necessary, will be explained in this
unit.
The specifications of the shapes, which are displayed by various vessels in accordance
with the Rules of Part C, are as follows:

Figure 3.1: Shape

All shapes shown above shall be black in colour.

Ball: Diameter ≥ 0.6m.
Cone: Diameter of base ≥ 0.6m; Height = Diameter. Hence if diameter of the base
happens to be 0.7m. then the height shall not be less or more than 0.7m.
Cylinder: Diameter of ends ≥ 0.6m; Height = Twice the Diameter. Hence, if diameter of
the end happens to be 0.7m then the height shall not be less or more than
1.4m.
Diamond: Diameter of central part ≥ 0.6 m; Height = Twice the Diameter. Hence, if
diameter of the central part happens to be 0.7m, then the height cannot be less
or more than 1.4m.

3.2.2 Rule 21: Definitions

Student may note that the colour of these lights are only white, green, red or yellow, and
indicated by letters W,G,R and Y respectively.

0 Forward 57
225 Masthead Lt.

W
Bridge Equipment and
Watch Keeping and
Collision Prevention

Para (a)
Masthead light: This light shall satisfy the following requirements:
(a) It shall be of white colour.
(b) It shall be placed over the fore and aft centre line of a vessel.
(c) It shall be visible over an unbroken arc of horizon of exact 225°.
(d) “Unbroken arc” means there is no obstruction like mast, crane, etc., in
the path of the light for the full arc of 225°.
(e) It shall be fixed on the mast in such a way that it is visible to another
vessel from right ahead to exact 22.5° abaft the beam on either side of
the vessel.
Para (b)
Sidelights: These lights shall satisfy the following requirements:
(a) There are two lights – one located on the starboard side and the other
on the port side of the vessel.
(b) Every vessel shall display either both these lights or none at all, as
required by the Rules of Part C.
(c) Starboard sidelight shall be of green colour and port sidelight shall be
of red colour.
(d) Both lights shall be visible over an unbroken arc of horizon of exact
112.5°.
(e) Both lights shall be fixed on either sides of the vessel in such a way
that each is visible to another vessel from right ahead to exact 22.5°
abaft the beam on respective sides of the vessel.
Para (c)
Stern light: This light shall satisfy the following requirements:
(a) It shall be of white colour.
(b) It shall be visible over an unbroken arc of horizon of exact 135°.
(c) It shall be fixed at the stern of the vessel in such a way that it is
visible to another vessel from right aft to exact 67.5° on either side of
the vessel.
Para (d)
Towing light: This light shall satisfy the following requirements:
58
 (a) It shall be of yellow colour.
Lights, Shapes and
(b) Other characteristics shall be same as that for a Sternlight. Sound Signals

Para (e)
All-round light: This light shall satisfy the following requirements:
(a) It shall be of white, green, red or yellow colour.
(b) It shall be visible over an unbroken arc of horizon of 360°.
Para (f)
Flashing light: This light shall satisfy the following requirements:
(a) It shall flash at a frequency of ≥ 120 flashes/min.
(b) It is of yellow or red colour and is visible over an unbroken arc of
horizon of 360°, as prescribed in the appropriate Rules of Part C.
3.2.3 Rule 22: Visibility of Lights
(a) Main contents of this Rule are given in the table below, which you should
memorise.
(b) The range of lights given in this table are minimum and in miles.
(c) Length of the vessel is in metres.
(d) “Special craft” stated in this table is actually an “Inconspicuous, partly
submerged vessel or object being towed”.
This craft is explained in Rule 23 but it is not part of your course, hence it has not been
explained in this Lesson. You may need to know about it in future, so it has been
included in this table.
LENGTH L ≥ 50m 20m ≤ L < 50m 12m ≤ L < 20m L ≤ 12m SPECIAL
LIGHT CRAFT
Masthead 6 5 3 2 ---
Sidelight 3 2 2 1 ---
Sternlight 3 2 2 2 ---
Towing 3 2 2 2 ---
All-round 3 2 2 2 3

(e) Each navigation light is tested in a physical laboratory and its intensity,
colour and arc of visibility are calculated. The range of the light is computed
from its intensity by using the table given in Annex I of the IRPC. This
range should be equal to or more than the range prescribed in the above
table.
(f) After carrying out this test, if the light complies with all the required
specifications, it is stamped by the approving authority of the country where
it is manufactured and a certificate is issued to it. When this light is supplied
to a vessel the officer in change should ascertain that it is properly stamped
by the approving authority and check the certificate which states that all the
above information and its range of visibility is suitable for the vessel.
(g) Each navigation light shall be fixed on the vessel under the supervision of a
qualified surveyor, in accordance with the Rules of Part C and the
specifications given in the Annex I. After that you only have to make sure
that the lights are always in working condition and they do not break loose
or shift from their positions.
(h) Every navigation light is carried in duplicate and both are fitted in the
prescribed place. At night if any light fails then an alarm shall sound on the
Bridge. On hearing it you should immediately switch over to the duplicate
light. The failed light should be immediately repaired. 59
Bridge Equipment and
Watch Keeping and
SAQ 1
Collision Prevention
(a) Explain the circumstances under which the navigation lights are supposed to
be exhibited at sea. Can other lights be exhibited along with the navigation
lights?
(b) When you receive a new navigation light, what will you check before
accepting it?
(c) At night, when you are on duty on the Bridge, a navigation light fails. How
will you come to know about it and what will be your actions?
(d) When your vessel is at sea the Master decides to carryout some important
work on deck at night for which some lights will have to be used. As a
Navigating Officer what precautions will you take to comply with these
Rules?
(e) Your vessel’s length is 200m. What should be the range of the various
navigation lights on your vessel?

3.2.4 Rule 23: Power-Driven Vessels Underway

(a) “Underway” is defined in Rule 3 and explained in section 2.3.3.
(b) The lights exhibited by such vessels are given in this Rule and their location
is described in Annex I of the IRPC. The combined relevant data for these
lights, as given in the Rule and the Annex, is explained below with the help
of a diagram. You should carefully study this diagram and then read the
explanation given below for each light.
D
W

R
YOR
C W

G
W A B
F

Water Line

Figure 3.3:
Power Driven Vessel Underway

A Height of the forward masthead light above the uppermost continuous deck.
B Horizontal distance of the forward masthead light from the stem of the ship.
C Height of the aft masthead light above the uppermost continuous deck.
D Horizontal distance between the two masthead lights.
E Distance measured from the stem of the ship to the point on the sea surface, where the
line joining the two masthead lights meet.
F Height of the sidelights above the uppermost continuous deck.

