CE 58A - PUSHOVER ANALYSIS HANDOUT #11

INCREMENTAL PUSHOVER ANALYSIS FOR SEISMIC

PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT

EXAMPLE OF INCREMENTAL PUSHOVER ANALYSIS TO ASSESS

THE PERFORMANCE OF AN EXISTING REINFORCED CONCRETE
FRAME: (TDY–2007 APPROACH)

B201 B202
P2 C203
C201

C202

3.5 m

B101 B102
P1

3.5 m
C103
C101

C102

7m 7m

1
• COLUMNS : 450 mm x 450 mm WITH 8-φ22
φ8 STIRRUPS AT A SPACING OF 200 mm PROVIDED ALONG
THE ENTIRE LENGTH OF THE COLUMNS.

• BEAMS : 450 mm x 600 mm WITH 3-φ22 AT THE TOP

3-φ22 AT THE BOTTOM
φ8 STIRRUPS AT A SPACING OF 150 mm PROVIDED ALONG
THE ENTIRE LENGTH OF THE BEAMS.

• CONCRETE COVER : CLEAR COVER = 20 MM

COVER TO THE CENTER OF LONGITUDINAL
REINFORCEMENT = 20 MM + φ8 + (φ22)/2 = 39 MM
TAKE COVER TO THE CENTER OF
LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT AS 40 mm FOR
BOTH THE BEAMS AND THE COLUMNS

(NOTE: TOP AND BOTTOM REINFORCEMENT IN THE BEAMS IS ASSUMED

EQUAL IN ORDER TO SIMPLIFY THE ANALYSIS (Mult+ = Mult-). TYPICALLY,
THE AMOUNT OF TOP REINFORCEMENT WOULD BE LARGER SINCE
NEGATIVE MOMENTS RESULTING FROM BOTH GRAVITY AND
EARTHQUAKE LOADS NEED TO BE RESISTED AT THE BEAM/COLUMN
JOINTS)

• MATERIALS : C20 CONCRETE

S420 STEEL (FOR BOTH LONGITUDINAL AND
TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT)

2
• BUILDING : OFFICE BUILDING LOCATED IN SEISMIC ZONE 1
LOCAL SOIL CLASS: Z2

• LOADS : DEAD LOAD (SELF WEIGHT) : G = 20 kN/m

LIVE LOAD : Q = 10 kN/m
(DISTRIBUTED LOAD ON THE BEAMS)

(NOTE: IF GIVEN THE PLAN VIEW OF THE BUILDING, NEED TO CALCULATE

THE DISTRIBUTED DEAD AND LIVE LOAD PER UNIT LENGTH ON THE
BEAMS, BASED ON THE TRIBUTARY WIDTH OF EACH BEAM AND THE DEAD
AND LIVE LOAD VALUES DISTRIBUTED OVER THE FLOOR AREA)

• RESPONSE SPECTRUM VARIABLES (TDY-2007):

Spectral Acceleration Coefficient

Spectral Acceleration

EQ Zone

Soil Type

3
 • SEISMIC ZONE 1 : A0 = 0.40
LOCAL SOIL TYPE Z2 : TA = 0.15 sec TB = 0.40 sec
BUILDING IMPORTANCE COEFFICIENT:
ALWAYS TAKE BUILDING IMPORTANCE COEFFICIENT AS
I = 1.0 FOR ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING BUILDINGS USING
PUSHOVER ANALYSIS METHOD (SECTION 7.4.2 IN TDY-2007)

• STORY MASSES (TDY-2007):

SHALL BE DEFINED IN ACCORDANCE WITH STORY WEIGHTS DEFINED

IN SECTION 2.7.1.2:

Live load participation factors (n)

Building Type and Function
Storage facilities
Schools, dorms, sports facilities, theatres, concert halls, garages, restaurants,
stores, etc.
Residental buildings, office buildings, hotels, hospitals, etc.

THEREFORE, wi = (20 kN/m)(14 m) + (0.30)(10 kN/m)(14 m)

= (20 kN/m)(14 m) + (3 kN/m)(14 m)
= (23 kN/m)(14 m)
= 322 kN

STORY WEIGHTS : wi = 322 kN (ON SINGLE FRAME)

STORY MASSES : mi = wi / g = (322 x 103 N) / (9.81 m/s2)
mi = 32,823 kg = 33 tons (ON SINGLE FRAME)
4
• SECTION STIFFNESS (TDY-2007):

(Beams)

(Columns,
Shear Walls)

¾ Use cracked section stiffness when modeling the structure

¾ ND : axial load under vertical loads only (service loads)
¾ Interpolation between 0.40EI0 – 0.80EI0 for intermediate values
of axial load
¾ fcm : existing concrete compressive strength (no material
factor)

FOR C20 : Ec 28 = 28,000 MPA

FOR ALL BEAMS : I0 = (1/12)(0.450 m)(0.600 mm)3 = 0.0081 m4

EI0 = 226800 kN.m2
EI = 0.40(EI0)

