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27 Basic genetics

A. Multiple-choice questions (10 marks, 1 mark each) / 10

1. In mice, the allele for black fur is dominant to the allele for brown fur. A homozygous
black mouse was mixed with some mice which are heterozygous for black fur. Which of
the following methods can be used to find the mouse homozygous for black fur?
Phenotype of the offspring if the mouse is
Method
homozygous for black hair
A. cross each mouse with a homozygous all offspring are black-haired
black mouse
B. cross each mouse with a brown mouse all offspring are brown-haired
C. cross each mouse with a heterozygous the ratio of black to brown mice is 1 : 1
black mouse
D. cross each mouse with a brown mouse all offspring are black-haired
□

2. A female fruit fly with vestigial wings mates with a male with long wings. All the F1
offspring are long-winged. Two of the F1 offspring mate with each other. What is the
probability of producing offspring with vestigial wings?
A. 25 %
B. 50 %
C. 75 %
D. 100 %
□

3. In garden peas, green pod colour is dominant to yellow pod colour and round seed shape is
dominant to wrinkled seed shape. A cross between garden pea plants, one of which was
heterozygous for pod colour and seed shape, produced offspring in the ratio of 3 with
green pods and round seeds to 1 with green pods and wrinkled seeds. What may be the
genotype of the other parent?
A. heterozygous for pod colour and seed shape
B. heterozygous for seed shape only
C. homozygous for pod colour and seed shape
D. homozygous for seed shape only
□
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4. Susan has blood group A and her father has blood group O. If Susan marries a man with
blood group AB, what are the possible blood groups of their children?
A. A and AB only
B. B and O only
C. A, B and AB only
D. A, B, AB and O
□

5. The pedigree below shows the inheritance of a trait in a family.

I Key:

normal male

II  normal female
affected male
affected female

III

What is the type of inheritance of the trait?

A. X-linked dominant
B. X-linked recessive
C. Y-linked dominant
D. autosomal dominant
□

Directions: Questions 6 and 7 refer to the information shown below.

Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disorder that can seriously affect health. The
allele for cystic fibrosis is recessive (f) and the allele for normal condition (F)
is dominant. Two normal parents have a child with cystic fibrosis.

6. What is the chance of the second child to be normal?

A. 100%
B. 75%
C. 50%
D. 25%
□

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7. What is the chance of the second child to be homozygous?

A. 100%
B. 75%
C. 50%
D. 25%
□

8. In garden peas, the allele for tallness (T) is dominant to the allele for shortness (t) and the
allele for purple flowers (P) is dominant to the allele for white flowers (p). The table shows
the result of the cross of garden pea plants:

Number of offspring
Parental phenotypes
Tall, purple Tall, white Short, purple Short, white
Tall, purple × short, purple 294 102 0 0
What are the most probable genotypes for the parents?
A. TTPp × ttpp
B. TTPp × ttPp
C. TtPp × ttPP
D. TtPp × ttPp
□

9. Colour blindness is a X-linked characteristic in humans. The allele for colour blindness (b)
is recessive to allele for normal colour vision (B). A couple has 2 normal girls, 1
colour-blind boy and 1 normal boy. What are the possible genotypes of the parents?
Father Mother
A. XBY XBXb
B. XBY XbXb
C. XbY XBXB
D. cannot be determined XBXb
□

10. Which of the following is an example of continuous variation?

A. sex
B. tongue rolling
C. blood groups
D. height
□

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B. Short questions /11

1. The table below shows some features of six members of a family.

Feature Mother Father Peter Paul Vivian Teresa

Sex F M M M F F

Tongue roller Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes

Blood group AB O B A B B

Body mass (kg) 59 85 48 47 41 38

Height (cm) 155 175 126 125 117 121

(a) There is a pair of identical twins in this family. Who, Peter, Paul, Vivian or Teresa
are identical twins? Explain your answer. (3 marks)

(b) Draw a genetic diagram to show how blood group is inherited in this family.
(3 marks)

(Total: 6 marks)

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2. The coat colour of rats is controlled by a pair of alleles. The allele for black hair (B) is
dominant to the allele for brown hair (b).
A black-haired rat was crossed with a brown-haired rat. All F1 generation were
black-haired.

(a) Identify the genotypes of the parent rats. (2 marks)

(i) The rat with black hair:_____________________________________________

(ii) The rat with brown hair:____________________________________________

(b) Two of the F1 offspring breed to produce offspring. Complete the Punnett square
below to determine the probability of having brown-haired offspring. (3 marks)

Gametes

Probability of having brown-haired offspring: __________________________

(Total: 5 marks)

C. Structured questions / 22

1. In peas, grey seed colour is dominant to white seed colour. In the following experiments,
parents with known phenotypes but unknown genotypes produced the offspring listed
below.

Offspring
Cross Parent 1 Parent 2
Grey White
P grey white 82 78
Q grey grey 118 39
R white white 0 50
S grey white 74 0
T grey grey 90 0

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(a) Using the letter ‘G’ for the dominant gene and ‘g’ for the recessive gene, state the
genotypes of the parents in each cross. (5 marks)

Parent 1 Parent 2

Cross P
Cross Q
Cross R
Cross S
Cross T

(b) In cross Q, the F1 grey seed plants are self-pollinated to produce F2 generation.
Deduce the proportion of the F1 grey seed plants that may produce F2 generation with
white seeds? Explain your answer with the help of genetic diagram. (4 marks)

(c) How can you test the plant produced by a grey seed obtained from cross Q is
homozygous or heterozygous? (3 marks)

(Total: 12 marks)

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2. The following is a pedigree for a dominant trait, caused by allele ‘A’ that occurs in
humans.

1 2

3 4 5 6

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Key:
male with the trait male without the trait
female with the trait female without the trait

(a) Is the trait sex-linked? Explain your answer. (4 marks)

(b) State and explain the genotypes of individuals 3 and 4. (Marks will not be given to
genetic diagrams.) (4 marks)

(c) What is the probability of the offspring of individuals 3 and 4 showing the dominant
trait? (1 mark)

(d) What is the expected genotype ratio of the offspring of individuals 5 and 6? (1 mark)

(Total: 10 marks)

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D. Essay / 10

Compare the differences between continuous and discontinuous variation. Explain the genetic
basis of these differences. (7 + 3 marks)

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