Forward Masthead Light

(a) A masthead light, as defined in Rule 21 and explained in Section 3.2.2, shall
be located on the forward mast along the centerline of the vessel.
60
 (b) A vessel of length<50m may not exhibit the Aft masthead light stated
Lights, Shapes and
below. In such a case this forward masthead light shall be located forward of Sound Signals
amidships.
(c) Height A ≥ Breadth of the vessel, minimum 6m, but need not be more than
12m.
Example 3.1
• If breadth of vessel is 5m, then height A ≥ 6m.
• If breadth of vessel is 10m, then height A ≥ 10m.
• If breadth of vessel is 15m, then height A ≥ 12m.
• Distance B ≤ ¼ Length of vessel.
Aft Masthead Light
(a) A masthead light, as defined in Rule 21 and explained in Section 3.2.2, shall
be located on the aft mast along the centerline of the vessel.
(b) Vessel of length < 50m may or may not exhibit this light.
(c) Height C ≥ (A + 4.5m)
(d) Distance D ≥ ½ Length of the vessel, but need not be more than 100m.
Example 3.2
• If length of vessel is 100m, then distance D ≥ 50m.
• If length of vessel is 300m, then distance D ≥ 100m.
(e) Distance E = 1000m in normal conditions of trim.
Sidelights
(a) Both these lights, as defined in Rule 21 and explained in Section 3.2.2, shall
be located close to the respective sides of the vessel.
(b) These lights shall not be located in front of the forward masthead light.
(c) Height F ≤ ¾ A.
(d) These lights shall not be located too low to be interfered with by the deck
lights.
Sternlight
As far as possible this light, as defined in Rule 21 and explained in Section 3.2.2,
shall be located above the uppermost continuous deck and along the centerline of
the vessel. No specific height or distance has been prescribed.
Special Light for Air-Cushioned Vessel (Hovercraft)
This vessel is also a power-driven vessel and hence it shall exhibit all the lights
stated above. In addition, when it is operating in a non-displacement mode, i.e. on
a cushion of air, as explained in Rule 3 of Section 2.3.3, it shall exhibit one yellow
all-round flashing light, as defined in Rule 21 and explained in Section 3.2.2.
Special Light for Wing-in-Ground Craft
This vessel is also a power-driven vessel and hence it shall exhibit all the lights
stated above. In addition, when it is taking off or landing or in flight near the water
surface, as defined in Rule 3 and explained in Section 2.3.3, it shall exhibit one red
all-round flashing light, as defined in Rule 21 and explained in Section 2.3.3.
Alternative Lights for Power-Driven Vessel of Length < 20m
Sidelights may be combined in a single lantern showing the green and red lights on
starboard and port sides respectively. This lantern shall be located along the
61
Bridge Equipment and centerline of the vessel at a distance ≥ 1m. below the masthead light. All other
Watch Keeping and
Collision Prevention lights remain the same as stated above.
Alternative Lights for Power-Driven Vessel of Length < 12m
(a) In lieu of the lights of a power-driven vessel stated above, it may exhibit one
white all-round light and sidelights.
(b) The white light may be displaced from the centerline of the vessel. If so,
then the sidelights shall be combined in a single lantern and may be located
either along the centerline of the vessel or below the white light.
Alternative Lights for Power-Driven Vessel of Length < 7m and Speed ≤ 7 Knots
In lieu of the lights prescribed for a power-driven vessel stated above, it may
exhibit one white all-round light and, if practicable, may also exhibit the sidelights.
3.2.5 Rule 24: Towing and Pushing
This Rule prescribes lights and shape to be exhibited by the following vessels:
(i) Power-driven vessel towing another vessel astern.
(ii) Power-driven vessel towing another vessel alongside.
(ii) Power-driven vessel pushing another vessel ahead.
(iv) Vessel towed astern.
(v) Vessel towed alongside.
(vi) Vessel pushed ahead.
(vii) Power-driven vessel pushing another vessel and the vessel being pushed
ahead are rigidly connected in a composite unit.
(viii) An inconspicuous, partly submerged vessel or object being towed.
Power-Driven Vessel Towing another Vessel Astern
(a) It shall exhibit all lights for a power-driven vessel underway as prescribed in
Rule 23.
(b) In addition it shall exhibit the following lights and shape:
(i) An additional masthead light located at least 2m. vertically above or
below the forward or aft masthead light, if the length of the
tow ≤ 200m (see diagram 1 or 2 of Figure 3.4). If the length of the
towing vessel < 50 m. then it may not exhibit the aft masthead light.
In such a case this additional masthead light shall be located above or
below the forward masthead light (Diagram 3 of Figure 3.4).
(ii) Two additional masthead lights provided the length of the tow
> 200 m. These lights shall be at least 2m vertically apart and both
shall be located at least 2m. vertically above or below the forward or
aft masthead light (Diagrams 4 or 5 of Figure 3.4). If the length of the
towing vessel < 50 m. then it may not exhibit the aft masthead light.
In such a case both these additional masthead lights shall be located
above or below the forward masthead light (Diagram 6 of Figure 3.4)
(iii) Towing light as defined in Rule 21 and explained above, located at
least 2m. vertically above the sternlight (Diagrams 1 to 6 of
Figure 3.4)
(iv) In day time a diamond shape, where it can best be seen, as described
in Annex I of the IRPC and explained in Rule 20, provided the length
of the tow > 200m.
(c) “Length of the tow” is the distance measured from the stern of the towing
vessel to after end of the vessel being towed.
62
 (d) After placing all the masthead lights as stated above, the vertical distance
Lights, Shapes and
between the forward and aft masthead lights shall be ≥ 4.5m, as explained in Sound Signals
Rule 23.
(e) If it is impracticable for the towing vessel to exhibit the above additional
lights when towing a distressed vessel, then it shall illuminate the towed
vessel and the towline.
W W
W

W W
y Y
W
W w
G G

1 2

W
W W
W W
W
Y Y
w w
G G

3 4

W W
W

W
W
Y Y
W
w W w
G G

5 6

Figure 3.4: Light Displayed by Vessels when Towing or Pushing

Power-Driven Vessel Towing another Vessel Alongside or Pushing Ahead

(a) It shall exhibit all lights for a power-driven vessel underway as prescribed in
Rule 23.

63
Bridge Equipment and (b) In addition it shall exhibit an additional masthead light located at least 2m.
Watch Keeping and
Collision Prevention
vertically above or below the forward or aft masthead light (Diagrams 7 or 8
of Figure 3.5). If the length of the towing vessel < 50 m. then it may not
exhibit the aft masthead light. In such a case this additional masthead light
shall be exhibited above or below the forward masthead light (Diagram 9 of
Figure 3.5).
(c) If it is impracticable for the towing or pushing vessel to exhibit the
additional masthead light when towing or pushing a distressed vessel, then it
shall illuminate the towed or pushed vessel.

W
W
W

W W

W
G G
W W

7 8

W
W

G
W

Figure 3.5: Lights Displayed by Power Driven Vessel Towing Alongside or Pushing Ahead

Vessel Towed Astern

(a) It shall exhibit the sidelights and sternlight for a power-driven vessel
underway as prescribed in Rule 23 (Diagram 10 of Figure 3.6).
(b) In day time it shall exhibit a diamond, where it can best be seen, provided
the length of the tow > 200m.
(c) If it is impracticable for the towed vessel to exhibit the above lights and
shape, then you as the towing vessel shall take appropriate measures to
illuminate it.
Vessel Towed Alongside
(a) It shall exhibit the sidelights and sternlight for a power-driven vessel
underway as prescribed in Rule 23 (Diagram 10 of Figure 3.6).

64
 Lights, Shapes and
Sound Signals

G G
W

10 11

Figure 3.6: Light to be Exhibited by Vessel Under Tow or being Pushed Ahead

(b) If more than one vessel are towed alongside in a group, side by side, on one
side of the towing vessel, then the towed vessels together shall exhibit one
set of sidelights and sternlight, so that they together will appear as a single
vessel, to any approaching vessel.
(c) If it is impracticable for the vessel to exhibit the above lights, then you as
the towing vessel shall take appropriate measures to illuminate it.
Vessel Pushed Ahead
(a) It shall exhibit the sidelights for a power-driven vessel underway as
prescribed in Rule 23 (Diagram 11of Figure 3.6).
(b) If more than one vessel are pushed ahead in a group, side by side, then all of
them together shall exhibit one set of sidelights, so that they together will
appear as a single vessel, to any approaching vessel.
Composite Tow
If a power-driven vessel pushing another vessel and the vessel being pushed ahead,
are rigidly connected in a composite unit, then both of them together shall exhibit
one set of lights for a power-driven vessel underway as prescribed in Rule 23, so
that both together appear as a single power-driven vessel, to any approaching
vessel far away.
SAQ 2
(a) Explain the difference between “Composite tow” and “Vessel pushing
ahead”.
(b) You see a vessel right ahead exhibiting four white lights in a vertical line
and red and green sidelights. Identify the vessel and state its day signal.
(c) You see a vessel right ahead exhibiting two white lights in a vertical line and
red and green sidelights. Identify the vessel giving all possibilities and state
the day signal in each case.
(d) You see a vessel on your starboard bow exhibiting two white lights in a
vertical line and red sidelight. Identify the vessel giving all possibilities and
state the day signal in each case.
(e) You see two vessels on your port bow, each exhibiting a diamond. Identify
the vessels.

65
Bridge Equipment and
Watch Keeping and
3.2.6 Rule 25: Sailing Vessels Underway and Vessels under Oars
Collision Prevention (a) “Sailing vessel” and “Underway” are defined in Rule 3 and explained in
Section 2.3.3.
(b) Sailing vessel shall exhibit the sidelights and sternlight for a power-driven
vessel underway as prescribed in Rule 23.