FOR COLUMNS : Acfcm = (0.45 m)(0.45 m)(20x103 kN/m2)

= 4050 kN
ASSUME INTERIOR COLUMNS RESIST 50% OF THE
TOTAL VERTICAL LOAD, WHEREAS EACH EXTERIOR
COLUMN RESISTS 25% OF THE TOTAL VERTICAL
LOAD AT EACH STORY.
(SINCE THE TRIBUTARY AREA OF THE INTERIOR
COLUMNS ARE TWICE OF THE EXTERIOR COLUMNS)

5
 B201 B202
P2

C203
C201

C202
3.5 m

B101 B102
P1

3.5 m

C103
C101

C102

7m 7m

STORY WEIGHT = 322 kN ( FROM g + 0.30q )

THEREFORE:
C201 AND C203 : (ND/ Acfcm) = [(0.25)(322 kN)]/(4050 kN)] = 0.02
C202 : (ND/ Acfcm) = [(0.50)(322 kN)]/(4050 kN)] = 0.04
C101 AND C103 : (ND/ Acfcm) = [(0.25)(2 x 322 kN)]/(4050 kN)] = 0.04
C102 : (ND/ Acfcm) = [(0.50)(2 x 322 kN)]/(4050 kN)] = 0.08

SECTION STIFFNESS COEFFICIENTS:

USE EI = 0.40(EI0) FOR ALL COLUMNS
Ec 28 = 28,000 MPA
I0 = (1/12)(0.450 m)(0.450 mm)3 = 0.00342 m4
EI0 = 95800 kN.m2

6
• ADDITIONAL CHECKS (TDY-2007):

Pushover analysis method can be used only if:

¾ Number of stories (not including basement) < 8
¾ Torsional irregularity constant for the building < 1.4
¾ The ratio of the effective mass corresponding to the first mode
of vibration to the total mass of the building > 0.70
M x1
N
> 0.70
∑ mi
i =1

• NUMBER OF STORIES = 2
• ASSUMING THE FRAMES IN THE BUILDING ARE SYMMETRICCALLY
PLACED, THE TORSIONAL IRREGULARITY CONSTANT = 1.0
• NEED TO CALCULATE THE MODE SHAPES IN ORDER TO DETERMINE
THE EFFECTIVE MASS RATIO CORRESPONDING TO THE FIRST MODE
OF VIBRATION (COMPUTER MODEL)

¾ During the pushover analysis, the distribution (pattern) of

lateral story forces acting on the building can be assumed to
be constant

¾ The distribution of the lateral story forces shall be proportional

to the product of the mass of each story and the amplitude of
the first mode shape of vibration of that story.

7
• PLASTIC MOMENT CAPACITIES FOR COMPUTER MODELING:

CAN USE THE PROGRAM BETONARME TO DERIVE THE MOMENT-

CURVATURE RELATIONSHIPS FOR THE BEAMS AND THE P-M
INTERACTION DIAGRAMS FOR THE COLUMNS:
(http://www.ce.metu.edu.tr/betonarme)
• BEAMS : 450 mm x 600 mm WITH 3-φ22 AT THE TOP
3-φ22 AT THE BOTTOM
φ8 STIRRUPS AT A SPACING OF 150 mm PROVIDED ALONG
THE ENTIRE LENGTH OF THE BEAMS.
COVER TO THE CENTER OF LONGITUDINAL
REINFORCEMENT = 40 mm

M MALZEME ÖZELLİKLERİ BETON KESİT

o Eksenel Beton Boyuna Donatı b h d Cc
Yük f ck γmc f yk fu γms Es εsh εsu (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
m
(Basınç +) 450 600 560 20
e (kN) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa)
n 0,00 20,00 1,00 420 600 1 200.000 0,01 0,1
t
BOYUNA DONATI DÜZENLEMESİ 400
No. φA Adet Alan Kesit Merkezine
E
350
ğ 2
Uzaklık
(mm) (mm ) (mm)
r 300
1 22 3 1140 -260
i 2 22 3 1140 260
l 3 250
Moment

4
i
(kN.m)

5
k 6 200

7
8 150
P 9
r 10
100
o
g ETRİYE BİLGİLERİ
50
fyw (MPa) 420
r
φe (mm) 8
a s (mm) 150
0
0,0000 0,0500 0,1000 0,1500 0,2000 0,2500
m bk (mm) 402 HESAPLA
ı hk (mm) 552 Eğrilik
b'k (rad/m)
(mm) 402
h'k (mm) 552
ess 1

YIELD MOMENT My = 250 kN.m

YIELD CURVATURE φy = 0.008 rad/m
8
• COLUMNS : 450 mm x 450 mm WITH 8-φ22
φ8 STIRRUPS AT A SPACING OF 200 mm PROVIDED
ALONG THE ENTIRE LENGTH OF THE COLUMNS.
COVER TO THE CENTER OF LONGITUDINAL
REINFORCEMENT = 40 mm

