Name: Martina Chantal B.

Laxamana Section: BSMT-2C

NEMATODES ACTIVITY #3

Parasite Types Characteristics Ova Larval Stages Life cycle

Ancylostoma Human - It is commonly known as - The eggs are - The larvae - Eggs are passed in the stool
duodonale hookworm “Old World Hookworm and are rod-shaped and larvae hatch within 1 to 2
slightly larger than Necator oval and and are about days into free-living in
americanus. colorless with 0.0004 cm long. contaminated soil if the
-The first two conditions are favorable. The
- Parts of the Copulatory broadly rounded larval stages released rhabditiform larvae
Bursa extremities, and (L1 and L2) are will grow either in feces or
measure about 60 rhabditiform soil and after 5 to 10 days
Dorsal (free-living) they become infective which is
rays: tripartite/tridigitate µm x 40 µm and and the filariform larvae.
each egg has a characterized Filariform larvae can survive
Copulatory spicules: not by a long up to 3-4 weeks under favorable
fused thin outer shell narrow buccal environmental conditions. It
and a very fine chamber and can infect humans when they are
- Each adult has single- vitelline layer. flask-shaped in bare feet and penetrate the
paired male or female muscular skin, and migrate through the
reproductive organs. When freshly esophagus. blood vessels to the heart then
passed the egg - Third stage to the lungs. They penetrate
- The head of the adult larvae (L3) the pulmonary alveoli, up to
has the segmented
worms continues in the same measure up to the bronchial tree to the
direction as the curvature ovum surrounded 0.6mm in length pharynx then swallowed back
of the body. The buccal by a clear space. and are until it reaches the jejunum
capsule has two pairs of filariform, where they will stay and mature
curved ventral teeth. It is usually non-feeding into an adult worm. The adult
segmented into 2 infective worms attach to the walls of
- Small, cylindrical worm, stages jejunum which result in the
greyish-white in color. It characterized blood loss of the host. Most
 has two ventral plates on to 8 cells. by a closed adults live 1-2 years but there
the anterior margin of the mouth, are certain instances where
buccal capsule. elongated they live longer inside the
esophagus with host.
- Each of them has two large posterior bulb
teeth that are fused at (strongyliform)
their bases. A pair of small and pointed
teeth can be found in the non-notched
buccal capsule. tail.
- Fourth-stage
- Males are 8–11 mm long larvae (L4)
with a copulatory bursa at migrate and
the posterior end. Females live in host
are 10–13 mm long, with the tissues.
vulva located at the
posterior end; females can
lay 10,000 to 30,000 eggs
per day. The average
lifespan is one year.

Necator Human - Adult worms are small, Eggs are 64-76 X - It has four - Eggs are passed in the stool
americanus hookworm cylindrical, fusiform, 35-40 µm and are larval stages. and larvae hatch within 1 to 2
grayish-white in color. virtually - The first days into free-living in
indistinguishable stage is contaminated soil if the
- Female's size is 9-11 mm from Ancylostoma referred to as conditions are favorable. The
by 0.35mm while males are 5- duodonale. rhabditiform released rhabditiform larvae
9 mm by 0.30 mm. larvae because will grow either in feces or
the esophagus soil and after 5 to 10 days
- The posterior end of the has a large they become infective which is
male is broad, membranous bulb separated the filariform larvae.
caudal bursa with rib-like from the rest Filariform larvae can survive
rays, which are used for of the up to 3-4 weeks under favorable
copulation. esophagus environmental conditions. It
called isthmus. can infect humans when they are
- The buccal capsule has a - Filariform in bare feet and penetrate the
ventral pair of semilunar larvae are the skin, and migrate through the
 cutting plates. The head is third stage blood vessels to the heart then
curved opposite to the because there to the lungs. They penetrate
curvature of the body like a is no bulb on the pulmonary alveoli, up to
hook at the anterior end. the esophagus. the bronchial tree to the
Adult females pharynx then swallowed back
- Parts of the Copulatory range in 9mm- until it reaches the jejunum
Bursa 11mm while where they will stay and mature
males range in into an adult worm. The adult
Dorsa 7-9 mm. worms attach to the walls of
Rays: bipartite/bidigitate - The mouth of jejunum which result in the
adults has two blood loss of the host. Most
Copulatory spicules: fused pairs of adults live 1-2 years but there
and barbed cutting plates, are certain instances where
one dorsal and they live longer inside the
another on the host.
ventral side.
The males are
characterized
by fused
spicules found
on the bursa.