Sail

G
W

Figure 3.7: Light to be Exhibited by Sailing Vessel Underway

(c) Sailing vessel of length < 20m, may combine all the above lights in a single
lantern and locate it at or near the top of the mast, where it can best be seen.
(d) Sailing vessel may also exhibit red over green all-round lights, as defined in
Rule 21 and explained above, at least 2m vertically apart, at or near the top
of the mast, where they can best be seen. However if the vessel of
length < 20m is exhibiting the combined lantern stated above, then these
optional lights shall not be exhibited.
(e) Sailing vessel of length < 7m and vessel under oars shall exhibit the above
lights but if it is impracticable to do so then they shall have at hand either an
electric torch or a lighted lantern showing a white light, and exhibit it in
sufficient time to prevent collision.
(f) If a vessel is propelled by sails as well as by machinery at the same time,
then it is considered to be a power-driven vessel as explained in Rule 3 of
Section 2.3.3. In such a case it shall exhibit only the lights for a power-
driven vessel underway as prescribed in Rule 23, but not the above lights.
However in day time its sails will be visible but the propulsion by machinery
will not be apparent. She shall therefore exhibit, where it can best be seen, a
cone with its apex pointing down, as described in Section 3.2.1.

3.2.7 Rule 26: Fishing Vessels: Annex II – Additional Signals for

Fishing Vessels Fishing in Close Proximity
This Rule and Annex prescribes lights and shapes to be exhibited by following
vessels:
(a) Fishing trawler: This vessel is used for catching small variety of fishes like
prawns, shrimps, etc., by using a special net called “Trawl”. It is laid out
astern of the vessel for a short distance, and the fish are trapped in it as the
vessel tows it ahead.
(b) Fishing Vessel Other than Trawler: This vessel uses various types of nets
and lines to catch variety of small and big fish. The fishing gear is normally
laid out only on one side of the vessel. It may extend for a considerable
distance away from the vessel and may cover a large sea area.
66
 W Lights, Shapes and
Aft Sound Signals
Masthead Lt
G
W B

A 0.9 m

Search Light

R G

Figure 3.8: Lights Exhibited by a Fishing Trawler

A Height of the white all-round light above the sidelights.

B Vertical distance between the green and white all-round lights.
Lights and shapes exhibited by a fishing trawler
(a) It shall exhibit the aft masthead light, sidelights and sternlight, for a power-
driven vessel as prescribed in Rule 23. However, if the length of the
vessel < 50m then it may not exhibit the aft masthead light.
(b) If it is underway but not making way through the water then it shall not
exhibit the sidelights and sternlight.
(c) “Underway” and “Making way” are explained in of Section 2.3.3.
(d) In addition it shall exhibit green over white all-round lights, as defined in
Rule 21 and explained in Section 3.2.2, at least 2mvertically apart.
(e) Distance A ≥ Twice the distance B.
(f) If distance B is 2.5m, then distance A ≥ 5m.
(g) In day time it shall exhibit 2 cones, as described in Annex I and explained in
Rule 20, with their apexes together in a vertical line.
(h) If it is at anchor then it shall not exhibit the lights and shape for a vessel at
anchor as prescribed in Rule 30, but shall exhibit the above lights and
shapes for a vessel underway but not making way through the water.
(i) If it is not engaged in fishing then it shall not exhibit the above lights and
shapes, but shall exhibit the lights and shapes prescribed in the Rules of Part
C as applicable.
(j) If the length of the vessel ≥ 20m and it is engaged in fishing in close
proximity to other fishing vessels, then it shall also exhibit additional lights
and flags as prescribed in Annex II and as stated below:
(i) Two all-round lights, at least 0.9m vertically apart, below the white
all-round light stated above, where they can best be seen, as follows:
Situation Colour of Lights Flag in day time
Shooting nets Both white Z
Hauling nets White over red G
Nets fast on an Both red P
obstruction
67
Bridge Equipment and (ii) When two vessels are engaged in pair-trawling, then both shall
Watch Keeping and
Collision Prevention
additionally exhibit a white search light, where it can best be seen,
which shall be directed forward and towards the other vessel. In day
time both shall exhibit flag T.
(iii) The flags stated above are exhibited in accordance with the
International Code of Signals.
Fishing Vessel other than a Trawler
(a) It shall exhibit the sidelights and sternlight for a power-driven vessel as
prescribed in Rule 23, only if it is underway and making way through the
water.
(b) “Underway” and “Making way” are explained in Section 2.3.3.
(c) In addition it shall exhibit red over white all-round lights, as defined in Rule
21 and explained in Section 3.2.2, at least 2m. vertically apart.
(d) Distance A ≥ Twice the distance B.
If distance B is 2.5m, then distance A ≥ 5m.
(e) If the outlying fishing gear is extending > 150m horizontally from the
vessel, then it shall exhibit an additional white all-round light. This shall be
placed in between the sidelights and the white all-round light stated above,
and horizontally away from the white all-round light in the direction of the
outlying gear, such that - 2m ≤ C ≤ 6m.
R
B
W Out – Lying
Gear Lt
C
Purse Seine
Gear Lights
A
0.9 m W

R G

Figure 3.9: Lights Exhibited by Fishing Vessel other than a Trawler

A Height of the white all-round light above the sidelights.

B Vertical distance between the red and white all-round lights.
C Horizontal distance between the all-round lights and the white outlying
gear light.

(f) In day time it shall exhibit two cones, as described in Annex I of the IRPC
and explained in Rule 20, with their apexes together in a vertical line.

(g) If the outlying fishing gear is extending > 150m horizontally from the
vessel, then she shall exhibit an additional cone with its apex upwards, in the
same place as the white all-round light indicating outlying gear.
(h) A fishing vessel which is not exhibiting the outlying gear light or shape, but
she is exhibiting the other lights or shapes, then it means that the vessel is
engaged in fishing with the gear extending ≤ 150m.
68
 (i) If she is at anchor then it shall not exhibit the lights and shape for a vessel at
Lights, Shapes and
anchor as prescribed in Rule 30, but shall exhibit the above lights and Sound Signals
shapes for a vessel not making way through the water.
(j) If she is not engaged in fishing then she shall not exhibit the above lights
and shapes, but shall exhibit the lights and shapes prescribed in the Rules of
Part C as applicable.
(k) If it is fishing in close proximity to other fishing vessels, using a special
fishing gear called “Purse seine” gear then, as prescribed in Annex II of the
IRPC, it may exhibit two yellow all-round lights, at least 0.9m vertically
apart, below the white all-round light stated above, where they can best be
seen. These lights shall flash alternately every second, with equal period of
light and darkness.
SAQ 3
(a) Describe the optional lights of a sailing vessel. Which vessels can exhibit
them? When will these not be exhibited?
(b) You sight a sailing vessel on your port bow, exhibiting a cone with apex
down. If risk of collision exists what will be your action? Give reasons for
your answer.
(c) Describe the lights and day signals exhibited by a fishing trawler when
making way through the water.
(d) You sight a vessel ahead exhibiting red over white lights in a vertical line.
Identify the vessel and state its day signals.
(e) Describe the outlying gear light and shape. Explain their location and state
when will a fishing vessel exhibit them.