D BETON ve ÇELİK MODELLERİ BU PROGRAMDA:

İ 1) Betonun çekme dayanı ihmal edilmektedir.
f ck γ mc f yk γ ms Es
2) Beton basınç dağılımı dikdörtgen alınmaktadır.
K 3) Çelik modelinde pekleşme ihmal edilmektedir.
(MPa) (MPa) (MPa)
D 4) Sargı etkisi göz önüne alınmamaktadır.
20 1,00 420 1,00 200.000
Ö
R
KESİT GEOMETRİSİ 5000
T
G Genişlik Yükseklik (+) xi
E (b) (h) 4000

N (mm) (mm)
450 450 3000
Eksenel Yük, P (kN)

K (-) xi
2000
E DONATI DÜZENLEMESİ
S Kesit
İ No. Donatı Alanı Merkezinden 1000
Uzaklık (x i )
T
(mm 2 ) (mm) 0
1 1140 -185
A N (kN):
2 760 0 0,0
N -1000
3 1140 185 M (kN.m): 240,3
A 4
L -2000
5
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
İ 6
Z Moment, M (kN.m)
İ

NOTE THAT WE NEED THE P-M INTERACTION CURVES FOR THE

COLUMNS SINCE THE AXIAL LOAD ON EACH COLUMN IS NOT THE
SAME AND ALSO SINCE THE AXIAL LOAD WILL CHANGE WHEN
LATERAL LOADS ARE APPLIED.

CAN ALSO RUN MOMENT-CURVATURE ANALYSES FOR THE COLUMNS

TO CHECK (TO COMPARE THE RESULTS OF THE P-M INTERACTION
ANALYSES WITH THE RESULTS OF THE MOMENT-CURVATURE
ANALYSES)

9
 FOR EXAMPLE, FOR COLUMN C102, THE AXIAL LOAD DUE TO
VERTICAL LOADS ONLY IS ND = [(0.50)(2x322 kN)] = 322 kN.
D BETON ve ÇELİK MODELLERİ BU PROGRAMDA:
İ 1) Betonun çekme dayanı ihmal edilmektedir.
f ck γ mc f yk γ ms Es
2) Beton basınç dağılımı dikdörtgen alınmaktadır.
K 3) Çelik modelinde pekleşme ihmal edilmektedir.
(MPa) (MPa) (MPa)
D 4) Sargı etkisi göz önüne alınmamaktadır.
20 1,00 420 1,00 200.000
Ö
R
KESİT GEOMETRİSİ 5000
T
G Genişlik Yükseklik (+) xi
E (b) (h) 4000

N (mm) (mm)
450 450 3000

Eksenel Yük, P (kN)

K (-) xi
2000
E DONATI DÜZENLEMESİ
S Kesit
İ No. Donatı Alanı Merkezinden 1000
Uzaklık (x i )
T
(mm 2 ) (mm) 0
1 1140 -185
A N (kN):
2 760 0 322,0
N -1000
3 1140 185 M (kN.m): 292,1
A 4
L -2000
5
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
İ 6
Z Moment, M (kN.m)
İ

FROM P-M INTERACTION ANALYSIS: Mult = 292 kN.m FOR N = 322 kN.
M MALZEME ÖZELLİKLERİ BETON KESİT
o Eksenel Beton Boyuna Donatı b h d Cc
Yük f ck γmc f yk fu γms Es εsh εsu (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
m
(Basınç +) 450 450 410 20
e (kN) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa)
n 322,00 20,00 1,00 420 420 1 200.000 0,01 0,1
t
BOYUNA DONATI DÜZENLEMESİ 350
φA
E No. Adet Alan Kesit Merkezine

ğ 2
Uzaklık 300
(mm) (mm ) (mm)
r
1 22 3 1140 -185
i 2 22 2 760 0
250

l 3 22 3 1140 185
Moment

i 4 200
(kN.m)

5
k 6
7 150
8
P 9
r 10 100

o
g ETRİYE BİLGİLERİ 50
fyw (MPa) 420
r
φe (mm) 8
a s (mm) 200
0
0,0000 0,0500 0,1000 0,1500
m bk (mm) 402 HESAPLA
ı hk (mm) 402 Eğrilik
b'k (rad/m)
(mm) 402
h'k (mm) 402
ess 1

FROM MOMENT-CURVATURE ANALYSIS: My = 291 Kn.m for N=322 kN

(CHECK OK)
10
 NOTE: DO NOT USE MATERIAL FACTORS IN THE MOMENT-
CURVATURE OF P-M INTERACTION ANALYSES FOR
ASSESSMENT OF EXISTING BUILDINGS.