Ancylostoma Non- It is an intestinal parasite
braziliense human of cats. Male worms have two
hookworm broad lateral lobes and a
or smaller dorsal lobe with
animal rays on the copulatory
hookworm bursa. The lateral bursal
rays are separated a the
tips, and the position of
attachment of the
externodorsal ray is closer
to the beginning of the
dorsal trunk than in other
species.
- Females are more difficult
- Ovoid in shape -The first- - Mature Ancylostoma
with thin, smooth stage juvenile braziliense multiplies in the
shell. resides in the small intestine and the eggs
- The thin soil where they passed in the stool of animal
hyaline molt twice and definitive host’s stool. The
transparent shell reach its larvae will hatch in 1-2 days
contains 2-8 germ infective stage and the released rhabditiform
cells and the third stage larvae will grow either in
measures between juvenile feces or soil. After 5-10 days,
55-75 µm x 35-40 the rhabditiform larvae become
µm. Third stage filariform larvae are
juvenile infective. These infective
penetrates the larvae can survive 3-4 weeks in
skin of the favorable environmental
 to distinguish between host and conditions. It will penetrate
different species, and carried to the the skin of the animal host and
usually, the teeth are the heart and lungs carried through the blood
only diagnostic tool that by the vessels to the heart and lungs.
can be used. bloodstream. In They will penetrate the
-The width of the cuticular the lungs, the pulmonary alveoli, ascend the
striation patterns of A. juvenile breaks bronchial tree to the pharynx,
braziliense is 3.45 µm. into the then swallowed. After they were
alveoli and swallowed, the larvae will
propelled by reach the intestine they will
cilia up to the reside and mature there. The
respiratory arrest in the tissues and serve
tract then as a source of infection via
swallowed to transmammary routes. Humans can
arrive in small be infected when filariform
where they will larvae penetrate the skin.
attach to the
intestinal
mucosa by its
buccal capsule
and mature.

Ancylostoma Non- - It is the hookworm of - Oval in shape - First larval - Adult hookworms attached in
caninum human dogs and usually gray but and approximately stage lives in the mucosa of the dog’s
hookworm appears reddish if there is 50 µm in diameter the soil where intestine suck blood.
or blood in the alimentary - The shell it molts twice - Eggs are secreted through the
animal canal. Non-living cuticle membrane is thin and develops feces of the dog and a larval
hookworm covers its body and it sheds and transparent. into infective stage develops inside the egg
at molts for the growth of When the egg is third stage. and hatches in the environment.
the nematode. passed in the The life cycle consists of
- The adult male measures feces, it will - Third stage development from L1 to the
10-12 mm long while the contain a juvenile is infectious L3 stage.
female measures 14-20 mm x segmented ovum at either ingested - In orally acquired infection,
0.5 mm with a pointed tail. the 4 or 8 cell and goes the larva may penetrate the
- The anterior end is bent stage through the oral mucosa and migrate
dorsally so that the - In a tropical stomach then similarly as in transcutaneous
arrangement of ventral and
dorsal sides are reversed.
- The buccal capsule
contains one of the mouth
and teeth. Ventrally is one
pair of teeth with three
points. In the depth of the
capsule, there is a pair of
triangular dorsal teeth and
ventrolateral teeth.
Male Ancylostoma
caninum posterior end has a
prominent bursa. It has a
particular bursa that is
used in identifying species
of hookworms.
- Vulva a female
reproductive organ, is found
near the junction of the
second and last thirds of
the body.
climate, the egg ends up in the infection or directly into the
will hatch within small intestine intestine.
24 hours and only or through skin - Free-living larva in the soil
L1 larvae will be penetration. If may penetrate the dog’s skin,
detectable. it enters through interdigital skin and
through the cause an infection.
skin of the - The larvae end up in the
host, it find lungs and coughed up to the
its way to the pharynx and swallowed in the
circulatory alimentary tract to mature.
system which - Part of larval stages is
takes it to the passed by circulation into the
trachea. In the muscles, where they descend
trachea, the into the hypobiotic state.
juvenile is - A paratenic host can also be
swallowed and a source of infection and
eventually ends puppies may be infected from
up in the small mother’s milk once the dormant
intestine. hypobiotic larva becomes
active.
- The eggs of Ancylostoma
caninum pass through several
larval before becoming an
adult. In an environment of
230C , the egg hatches into the
first-stage juvenile in the
soil in approximately one day.
- Approximately four to five
days, the cuticle is molted
twice and the infective third-
stage juvenile emerges.
Infection of the host may occur
by ingestion or penetration in
unbroken skin and end up in the
 small intestine of the host.
- If ingested, the parasite
travels through the host’s
stomach, molts, migrates to the
small intestine, molts for the
last time, then matures for 5
weeks.
-If the entrance is via the
skin, it makes its way through
the dermal layers and enters
the circulatory system and then
to the lungs. Once it reaches
the lungs, it leaves the
capillaries and travels up the
trachea where it is swallowed.
It then goes through the same
cycle that ingested, it goes
through the same cycle that it
was ingested until it reaches
the small intestine.

References:

Belizario, V. Y., & de Leon, W. U. (Eds.). (2017). Medical Parasitology in the Philippines (3rd ed.)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancylostoma_duodenale

https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Ancylostoma_duodenale/

http://www.biologydiscussion.com/animals-2/aschelminthes/ancylostoma-duodenale-habitat-morphology-and-life-cycle/32888

http://parasite.org.au/para-site/text/ancylostoma-necator-text.html

https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/hookworm/biology.html
https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Necator_americanus/

https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Ancylostoma_braziliense/

https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/zoonotichookworm/biology.html

https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Ancylostoma_caninum/

https://en.wikivet.net/Ancylostoma_caninum

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/ancylostoma