3.2.8 Rule 27: Vessels not Under Command or Restricted in Their

Ability to Manoeuvre
This Rule prescribes lights and shapes to be exhibited by the following vessels:
(a) Vessel not under command
(b) Vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre
(c) Power driven vessel in a towing operation which severely restricts her
ability to manoeuvre
(d) A vessel engaged in dredging and underwater operations
(e) Vessel engaged in diving operations
(f) Vessel engaged Mine-clearance in operation.
Vessel not Under Command
(a) She shall exhibit the sidelights and sternlight for a power-driven vessel as
prescribed in Rule 23, only when she is underway and making way through
the water. The difference between “Underway” and “Making way” are
explained in Section 2.3.3.
(b) In addition she shall exhibit two red all-round lights, as defined in Rule 21,
at least 2m vertically apart, where they can best be seen.
(c) In day time she shall exhibit two balls, as explained in Rule 20, at least 1.5m
vertically apart, where they can best be seen.
(d) If she is at anchor then she shall not exhibit the above lights and shapes but
shall exhibit the lights and shape for a vessel at anchor as prescribed in
Rule 30.
69
Bridge Equipment and
Watch Keeping and
Collision Prevention 2M
W

R
R W
R R
W

W G
W G

Figure 3.10: Light Displayed by Vessels not Under Command (NUC) and
Restricted in their Ability to Manoeuver (RAM)

Vessel Restricted in her Ability to Manoeuver

(a) She shall exhibit all the lights for a power-driven vessel as prescribed in
Rule 23, only when she is underway and making way through the water. If
length of the vessel < 50m then it may not exhibit the aft masthead light.
(b) “Underway” and “Making way” are explained in Section 2.3.3.
(c) In addition to the above she shall exhibit red, white and red all-round lights,
as defined in Rule 21 and explained in Section 2.3.3, at least 2m. vertically
apart. These lights shall be placed in between the forward and aft masthead
lights and at least 2m horizontally away from the centre line, where they can
best be seen.
(d) In day time she shall exhibit ball, diamond and ball, as described in Annex I
and explained in Rule 20, at least 1.5m vertically apart, in the same place as
the red, white and red all-round lights.
(e) If she is at anchor then she shall exhibit the above all-round lights and
shapes and in addition shall exhibit lights and shape for a vessel at anchor as
prescribed in Rule 30.
A Vessel Engaged in Towing Operation which Severely Restricts her Ability to
Manoeuver
She shall exhibit all the lights and shape for a power-driven vessel towing astern as
prescribed in Rule 24. In addition she shall exhibit all-round lights and shapes for
vessels restricted in their ability to manoeuver (RAM) as stated above. This shall
apply when the vessel is underway, whether it is making way through water or
otherwise.
Vessel Engaged in Dredging and Underwater Operations
(a) She shall exhibit all the lights and shapes for a RAM vessel underway as
stated above.
(b) In addition if there is an obstruction on any side then she shall exhibit lights
and shapes as follows:
(i) Two red all-round lights, as defined in Rule 21at least 2m vertically
apart. These shall be located below, and at least 2m. horizontally
away, from the RAM lights, towards the side on which the obstruction
exists.
(ii) Two green all-round lights, as defined in Rule 21 at least 2m
vertically apart. These shall be located below, and at least 2m
70
 horizontally away, from the RAM lights, towards the side on which it
Lights, Shapes and
is safe for another vessel to pass. Sound Signals
(iii) For all practical purposes the above lights shall be located at least 4m.
horizontally away from the centre line on the respective sides,
because the RAM lights themselves are located at least 2m away from
centre line as stated above.
(iv) In day time she shall exhibit two balls and two diamonds, as described
in Annex I and explained in Rule 20, at least 1.5m vertically apart, in
the same place as the red and green all-round lights respectively.

4m 2m 2m

W
R
W
Masthead Lights
R

G R
Safe Side Lts W
G R

R G
W L

Figure 3.11: Lights Exhibited by a Vessel Engaged in Dredging Operations

(v) If she is at anchor then she shall exhibit the RAM lights and shapes,
and the obstruction and safe side lights and shapes, as stated above,
but she shall not exhibit the lights and shape for a vessel at anchor as
prescribed in Rule 30.
(vi) If the dredger does not have an obstruction on any side then it is
considered to be a RAM vessel and it shall exhibit the lights and
shapes of that vessel whether underway or at anchor.
Vessel Engaged in Diving Operations
(a) It shall exhibit the same lights and shapes for a dredger as stated above, but
if it is impracticable to do so because of the size of the vessel, then it shall
exhibit the lights and flag as follows:
(i) Lights for a RAM vessel as stated above.
(ii) Rigid replica of flag “A” of height ≥ 1m., such that it is visible all-
round.
Vessel Engaged in Mine-Clearance Operations
(a) She shall exhibit all lights for a power-driven vessel underway as prescribed
in Rule 23.
(b) In addition it shall exhibit three green all-round lights, as defined in Rule 21
as follows:
• One light on the head of the forward mast.
• One light each on the ends of the yard on the forward mast.
• No distances have been prescribed for these lights.

71
Bridge Equipment and (c) In day time it shall exhibit three balls, as described in Annex I and explained
Watch Keeping and
Collision Prevention
in Rule 20, in the same place as the green lights.
(d) If she is at anchor then she shall exhibit the above all-round lights and
shapes and in addition shall exhibit lights and shape for a vessel at anchor as
prescribed in Rule 30.
(e) You should pass the vessel at a distance ≥ 1000m.

G
G
G
W W
Forward
Masthead Lt
R

W G

Water Level

Figure 3.12: Lights Displayed by a Mine Sweeper

SAQ 4
(a) You sight a vessel right ahead exhibiting two balls in a vertical line. Identify
the vessel and state the lights exhibited by it. If risk of collision exists what
action will you take, assuming that there is a shallow patch on your
starboard side? Give reasons for your answer.
(b) You sight a vessel exhibiting two white lights, widely separated nearly
horizontally, and red, white and red lights in a vertical line in-between and
above the white lights. Identify the vessel and state its day signal.
(c) You sight a vessel exhibiting ball, diamond and ball in a vertical line, and
two balls in a vertical line on one side, and two diamonds in a vertical line
on the other side. Identify the vessel and state the lights exhibited by it. If
risk of collision exists what action will you take? Give reasons for your
answer.
(d) State the lights and day signals exhibited by a diving-support vessel
underway.
(e) State the lights and day signals exhibited by a mine-clearance vessel
underway but stopped and not making way through the water. What action
will you take if you sight it right ahead?

3.2.9 Rule 28: Vessels Constrained by their Draught (CBD)

(a) She shall exhibit all lights for a power-driven vessel underway as
prescribed in Rule 23.
(b) In addition she shall exhibit three red all-round lights, as defined in Rule
21 and explained in Section 3.2.2, at least 2m vertically apart and at least
2m. horizontally away from the centre line, where they can best be seen.
(c) In day time she shall exhibit a cylinder vertically, as described in Annex I
and explained in Rule 20, where they can best be seen.
72
 (d) If she is at anchor then it shall not exhibit the above lights and shapes but
Lights, Shapes and
shall exhibit the lights and shape for a vessel at anchor as prescribed in Sound Signals
Rule 30.

2M
W
R
R W
R R
W

W G W G

Water Level
Pilot

Figure 3.13: Vessel Constrained by Figure 3.14: Pilot Vessel Underway

Her Draft (CBD)

3.2.10 Rule 29: Pilot Vessels

(a) It shall exhibit the sidelights and sternlight for a power-driven vessel
underway as prescribed in Rule 23.
(b) In addition it shall exhibit at or near the masthead, white over red all-round
lights, as defined in Rule 21 at least 2m vertically apart.
(c) In day time it shall exhibit the flag “H” in compliance with the International
Code of Signals. In addition the word “PILOT” may be written on both
sides of the vessel.
(d) If it is at anchor then it shall exhibit the above all-round lights and flag and
in addition shall exhibit lights and shape for a vessel at anchor as prescribed
in Rule 30.
(e) If it is not engaged on pilotage duty then it shall not exhibit the above lights
and flag, but shall exhibit the lights and shapes prescribed in the Rules of
Part C as applicable.
3.2.11 Rule 30: Anchored Vessels and Vessels Aground
This Rule prescribes lights and shapes to be exhibited by the following vessels:
(i) Vessel at anchor
(ii) Vessel aground
Vessel at Anchor
(a) It shall exhibit two white all-round lights, as defined in Rule 21 and
explained in Section 3.2.2, where they can best be seen. One light shall be
placed forward at a height ≥ 6m above the uppermost continuous deck and
the other light shall be placed aft at a height ≥ 4.5m below the forward light.
(b) If the length of the vessel < 50m, then it may not exhibit the aft light.
(c) If the length of the vessel ≥ 100m, then it shall also exhibit working lights
on deck.
(d) If the length of the vessel < 100m, then it may exhibit the deck working
lights.
(e) In day time it shall exhibit a ball, as described in Annex I and explained in
Rule 20, in the same place as the forward light, regardless of the length of
the vessel. 73
Bridge Equipment and
Watch Keeping and W W
Collision Prevention
R
R

W W

Figure 3.15: Vessel at Anchor Figure 3.16: Vessel Aground

Vessel Aground
(a) It shall exhibit the lights of a vessel at anchor as stated above, except for the
deck working lights.
(b) In addition it shall exhibit two red all-round lights, as defined in Rule 21 and
explained in Section 3.2.2, at least 2m vertically apart, where they can best
be seen.
(c) In day time it shall exhibit three balls, as described in Annex I and explained
in Rule 20, at least 1.5m vertically apart, where they can best be seen.
(d) It shall not exhibit the ball for an anchored vessel.
SAQ 5
(a) You sight a vessel on your port bow exhibiting a cylinder. Identify the
vessel and state the lights exhibited by it. If risk of collision exists what
action will you take? Give reasons for your answer.
(b) You sight a vessel exhibiting flag “H” and crossing from your port to
starboard. Identify the vessel, state its lights and state your action if risk of
collision exists. Give reasons for your answer.
(c) You sight a vessel right ahead exhibiting two red lights in a vertical line and
well below it a white light. Identify the vessel and state its day signal. State
your action with reasons.
(d) You sight a vessel exhibiting a ball. Identify the vessel and state all the
lights exhibited by it.