(ALWAYS TAKE γmc =1 AND γms = 1 IN THE PROGRAMS)

CAN LINEARIZE THE P-M INTERACTION DIAGRAM FOR THE COLUMNS

(FOR EASY INPUT INTO THE STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS PROGRAM):

5000

4000

3000
Eksenel Yük, P (kN)

2000

1000

-1000

-2000
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Moment, M (kN.m)

N = 4650 kN (COMPRESSION): M = 0 kN.m (PURE COMPRESSION)

N = 1500 kN (COMPRESSION): M = 370 kN.m (BALANCED POINT)
N = 0 kN : M = 240 kN.m (PURE BENDING)
N = 1275 kN (TENSION) : M = 0 kN.m (PURE TENSION)

11
• COMPUTER MODELING USING SAP2000:

• NEED TO DETERMINE THE PERIODS OF VIBRATION, THE MODE

SHAPES OF VIBRATION, AND THE PUSHOVER CURVE TO PROCEED
WITH THE PUSHOVER ANALYSIS.
• SET UP THE MODEL FOR THE FRAME USING CENTER-TO-CENTER
DIMENSIONS BETWEEN THE BEAMS AND COLUMNS.
• ASSIGN FIXED ENDS AT THE BOTTOM (RESTRAINTS)
• DEFINE MATERIALS:
o CONC:
MASS AND WEIGHT PER UNIT VOLUME = 0
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY = 28000000 kN/m2
POISSON’S RATION = 0.2
• DEFINE FRAME SECTIONS:
o ADD RECTANGULAR: BEAM (FOR ALL BEAMS)
0.45 m x 0.60 m
MATERIAL: CONC
SET MODIFIERS:
0.40 FOR MOMENT OF INERTIA ABOUT 2 AND 3 AXES
0 FOR MASS AND WEIGHT
LARGE VALUE (E.G., 1000000) FOR CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA,
SHEAR AREAS, AND TORSIONAL CONSTANT
o ADD RECTANGULAR: COLUMN (FOR ALL COLUMNS)
0.45 m x 0.45 m
MATERIAL: CONC
SET MODIFIERS:
0.40 FOR MOMENT OF INERTIA ABOUT 2 AND 3 AXES
12
 0 FOR MASS AND WEIGHT
LARGE VALUE (E.G., 1000000) FOR CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA,
SHEAR AREAS, AND TORSIONAL CONSTANT
• ASSIGN FRAME SECTIONS
• ASSIGN END (LENGTH) OFFSETS TO THE BEAMS AND COLUMNS:
(FOR RIGID BEAM-COLUMN JOINTS)
o FIRST STORY COLUMNS:
END I : 0
END J : 0.3 m
RIGID ZONE FACTOR: 1
o SECOND STORY COLUMNS:
END I : 0.3 m
END J : 0.3 m
RIGID ZONE FACTOR: 1
o ALL BEAMS:
END I : 0.225 m
END J : 0.225 m
RIGID ZONE FACTOR: 1
• ASSIGN JOINT MASSES:
MASSES WILL BE DEFINED ONLY IN LATERAL DIRECTIONS.
SINCE THE BEAMS ARE AXIALLY RIGID (INFINITE CROSS-SECTIONAL
AREA, IT DOES NOT MATTER WHICH JOINT YOU ASSIGN THE MASS
IN A PARTICULAR STORY.
THEREFORE, CAN ASSIGN THE MASSES AT THE INTERIOR BEAM-
COLUMN JOINTS AT EACH STORY.
o ASSIGN MASSES IN DIRECTION 2: (322 kN) / (9.81 m/sec2)
= 33 kN.sec2/m (33 tons)

13
• AT THIS POINT, CAN RUN A MODAL ANALYSIS TO DETERMINE THE
NATURAL PERIODS OF VIBRATION AND MODE SHAPES OF
VIBRATION
o DEFINE ANALYSIS CASE: MODAL
o ANALYSIS CASE TYPE: MODAL
o TYPES OF MODES: EIGEN VECTORS
o START FROM UNSTRESSED STATE

• ANALYZE: RUN ANALYSIS

o CASE NAME: MODAL
o RESULTS:
ƒ MODE 1:
T1 = 0.373 sec
MODE SHAPE VECTOR: φ1 = {0.0841, 0.1524}T
(CAN OBTAIN FROM DEFORMED SHAPE)
ƒ MODE 2:
T2 = 0.113 sec
MODE SHAPE VECTOR: φ2 = {-0.1524, 0.0841}T

o NOTE THAT THE MODE SHAPES GIVEN ARE MASS NORMAL:

⎡ 0.0841 −0.1524 ⎤
Φ = [φ1 φ2 ] = ⎢ ⎥
⎣0.1524 0.0841 ⎦
⎡m 0 ⎤ ⎡33 0 ⎤
m=⎢ 1 ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 m2 ⎦ ⎣ 0 33⎦
⎡1 0 ⎤
ΦT m Φ = ⎢ ⎥
⎣0 1 ⎦

14
• RECALL (TDY-2007):

¾ During the pushover analysis, the distribution (pattern) of

lateral story forces acting on the building can be assumed to
be constant

¾ The distribution of the lateral story forces shall be proportional

to the product of the mass of each story and the amplitude of
the first mode shape of vibration of that story.