3.3 PART D OF REGULATIONS: SOUND AND

LIGHT SIGNALS
3.3.1 Rule 32: Definitions
(a) “Whistle” means any sound signalling appliance capable of producing the
prescribed blasts and which complies with the specifications in Annex III of
the IRPC.
(b) “Short blast” means a blast of about 1 second’s duration.
(c) “Prolonged blast” means a blast of from 4 to 6 seconds’ duration.

74
 (i) In addition to the whistle, bell and gong are also used as sound
Lights, Shapes and
signalling appliances and these are described in Annex III of the Sound Signals
IRPC.
(ii) The word “blast” is always associated with the whistle. For bell and
gong the terms used are “ring” or “stroke”.
(d) “Prolonged blast” has the same meaning as “Long blast”. However as the
former term is used in these Regulations, you should also use the same.
3.3.2 Rule 33: Equipment for Sound Signals
Equipment for sound signalling shall be provided on all vessels as follows:
• Vessel of length ≥ 12m - A whistle
• Vessel of length ≥ 20m - A whistle and a bell
• Vessel of length ≥ 100m - A whistle, a bell and a gong
• Vessel of length < 12m - No equipment is specified but some means shall be
provided for making an efficient sound signal.
Specifications for the above equipment are given in Annex III of the IRPC. Important
details which you should be aware of are stated below:
Whistle
(a) It shall be audible for at least 0.5 to 2.0 miles, depending on the length of the
vessel.
(b) The audible range of a whistle is determined by calculating its intensity in a
laboratory and then comparing it with the range stated in the table given in
Annex III.
(c) It shall operate on a fundamental frequency which lies within the range of
70 - 700 Hz, including one or more higher frequencies within the range of
180 - 2100 Hz, depending on the length of the vessel. Longer the vessel,
higher is the frequency. For the longest vessel the frequency shall be in the
range of 250 - 700 Hz.
(d) Frequency of the whistle is also determined in a laboratory alongwith its
intensity. If the whistle complies with all the specifications given in the
Annex III, it is stamped by the approving authority of the country where it is
manufactured, and a certificate is issued to it. When whistle is supplied to a
vessel, it should be ascertained that it is properly stamped by the approving
authority and a certificate is produced stating all the above information, and
its range and frequency are suitable for the vessel as prescribed in the
Annex III.
(e) Maximum intensity shall be in the ahead direction which shall be achieved
by fitting a horn to the whistle.
(f) It shall be located as high as possible so that the ears of the watch-keepers
are not harmed. Maximum pressure level at the place where a lookout man
may be posted, shall be 100 db.
(g) If the whistle is likely to have an obstruction in its path of audibility, like a
large mast, crane, etc., then an additional whistle shall be located forward of
the obstruction, within 100m from the other whistle. Both shall operate
simultaneously at frequencies which shall differ by at least 10 Hz.
(h) If there is no difference in the frequencies of the two whistles then the sound
waves produced by them are likely to resonate, resulting in formation of
“nodes” and “anti-nodes”. This could cause increase and decrease in the
intensity of the signal alternately, along the full distance over which the
signal would be heard, and could confuse the other vessels in the vicinity.
75
Bridge Equipment and (i) If whistles are located > 100m apart then these shall not operate
Watch Keeping and
Collision Prevention
simultaneously.
Bell
(a) It shall be made of corrosion resistant material, which is usually brass.
(b) Diameter of the mouth of the bell ≥ 200 mm for a vessel of length ≥ 20m.
(c) Power-driven striker is recommended but manual operation shall also be
possible.
(d) Mass of the striker ≥ 3 % of the mass of the bell.
Gong
(a) It shall be made of corrosion resistant material, which is usually brass.
(b) The tone and sound of the gong shall be such that it cannot be mistaken with
that of the bell.
(c) There are no other specifications. However it usually consists of a metal
plate with a wide lip and it is struck by a wooden or a padded hammer.
3.3.3 Rule 34: Manoeuvring and Warning Signals
(a) Signals prescribed in this Rule shall be sounded on a whistle by a power-
driven vessel underway of length ≥ 12m, to indicate its manoeuvre when in
sight of another vessel, regardless of whether the visibility is restricted or
not.
(b) If two whistles are fitted > 100m apart then only one whistle shall be used to
sound the signals.
(c) The signals and their meanings are as follows:
• 1 short blast - I am altering my course to
starboard.
• 2 short blasts - I am altering my course to port.
• 3 short blasts - I am operating astern propulsion.
• At least 5 short and rapid blasts - I am in doubt about your actions.
(d) A white all-round flashing light, as defined in Rule 21 and explained in
Section 3.2.2, may be used to supplement the above signals as follows:
• Duration of flash – About 1 second
• Interval between flashes – About 1 second
• If the signal is repeated then interval between the signals – At least
10 seconds.
• Visibility of the light ≥ 5 miles
• Location of the light ≥ 2m away from the masthead lights.
(e) You shall sound the above signals immediately before taking the appropriate
action as stated above.
(f) You shall sound the signal to indicate doubt in following likely situations:
(i) When you are a stand-on vessel and you are not sure whether the
other give-way vessel is taking appropriate action in sufficient time to
avoid collision.
(ii) If the other vessel has taken an action but it is likely pass at an unsafe
distance from your vessel.
76
 (iii) Before you decide to take an action as a stand-on vessel.
Lights, Shapes and
(iv) If you are a CBD vessel and you want the other vessel to keep out of Sound Signals
the way of your passage in compliance with Rule 18.
(g) Certain signals are prescribed in this Rule for being sounded by vessels
when navigating in narrow channel in accordance with Rule 9. This Rule is
not to be discussed in this unit and hence these signals have been omitted.
3.3.4 Rule 35: Sound Signals in Restricted Visibility
Signals prescribed in this Rule shall be sounded on a whistle by a vessel in or near an
area of restricted visibility, whether by day or by night, to indicate her presence to
another vessel which is not in sight and which may or may not have been detected by
Radar.
“In or near an area of restricted visibility” shall have the same meaning as stated in Rule
19 and explained in Section 2.6.
Power-Driven Vessel Underway
• When making way - 1 prolonged blast at intervals ≤ 2 min.
• When stopped and not making way - 2 prolonged blasts at intervals ≤ 2 min.,
with a gap of about 2 sec between them.
• “Underway” and “Making way” are explained in Rule 3 of Section 2.3.3.
• A composite tow, as stated in Rule 24 and explained in Section 3.2.5, shall
also sound the above signals.
• The following vessels shall sound 1 prolonged blast followed by 2 short blasts
at intervals ≤ 2 min.
(i) NUC vessel underway
(ii) CBD vessel underway
(iii) Sailing vessel underway
(iv) Power-driven vessel towing or pushing underway
(v) RAM vessel underway or at anchor
(vi) Fishing vessel underway or at anchor
Vessel Towed Astern
(a) 1 prolonged blast followed by 3 short blasts at intervals ≤ 2 min.
(b) This signal shall be sounded immediately after the signal sounded by towing
vessel.
(c) It shall be sounded only if the vessel is manned.
(d) If more than one vessel is towed, then the signal shall be sounded only by
the last vessel of the tow.
Vessel at Anchor, Except RAM Vessel and Fishing Vessel
(a) Length < 100m – Ring the bell rapidly for about 5 secs at intervals ≤ 1 min.
(b) Length ≥ 100m –
(i) Ring the bell rapidly for about 5 secs in the forward part of the vessel,
and
(ii) Ring the gong rapidly for about 5 secs in the aft part of the vessel,
immediately after the ringing of the bell.
(iii) Both the above signals together shall be sounded at intervals ≤ 1 min.
77
Bridge Equipment and (c) All vessels may also sound 1 short, 1 prolonged and 1 short blast within the
Watch Keeping and
Collision Prevention
same time interval, on sighting an approaching vessel.
Vessel Aground
(a) Length < 100m.
(b) Three separate and distinct strokes on the bell followed by ringing of the
bell rapidly for about 5 secs, and again followed by 3 separate and distinct
strokes on the bell.
(c) All the above signals together shall be sounded at intervals ≤ 1 min.
(d) Length ≥ 100m. –
(i) Three separate and distinct strokes on the bell in the forward part of
the vessel, followed by ringing of the bell rapidly for about 5 secs and
again 3 separate and distinct strokes on the bell, and ring the gong
rapidly for about 5 secs in the aft part of the vessel, immediately after
the ringing of the bell.
(ii) All the above signals together shall be sounded at intervals ≤ 1 min.
(e) All vessels may also sound an appropriate signal, which may consist of 2
short blasts followed by 1 prolonged blast, within the same time interval, on
sighting an approaching vessel.
Pilot Vessel
(a) Same sound signal as prescribed for a power-driven vessel underway or at
anchor.
(b) It may also sound 4 short blasts within the same time interval.
3.3.5 Rule 37 and Annex IV: Distress Signals
(a) The signals described in Annex IV shall be used or exhibited by a vessel in distress
and requiring assistance, and not for any other purpose.
(b) These signals are as follows:
(i) A gun or other explosive fired at intervals of about a minute. This is not
provided on your ship but it may be used by other vessels at sea.
(ii) Continuous sounding with any fog-signalling apparatus.
(iii) Rockets or shells throwing red stars, fired one at a time at short intervals.
This is not provided on your ship but it may be used by other vessels at sea.
(iv) SOS transmitted by radio-telegraphy on frequency of 500 kHz.
(v) Spoken word MAYDAY transmitted by radio-telephony on frequency of
2182 kHz.
(vi) Flags “NC” hoisted in accordance with the International code of signals.
(vii) Square flag having above or below it a ball or anything resembling a ball,
like a round basket or a plate.
(viii) Flames on the vessel as from burning tar or oil in a barrel or a drum.
(ix) Rocket parachute flare or hand flare showing a red light. These are always
carried on board ship and also in lifeboat and liferaft, in accordance with the
life saving appliances prescribed in Chapter III of the SOLAS Convention.
(x) Smoke signal giving off orange-coloured smoke. This is always carried on
board ship and also in lifeboat and liferaft, in accordance with the life saving
appliances prescribed in Chapter III of the SOLAS Convention.
78
 (xi) Slowly and repeatedly raising and lowering arms out-stretched to each side.
Lights, Shapes and
(xii) Radio-telegraph alarm signal consisting of 12 dashes, each of 4 secs Sound Signals
duration, separated by a gap of 1 sec, transmitted on frequency of 500 kHz.
This signal actuates the auto-alarm of other ships, which is always kept “on”
for receiving such a signal.
(xiii) Radio-telephone alarm signal consisting of two tones transmitted on
frequencies of 2200 Hz and 1300 Hz, superimposed on the frequency of
2182 KHz. Duration of each tone is 0.25 sec and the full signal is transmitted
for 30 sec. This signal actuates the auto-alarm of other ships, which is always
kept “on” for receiving such a signal.
(xiv) Signal transmitted by EPIRB. This is always carried on board ship, in
accordance with the life saving appliances prescribed in Chapter III of the
SOLAS Convention.
(xv) Signal transmitted by SART. This is always carried on board ship, in
accordance with the life saving appliances prescribed in Chapter III of the
SOLAS Convention.
(xvi) A piece of orange-coloured canvas with either a black square and a circle or
other appropriate symbol. This should be spread out on the open deck for
identification by an aircraft.
(xvii) A dye-marker is not provided on your ship but it may be used by other
vessels at sea or by an aircraft pilot who might have bailed out from his
aircraft.
SAQ 6
(a) What would be an ideal location for the whistle? Give reasons for your
answer.
(b) What will you check before accepting a new whistle for your vessel?
(c) Distinguish between a bell and a gong.
(d) Explain the application of Rules 34 and 35.
(f) Under what circumstances will you sound 5 short and rapid blasts?
(g) State the signal sounded in restricted visibility by a RAM vessel at anchor.
(h) State the distress signals which you may use on board your ship in day time.