BACK TO THE SAP2000 MODEL

• DEFINE LOAD CASES:
o LOAD NAME: GRAVITY TYPE: DEAD, SELF WEIGHT
MULTIPLIER = 1
o LOAD NAME: LATERAL TYPE: QUAKE, SELF WEIGHT
MULTIPLIER = 1, AUTO LATERAL LOAD: NONE
• ASSIGN FRAME LOADS ON ALL BEAMS:
o DISTRIBUTED
o LOAD CASE NAME: GRAVITY
o COORD SYS: GLOBAL
o DIRECTION: Z
o UNIFORM LOAD = g + nq = -[(20 kN/m)+(0.3)(10 kN/m)]= -23 kN/m
• ASSIGN LATERAL LOADS AT STORY LEVELS
o SINCE THE BEAMS ARE AXIALLY RIGID (INFINITE CROSS-
SECTIONALAREA, IT DOES NOT MATTER WHICH JOINT YOU
ASSIGN THE LATERAL LOADS AT A PARTICULAR STORY.

15
 THEREFORE, CAN ASSIGN THE LATERAL LOADS AT THE
EXTERIOR BEAM-COLUMN JOINTS AT EACH STORY.
o ASSIGN JOINT LOADS: FORCES
o LOAD CASE NAME: LATERAL
o COORDINATE SYSTEM: GLOBAL
o LATERAL LOADS SHOULD BE PROPORTIONAL TO THE
PRODUCT OF THE STORY MASS AND THE AMPLITUDE OF
THE FIRST MODE SHAPE AT THAT STORY (TDY-2007).
o STORY MASSES ARE EQUAL IN THE PRESENT EXAMPLE,
THEREFORE, THE LATERAL LOADS WILL BE PROPORTIONAL
TO THE FIRST MODE SHAPE.
o FIRST MODE SHAPE: φ1 = {0.0841, 0.1524}T
o 0.1524 / 0.0841 = 1.81
o THEREFORE, ASSIGN A FORCE GLOBAL Z OF 1 kN AT THE
FIRST STORY EXTERIOR JOINT AND A FORCE FLOBAL Z OF
1.81 kN AT THE SECOND STORY EXTERIOR JOINT.

• DEFINE PLASTIC HINGES:

o DEFINE: HINGE PROPERTIES

FOR BEAMS:
o ADD NEW PROPERTY
o HINGE PROPERTY NAME: BEAMHINGE
o DEFORMATION CONTROLLED
o MOMENT M3
o MODIFY/SHOW PROPERTY
o MOMENT SF = My = 250 kN.m
16
o CURVATURE = φy = 0.008 rad/m
o TYPE: MOMENT-CURVATURE
o HINGE LENGTH = 0.3 m (h/2 FOR THE BEAM)
o DO NOT CHECK RELATIVE LENGTH
o DISPLACEMENT CONTROL PARAMETERS:
ƒ CHECK SYMMETRIC
ƒ MOMENT/SF CURVATURE/SF
1 0
1 50 (ANY LARGE VALUE)
0.2 50 (SUDDEN DROP)
0.2 60 (RESIDUAL)
ƒ LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY BEYOND POINT E DROPS
TO ZERO

FOR COLUMNS:
o ADD NEW PROPERTY
o HINGE PROPERTY NAME: COLUMNHINGE
o DEFORMATION CONTROLLED
o INTERACTING P-M3
o MODIFY/SHOW HINGE PROPERTY
o MOMENT-CURVATURE TYPE
o HINGE LENGTH = 0.225 m (h/2 FOR THE COLUMN)
o DO NOT CHECK RELATIVE LENGTH
o SCALE FACTOR FOR CURVATURE: USER SF=1
o LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY BEYOND POINT E DROPS TO
ZERO
o MOMENT-CURVATURE DEPENDENCE IS SYMMETRIC
o MODIFY/SHOW P-M3 INTERACTION SURFACE DATA
17
o INTERACTION SURFACE: USER DEFINITION
o AXIAL LOAD – DISPLACEMENT: ELASTIC-PERFECTLY PLASTIC
o DEFINE/SHOW USER INTERACTION SURFACE
ƒ INTERACTION CURVE IS SYMMETRIC
ƒ NUMBER OF POINTS ON EACH CURVE = 4
ƒ SCALE FACTORS: kN.m C
ƒ P = 1500 kN (Pbalanced) (REFERENCE POINT)
ƒ M3 = 370 kN (Mbalanced) (REFERENCE POINT)
ƒ FIRST AND LAST POINTS: (FACTORS TO BE MULTIPLIED
BY THE REFERENCE POINT)
POINT 1: P = -3.1 M3 = 0 (PURE COMPRESSION)
POINT 4: P = 0.85 M3 = 0 (PURE TENSION)
ƒ INTERACTION CURVE DATA: (FACTORS TO BE
MULTIPLIED BY THE REFERENCE POINT)
POINT 2: P = -1 M3 = 1 (BALANCED POINT)
POINT 3: P= 0 M3 = 0.65 (PURE BENDING)
ƒ NOTE THAT IN SAP, TENSION IS POSITIVE WHEN
DEFINING THE P-M INTERACTION CURVE.
o MODIFY/SHOW MOMENT-CURVATURE CURVE DATA
ƒ MOMENT/YIELD MOM CURVATURE/SF
0 0
1 0
1 50 (ANY LARGE VALUE)
0.2 50 (SUDDEN DROP)
0.2 60 (RESIDUAL)

18
• ASSIGN PLASTIC HINGES:
FOR BEAMS:
o SELECT ALL BEAMS
o ASSIGN/FRAME/HINGES
o HINGE PROPERTY: BEAMHINGE
o RELATIVE DISTANCE = 0 ADD
o RELATIVE DISTANCE = 1 ADD
o NOTE THAT SAP WILL ASSIGN THE HINGES OUTSIDE THE
RIGID END OFFSETS
FOR COLUMNS:
o SELECT ALL COLUMNS
o ASSIGN/FRAME/HINGES
o HINGE PROPERTY: COLUMNHINGE
o RELATIVE DISTANCE = 0 ADD
o RELATIVE DISTANCE = 1 ADD
o NOTE THAT SAP WILL ASSIGN THE HINGES OUTSIDE THE
RIGID END OFFSETS

• DEFINE ANALYSIS CASES:

NONLINEAR ANALYSIS UNDER GRAVITY LOADS:
o ADD NEW CASE
o ANALYSIS CASE NAME: PUSHOVER-GRAVITY
o ANALYSIS CASE TYPE: STATIC
o ANALYSIS TYPE: NONLINEAR
o ZERO INITIAL CONDITIONS
o MODAL ANALYSIS CASE: MODAL (IRRELEVANT)
o LOAD TYPE: LOAD, LOAD NAME: GRAVITY, SCALE FACTOR: 1
19
o LOAD APPLICATION: FULL LOAD
o RESULTS SAVED: FINAL STATE ONLY
o NONLINEAR PARAMETERS: DEFAULT
NONLINEAR ANALYSIS UNDER LATERAL LOADS:
o ADD NEW CASE
o ANALYSIS CASE NAME: PUSHOVER-LATERAL
o ANALYSIS CASE TYPE: STATIC
o ANALYSIS TYPE: NONLINEAR
o CONTINUE FROM STATE AT END OF NONLINEAR CASE:
PUSHOVER GRAVITY (REQUIRED BY TDY-2007)
o MODAL ANALYSIS CASE: MODAL (IRRELEVANT)
o LOAD TYPE: LOAD, LOAD NAME: LATERAL, SCALE FACTOR: 1
o LOAD APPLICATION: DISPLACEMENT CONTROL
ƒ USE MONITORED DISPLACEMENT
ƒ LOAD TO A MONITORED DISPLACEMENT MAGNITUDE
OF 0.25 m (ARBITRARY – TAKE REASONABLY LARGE)
o MONITORED DISPLACEMENT:
ƒ DOF1 (HORIZONTAL) AT JOINT 3 (SECOND STORY
EXTERIOR COLUMN JOINT)
o RESULTS SAVED: MULTIPLE STATES
ƒ MINIMUM NUMBER OF SAVED STEPS = 50
ƒ MAXIMUM NUMBER OF SAVED STEPS = 50
ƒ CHECK SAVE POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT INCREMENTS
ONLY
o NOTE THAT SAP WILL ASSIGN THE HINGES OUTSIDE THE
RIGID END OFFSETS
o NONLINEAR PARAMETERS: DEFAULT

20
• AT THIS POINT, CAN RUN THE PUSHOVER ANALYSIS
• ANALYZE: RUN ANALYSIS
o RUN THE PUSHOVER-GRAVITY AND THE PUSHOVER-
LATERAL CASES TOGETHER (PUSHOVER-GRAVITY SHOULD
COME FIRST

• RESULTS:
o DISPLAY: SHOW STATIC PUSHOVER CURVE: TOTAL BASE
SHEAR VERSUS MONITORED DISPLACEMENT (LATERAL
DISPLACEMENT AT THE TOP – DOF 1 AT JOINT 3)

21
o DISPLAY: SHOWHINGE RESULTS

ƒ A BEAM HINGE IS SHOWN BELOW

ƒ NOTE THAT THE PLASTIC ROTATION OF THE HINGE AT
ANY POINT DURING THE ANALYSIS IS PROVIDED BY THE
PROGRAM

22
ƒ A COLUMN HINGE IS SHOWN BELOW
ƒ NOTE THAT THE PLASTIC ROTATION OF THE HINGE AT
ANY POINT DURING THE ANALYSIS IS PROVIDED BY THE
PROGRAM

23
• CONVERSION OF THE PUSHOVER CURVE INTO THE MODAL CAPACITY
CURVE (TDY-2007):

Pushover Curve

Skeleton
curve
Modal Capacity
Modal spectral acc.