3.4 SUMMARY
(i) Part C of these Regulations deal with lights and shapes to be exhibited by
different vessels. It consists of Rules 20 to 30.
(ii) Rule 20 states that every vessel shall exhibit the prescribed lights and shapes in
all weathers, as specified in Annex I.
(iii) The lights shall be exhibited at night, and also during day in restricted visibility.
During these times no other light shall be exhibited which may be mistaken for
the prescribed lights, or which may impair their visibility or their distinctive
character, or which may interfere with the keeping of a proper lookout.
(iv) Day signals consist of a ball, cone, cylinder and diamond, or combination of
these.
79
Bridge Equipment and (v) Rule 21 defines various lights which are prescribed for different vessels. These
Watch Keeping and
Collision Prevention
include the masthead light, sidelights, sternlight, towing light, all-round light and
flashing light.
(vi) Rule 22 prescribes the minimum visible range of various lights for vessels of
different lengths.
(vii) Rule 23 prescribes the lights to be exhibited by a power-driven vessel underway
of different lengths, including lights for air-cushioned vessel and WIG craft.
(viii) Rule 24 prescribes lights and shape to be exhibited by a power-driven vessel
towing astern or alongside, power-driven vessel pushing, vessel being towed
astern or alongside, and vessel being pushed ahead.
(ix) Rule 25 prescribes lights and shape to be exhibited by a sailing vessel underway
when being propelled by sails and/or machinery, and vessel under oars.
(x) Rule 26 alongwith Annex II prescribes lights and shapes to be exhibited by a
fishing vessel engaged in trawling or using other nets and lines, when underway
or at anchor.
(xi) Rule 27 prescribes lights and shapes to be exhibited by a NUC vessel, RAM
vessel, towing vessel when it is restricted in its ability to manoeuvre, dredger,
diving support vessel and mine-clearance vessel, when these are underway or at
anchor.
(xii) Rule 28 prescribes lights and shape to be exhibited by a power-driven vessel
which is constrained by draught, when underway.
(xiii) Rule 29 prescribes lights and shape to be exhibited by a pilot vessel underway or
at anchor.
(xiv) Rule 30 prescribes lights and shapes to be exhibited by a vessel at anchor and
vessel aground.
(xv) Part D of these Regulations deal with sound and light signals to be sounded or
exhibited by different vessels when in sight of one another and when in restricted
visibility. It consists of Rules 32 to 37.
(xvi) Rule 32 defines a whistle and short and prolonged blasts.
(xvii) Rule 33 alongwith Annex III describes the equipment to be used by different
vessels for making sound signals.
(xviii) Rule 34 states the signals to be sounded by a power-driven vessel underway,
when in sight of another vessel, to indicate its manoeuvres or to give warning to
other vessel.
(xix) Rule 35 states the signals to be sounded by different vessels to indicate their
presence in restricted visibility.
(xx) Rule 37 and Annex IV state the various distress signals which may be used or
exhibited to indicate that the vessel is in distress and requires assistance.

3.5 ANSWERS TO SAQs

SAQ 1
(a) Navigation lights shall be exhibited under the following circumstances:
(i) In all weathers, i.e. whether it is hot or cold conditions, good or bad
visibility, cloudy or bright sunshine, precipitation or clear conditions,
strong or light winds, heavy waves or calm conditions, etc.
(ii) From sunset to sunrise, as well as during day time in restricted
visibility or when thick clouds have obscured most of the sunlight.
80
 (iii) During such times no other light shall be exhibited which may be
Lights, Shapes and
mistaken for the prescribed navigation lights, or impair their visibility Sound Signals
or their distinctive character, or interfere with the keeping of a proper
lookout. Any light which does not cause these problems may be
exhibited if required.
(b) I will check the following items:
(i) It has a certificate from the approving authority of the government
where the light is manufactured.
(ii) The certificate should state its intensity, colour specification, and
horizontal and vertical arcs of visibility as determined in a laboratory,
and its range of visibility as determined from Annex I.
(iii) The light is stamped by the approving authority with the number of
the certificate.
(iv) The visibility range is suitable for my vessel as required by Rule 22.
(v) It is of robust construction and carries the appropriate colour shades.
vi) Fitting arrangements provided are compatible with arrangements on
my vessel.
(c) The navigation light alarm system will give an alarm and indicate which
light has failed. I will immediately change over to the duplicate light and see
that it is working properly. I will inform the next duty officer about it so that
it can be repaired immediately in the morning.
(d) I will take the following actions:
(i) I will instruct the crew to use minimum number of lights.
(ii) All the lights should face down towards the work area and not be
directed upwards towards the Bridge.
(iii) The lights should be far away from the normal navigational lights.
(iv) As lookout by sight may not be very efficient due to loss of night
adaptation, I will supplement it by using the Radar.
(v) I will place the lookout man well forward of the working lights so that
he is not affected by them.
(e) Range of masthead light shall be minimum 6 miles. Range of all other lights,
i.e. sidelights, sternlight, all-round light and flashing light, shall be
minimum 3 miles.
SAQ 2
(a) Composite tow means when two vessels are rigidly connected one behind
the other by means of adequate locking arrangements in such a way that
they cannot move independently of each other. In such a case the Rule 24
considers them to be a single power-driven vessel and hence they together
display one set of navigation lights of a power-driven vessel according to its
total length.
Vessel pushing ahead will be in contact with the vessel being pushed ahead
but they are not rigidly connected to each other. Hence they are treated as
independent vessels and separate set of lights are prescribed for them in the
Rule 24.
(b) It is a power-driven vessel of length probably ≥ 50m (may be < 50m),
towing another vessel astern, where the length of the tow > 200m, underway
(making way or not making way), seen in head-on situation. Day signal is a
diamond where it can best be seen.
(c) There are two possibilities in this case as follows:

81
Bridge Equipment and (i) Power-driven vessel of length probably ≥ 50m (may be < 50m),
Watch Keeping and
Collision Prevention underway (making way or not making way), seen in head-on
situation. There is no day signal.
(ii) Power-driven vessel of length < 50m, towing another vessel astern,
where the length of the tow ≤ 200m, underway (making way or not
making way), seen in head-on situation. There is no day signal.
(d) There are two possibilities in this case as follows:
(i) Power-driven vessel of length < 50m, towing another vessel alongside
on its starboard side (because the red sidelight of the vessel being
towed is not visible), underway (making way or not making way),
seen from port side crossing my vessel from starboard to port. There
is no day signal.
(ii) Power-driven vessel of length < 50m, towing another vessel astern
(the red sidelight of the vessel being towed is not visible because it is
out of range), length of the tow ≤ 200m, underway (making way or
not making way), seen from port side crossing my vessel from
starboard to port. There is no day signal.
(e) One of them is a power-driven vessel towing the other vessel astern, where
the length of the tow > 200m, underway (making way or not making way).
Lengths of the vessels are not known. Either they could be crossing my
vessel from port to starboard or I could be overtaking them.
SAQ 3
(a) Optional lights of a sailing vessel consist of red over green all-round lights,
placed ≥ 2m apart, at or near the top of the mast, where they can best be
seen. Any sailing vessel may exhibit them. However, if the length of the
sailing vessel < 20m, and it is exhibiting the sidelights and sternlight in a
combined lantern at or near the top of the mast, then these optional lights
shall not be exhibited.
(b) The sailing vessel is also being propelled by machinery and so it is a power-
driven vessel as defined in Rule 3. It is a crossing situation between two
power-driven vessels and I am a stand-on vessel as that vessel is on my port
side. So I shall maintain my course and speed. However, if I find that the
other vessel is not taking appropriate action to avoid collision, then I shall
give 5 or more short blasts on the whistle to attract his attention. If there is
still no response from that vessel then I shall give 1 short blast, alter course
to starboard, take a full circle and pass round the stern of that vessel. I am
taking this action because of the following reasons:
(i) As a stand-on vessel I cannot alter course to port for a vessel on my
port side.
(ii) I should not cross ahead of that vessel as it is not a good practice of
seaman.
(iii) I will not attempt to reduce my speed or stop engine as these actions
will take a long time to be effective.
(c) The lights and day signals are as follows:
(i) Sidelights and sternlight.
(ii) Aft masthead light if the length of the vessel ≥ 50m. Vessel of
length < 50m may exhibit this light.
(iii) Green over white all-round lights, placed ≥ 2m apart, such that the
distance between the white light and the sidelights is at least twice the
distance between these lights.
82 (iv) Two cones with apexes together, placed vertically.
 (d) It is a fishing vessel, other than a trawler, underway but stopped and not
Lights, Shapes and
making way through the water, with outlying fishing gear extending ≤ Sound Signals
150m. It could be seen from any side or from astern or head-on. Day signals
are 2 cones with apexes together, placed vertically.
(e) The outlying gear light is a white all-round light and the shape is a cone with
apex upwards. The light is placed above the sidelights but below the red and
white all-round lights of the fishing vessel, and 2 to 6m horizontally away
from them in the direction of the outlying gear. The cone is placed in the
same location as the outlying gear light.
SAQ 4
(a) It is a NUC vessel which may or may not be making way through the water.
At night it shall exhibit 2 red all-round lights in a vertical line, at least 2m
apart, where they can best be seen. If it is making way through the water
then it shall also exhibit the sidelights and sternlight. I am the give-way
vessel and I can take any action to avoid collision. As there is a shallow
patch on my starboard side, I will give 2 short blasts on the whistle, alter
course to port and pass clear of her.
(b) It is a RAM vessel at anchor of length probably ≥ 50m but < 100m. Length
may be < 50m. Day signals are ball, diamond and ball, in a vertical line at
least 1.5m. apart, where they can best be seen. In addition it shall exhibit a
ball in the forward part of the vessel.
(c) It is a dredger underway (making way or not making way), with obstruction
on the side where the 2 balls are exhibited. I will give appropriate whistle
signals and alter course to the side which is safe to pass, i.e. on the side
where the 2 diamonds are exhibited, and pass well clear of it. Altering
course on the other side is prohibited. The lights exhibited by it are as
follows:
(i) Red, white and red all-round lights, in a vertical line at least 2m apart,
where they can best be seen, but at least 2m horizontally away from
the centre line.
(ii) Two red all-round lights in a vertical line, at least 2m apart, on the
side of the obstruction, below the RAM lights stated above, and at
least 2m. horizontally away from them.
(iii) Two green all-round lights in a vertical line, at least 2m apart, on the
side which is safe to pass, below the RAM lights stated above, and at
least 2m. horizontally away from them.
(iv) If it is making way through water then it shall also exhibit the
following lights:
• Forward masthead light.
• Aft masthead light if the length of the vessel ≥ 50m Vessel of
length < 50m may also exhibit this light.
• Sidelights and sternlight.
(d) The lights and day signals are as follows:
(i) Red, white and red all-round lights, in a vertical line at least 2m apart,
where they can best be seen, but at least 2m away from the centre line.
Day signals are ball, diamond and ball, in vertical line at least 1.5m
apart, where they can best be seen.
(ii) Two red all-round lights in a vertical line, at least 2m. apart, on the
side of the obstruction, below the RAM lights stated above, and at
least 2m horizontally away from them. Day signals are 2 balls in a
vertical line at least 1.5m apart, in the same place as these lights. 83
Bridge Equipment and (iii) Two green all-round lights in a vertical line, at least 2m apart, on the
Watch Keeping and
Collision Prevention
side which is safe to pass, below the RAM lights stated above, and at
least 2m horizontally away from them. Day signals are 2 diamonds in
a vertical line at least 1.5m apart, in the same place as these lights.
(iv) If it is making way through water then it shall also exhibit the
following lights:
• Forward masthead light.
• Aft masthead light if the length of the vessel ≥ 50m. Vessel of
length < 50m may also exhibit this light.
• Sidelights and sternlight.
(v) If it is impracticable to exhibit the above lights and day signals due to
its size, then it shall exhibit the following lights and flag:
• Red, white and red all-round lights, in a vertical line at least 2m
apart, where they can best be seen.
• Rigid replica of International code flag “A” of height ≥ 1m so
placed that it is visible all-round
(e) The lights and day signals exhibited are as follows:
(i) Forward masthead light.
(ii) Aft masthead light if the length of the vessel ≥ 50m. Vessel of
length < 50m may also exhibit this light.
(iii) Sidelights and sternlight.
(iv) Three green all-round lights as follows:
• One light on the head of the forward mast.
• One light each on the ends of the yard on the forward mast.
I can alter course to starboard or port but if I have a choice then I will alter course
to starboard and pass at least 1000m clear of it. In any case I will maintain a
minimum safe distance as prescribed by the Master.
SAQ 5
(a) It is a CBD vessel underway (making way or not making way). It shall
exhibit the following lights:
(i) Forward masthead light.
(ii) Aft masthead light if the length of the vessel ≥ 50m. Vessel of
length < 50m may also exhibit this light.
(iii) Sidelights and sternlight.
(iv) Three red all-round lights in a vertical line, at least 2m apart, where
they can best be seen, but at least 2m away from the centre line.
The CBD vessel is a power-driven vessel and so this is a crossing situation
between two power-driven vessels. That vessel is on my port side so I am a stand-
on vessel. However knowing that the vessel is restricted in its ability to take action
to avoid collision, I will give 1 short blast on the whistle, alter course to starboard,
take a full circle and pass round the stern of that vessel. I am taking this action
because of the following reasons:
(i) As a stand-on vessel I cannot alter course to port for a vessel on my
port side.
(ii) I should not cross ahead of that vessel as it is not a good practice of
seaman.
84
 (iii) I will not attempt to reduce my speed or stop engine as these actions
Lights, Shapes and
will take a long time to be effective. Sound Signals
(b) It is a pilot vessel underway (making way or not making way). It shall
exhibit the following lights:
(i) White over red all-round lights, at least 2m. apart, placed at or near
the masthead.
(ii) Sidelights and sternlight.
I am a stand-on vessel as that vessel is crossing me from port side. So I shall
maintain my course and speed. However if I find that it is not taking appropriate
action to avoid collision, then I shall give 5 or more short blasts on the whistle to
attract his attention. If there is still no response from that vessel then I shall give 1
short blast, alter course to starboard, take a full circle and pass round the stern of
that vessel. I am taking this action because of the following reasons:
(i) As a stand-on vessel I cannot alter course to port for a vessel on my
port side.
(ii) I should not cross ahead of that vessel as it is not a good practice of
seaman.
(iii) I will not attempt to reduce my speed or stop engine as these actions
will take a long time to be effective.
However if I am approaching to pick up pilot for entering a port, then I shall
communicate with it and follow its instructions.
(c) There are two possibilities in this case as follows:
(i) NUC vessel seen from the stern making way through the water. Day
signals are 2 balls in a vertical line, at least 1.5m. apart, where they
can best be seen. I can alter course to port or starboard but given a
choice I will give 1 short blast on the whistle, alter course to starboard
and pass clear of her.
(ii) Vessel aground of length < 50m. Day signals are 3 balls in a vertical
line, at least 1.5m apart, where they can best be seen. I will give 1
short blast, alter course to starboard and proceed on a reverse course. I
will inform the Master, plot my and her position and await further
orders of the Master.
(iii) By checking the Radar I can ascertain whether it is making way or
stationary and then take the appropriate action.
(d) It is vessel at anchor, other than fishing vessel, RAM vessel, dredger,
diving-support vessel, mine-clearance vessel and pilot vessel. It shall exhibit
the following lights:
(i) Two white all-round lights where they can best be seen. One light
shall be placed forward at a height ≥ 6m above the uppermost
continuous deck and the other light shall be placed aft at a height ≥
4.5m below the forward light.
(ii) If the length of the vessel < 50m, then it may not exhibit the aft light.
(iii) If length of the vessel ≥ 100m, then it shall also exhibit working lights
on deck.
(iv) If the length of the vessel < 100m, then it may exhibit the deck
working lights.
SAQ 6
(a) Ideally the whistle should be located on the forward mast, well above the
deck, with its horn pointing forward. This will ensure the following:
(i) There is no obstruction in its path of audibility.
(ii) Maximum intensity is in the forward direction.
85
Bridge Equipment and (iii) There is no need to provide two whistles.
Watch Keeping and
Collision Prevention (iv) It will be far away from the lookout man and hence it will not affect
his ears.
(b) I will check the following:
(i) It has a certificate from the approving authority of the government
where it was manufactured.
(ii) The certificate should state its frequency and intensity as determined
in a laboratory, its audibility range as determined from Annex III and
the length of the vessel for which it is suitable in accordance with this
Annex.
(iii) It should be stamped by the approving authority with the number of
the certificate and all the particulars as stated above.
(iv) It should be suitable for the length of my vessel.
(v) It should be of robust construction.
(c) Bell is of usual shape and made of corrosion resistant material like brass.
Diameter of its mouth ≥ 200 mm for a vessel of length ≥ 20m. A striker,
which is also made of brass, is suspended inside the bell and its mass ≥ 3 %
of the mass of the bell.
Gong is made of corrosion resistant material like brass. Its tone and sound
shall be such that it cannot be mistaken with that of the bell. There are no
other specifications. However it usually consists of a metal plate with a wide
lip and it is struck by a wooden or a padded hammer.
(d) Rule 34 prescribes the manoeuvring and warning sound and light signals
which should be sounded or exhibited by a power-driven vessel when in
sight of another vessel, regardless of the state of visibility, to indicate the
action being taken by it in accordance with these Rules.
Rule 35 prescribes the signals to be sounded by different vessels in restricted
visibility, whether by day or by night, to indicate its presence to another vessel
which is not in sight, regardless of whether it is detected by Radar or not.
(e) I shall sound this signal to indicate doubt in the following likely situations:
(i) When I am a stand-on vessel and the other give-way vessel is not
taking appropriate action in sufficient time to avoid collision.
(ii) If the other vessel has taken an action but it is likely pass at an unsafe
distance from my vessel.
(iii) Before I decide to take an action as a stand-on vessel.
(iv) If I am a CBD vessel and I want the other vessel to keep out of the
way of my passage in compliance with Rule 18.
(f) One prolonged blast followed by 2 short blasts at intervals ≤ 2 min.
(g) The day time distress signals are as follows:
(i) A gun or other explosive fired at intervals of about a minute. (This
may not be possible on my ship)
(ii) Continuous sounding with any fog-signalling apparatus.
(iii) SOS transmitted by radio-telegraphy on frequency of 500 kHz.
(iv) Spoken word MAYDAY transmitted by radio-telephony on
frequency 2182 kHz.
(v) Flags “NC” hoisted in accordance with the International code of
signals.

86
(vi) Square flag having above or below it a ball or anything resembling a
Lights, Shapes and
ball, like a round basket or a plate. Sound Signals
(vii) Flames on the vessel as from burning tar or oil in a barrel or a drum.
(viii) Smoke signal giving off orange-coloured smoke.
(ix) Slowly and repeatedly raising and lowering arms out-stretched to each
side.
(x) Radio-telegraph alarm signal consisting of 12 dashes, each of 4 secs
duration, separated by a gap of 1 sec transmitted on frequency of
500 kHz.
(xi) Radio-telephone alarm signal consisting of two tones transmitted on
frequencies of 2200 Hz and 1300 Hz, superimposed on the frequency
of 2182 kHz. Duration of each tone is 0.25 sec and the full signal is
transmitted for 30 sec.
(xii) Signal transmitted by EPIRB.
(xiii) Signal transmitted by SART.
(xiv) A piece of orange-coloured canvas with either a black square and a
circle or other appropriate symbol.
(xv) A dye-marker (This may not be possible on my ship).

87