Curve

Modal Hysteresis

Modal spectral displacement

Effective mass defined for the first mode of vibration in the x-direction

Amplitude of the first mode shape at the top of the building (N’th story)
defined for the first mode of vibration in the x-direction

Participation factor defined for the first mode of vibration in the x-direction
L2x1
M x1 =
M1
N
Lx1 = ∑ mi Φ xi1
i =1
N (Modal mass defined for the
M 1 = ∑ mi Φ 2xi1 first mode of vibration)
i =1
Lx1
Γ x1 =
M1

24
 Φ x11 = 0.0841
Φ x 21 = 0.1524
m1 = 33
m2 = 33
2
Lx1 = ∑ mi Φ xi1 = (33)(0.0841) + (33)(0.1524) = 7.8045
i =1

2
M1 = ∑ mi Φ 2xi1 = (33)(0.0841)2 + (33)(0.1524)2 = 1.0
i =1

Lx1
Γ x1 = = 7.8045
M1

L2x1
M x1 = = 60.91
M1

• CAN GENERATE THE FOLLOWING TABLE:

2
uxN1 (m) Vx1 (kN) Mx1 φx21 Γx1 d1 (m) a1 (m/s )
0,000 0 60,91 0,1524 7,805 0,000 0,00
0,005 73 60,91 0,1524 7,805 0,004 1,20
0,010 146 60,91 0,1524 7,805 0,008 2,40
0,015 219 60,91 0,1524 7,805 0,013 3,60
0,025 328 60,91 0,1524 7,805 0,021 5,38
0,030 371 60,91 0,1524 7,805 0,025 6,09
0,038 409 60,91 0,1524 7,805 0,032 6,71
0,045 426 60,91 0,1524 7,805 0,038 6,99
0,050 434 60,91 0,1524 7,805 0,042 7,13
0,080 454 60,91 0,1524 7,805 0,067 7,45
0,100 462 60,91 0,1524 7,805 0,084 7,58
0,170 464 60,91 0,1524 7,805 0,143 7,62
0,210 464 60,91 0,1524 7,805 0,177 7,62
0,250 464 60,91 0,1524 7,805 0,210 7,62

25
 PUSHOVER CURVE

500
450
Total Base Shear, Vx1 (kN)

400
350
300

250
200
150
100
50
0
0,000 0,050 0,100 0,150 0,200 0,250 0,300

Top Displacement, u xN1 (m)

MODAL CAPACITY CURVE

8,00

7,00
Modal Spectral Acc., a1 (m/s2)

6,00

5,00

4,00

3,00

2,00

1,00

0,00
0,000 0,050 0,100 0,150 0,200 0,250

Modal Spectral Displacement, d 1 (m)

26
• RECALL (TDY-2007):

Pushover analysis method can be used only if:

¾ Number of stories (not including basement) < 8
¾ Torsional irregularity constant for the building < 1.4
¾ The ratio of the effective mass corresponding to the first mode
of vibration to the total mass of the building > 0.70
M x1
N
> 0.70
∑ mi
i =1

M x1 = 60.91 tons
2
∑ mi = 33 + 33 = 66 tons
i =1

M x1
2
= 0.92 > 0.70
∑ mi
i =1

(OK – CHECKS)

27
• DETERMINATION OF THE MODAL DISPLACEMENT DEMAND:

For flexible structures (high period of vibration) (T1>TB):

(TA) (TB)

Sdi1 = Sde1 (linear elastic)

(Equal Disp. Rule)

For rigid structures (low period of vibration) (T1<TB):

(TA) (TB)

Sdi1 > Sde1 (linear elastic)

28
• FOR THE FRAME IN THIS EXAMPLE:
T1 = 0.373 sec.
LOCAL SOIL TYPE Z2: TB = 0.40 sec. T1 < TB

1 + ( Ry1 − 1)TB / T1
CR1 = ≥1
Ry1
Sae1
Ry1 =
a y1

FROM THE MODAL CAPACITY CURVE: ay1 = 7.62 m/s2

Spectral Acceleration Coefficient

Spectral Acceleration

Sae1 = A0 IS (T ) g = (0.40)(1.0) [ 2.5] (9.81) = 9.81 m / s 2

Sae1 9.81
Ry1 = = = 1.2874
a y1 7.62
1 + ( Ry1 − 1)TB / T1 1 + (1.2874 − 1)(0.4 / 0.373)
CR1 = = = 1.016
Ry1 1.2874

29
 Sdi1 = CR1Sde1

Sae1 9.81
Sde1 = = = 0.035 m
(2π / T1 ) 2 (2π / 0.373) 2

Sdi1 = CR1Sde1 = (1.016)(0.035) = 0.036 m

d1( p ) = Sdi1 = 0.036 m

( d1( p ) IS THE MODAL DISPLACEMENT DEMAND)

• CONVERSION OF THE MODAL DISPLACEMENT DEMAND INTO

DISPLACEMENT DEMAND (TARGET DISPLACEMENT):

Modal Capacity Curve Pushover Curve

Back-conversion:

Modal displacement demand for the first mode

Displacement demand (target displacement) at the top of the building
(N’th story) in the
(Ötelenme x-direction
İstemi)
p)
u x( 21 = Φ x 21Γ x1d1( p ) = (0.1524)(7.8045)(0.036) = 0.043 m
p ) IS THE DISPLACEMENT DEMAND (TARGET DISPLACEMENT
u x( 21
AT THE TOP OF THE BUILDING)

30
• THE COMPUTER MODEL OF THE FRAME (ALREADY DEVELOPED)
NEEDS TO BE PUSHED UP TO THE DISPLACEMENT DEMAND:

o DEFINE: ANALYSIS CASES

o MODIFY/SHOW CASE: PUSHOVER LATERAL
o LOAD APPLICATION: MODIFY/SHOW
o LOAD TO A MONITORED DISPLACEMENT MAGNITUDE OF
0.043 m

31
• DETERMINATION OF TOTAL CURVATURE AND STRAIN DEMANDS:

B201 B202
C201

C202

C203
B101 B102
C102

C103
C101

o AT THE TARGET DISPLACEMENT (DISPLACEMENT DEMAND),

PLASTIC HINGES HAVE FORMED ON: C101, C102, C103,
B101, B102

o NEED TO CALCULATE THE TOTAL CURVATURE DEMANDS AT

THE SECTIONS WHERE THE PLASTIC HINGES HAVE
DEVELOPED.

32
• FOR EXAMPLE, FOR THE PLASTIC HINGE ON BEAM B102, THE
PLASTIC ROTATION DEMAND (AT THE TARGET DISPLACEMENT) IS
θP = 6.20x10-3 rad

o CONVERT THE PLASTIC ROTATION DEMAND TO PLASTIC

CURVATURE DEMAND :
φP = θP / LP = (6.20x10-3 rad)/(0.6m / 2) = 0.021 rad/m
o CONVERT THE PLASTIC CURVATURE DEMAND TO TOTAL
CURVATURE DEMAND:
φT = φY + φP

33
 o OBTAIN THE YIELD CURVATURE (φY) FROM THE RESULTS OF
THE MOMENT-CURVATURE ANALYSIS (ALREADY PERFORMED)
RECALL FOR ALL BEAMS: YIELD MOMENT MY = 250 kN.m
YIELD CURVATURE φY = 0.008 rad/m

M MALZEME ÖZELLİKLERİ BETON KESİT

o Eksenel Beton Boyuna Donatı b h d Cc
Yük f ck γmc f yk fu γms Es εsh εsu (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
m
(Basınç +) 450 600 560 20
e (kN) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa)
n 0,00 20,00 1,00 420 600 1 200.000 0,01 0,1
t
BOYUNA DONATI DÜZENLEMESİ 400
φA
E No. Adet Alan Kesit Merkezine
350
ğ 2
Uzaklık
(mm) (mm ) (mm)
r 300
1 22 3 1140 -260
i 2 22 3 1140 260
l 3 250
Moment

4
i
(kN.m)

5
k 6 200

7
8 150
P 9
r 10
100
o
g ETRİYE BİLGİLERİ
50
fyw (MPa) 420
r
φe (mm) 8
a s (mm) 150
0
0,0000 0,0500 0,1000 0,1500 0,2000 0,2500
m bk (mm) 402 HESAPLA
ı hk (mm) 552 Eğrilik
b'k (rad/m)
(mm) 402
h'k (mm) 552
ess 1

o THEREFORE, THE TOTAL CURVATURE DEMAND ON BEAM 102 IS

CALCULATED AS:
φT = φY + φP = 0.008 + 0.021 = 0.029 rad/m

34
 o FROM THE RESULTS OF THE MOMENT-CURVATURE ANALYSIS,
FOR φ = 0.029 rad/m,

εci = 0.00183 (AT THE EXTREME FIBER IN COMPRESSION)

c = 6.33 cm,

εs = (εc)[(d-c)/c]

= (0.00183)[(56 cm - 6.33 cm)/ 6.33 cm] = 0.0143

εs = 0.0143 (AT THE OUTER LAYER OF TENSION STEEL)

• SIMILARLY, FOR THE PLASTIC HINGE ON COLUMN C102, THE

PLASTIC ROTATION DEMAND (AT THE TARGET DISPLACEMENT) IS
θP = 3.25x10-3 rad

35
 o CONVERT THE PLASTIC ROTATION DEMAND TO PLASTIC
CURVATURE DEMAND :
φP = θP / LP = (3.25x10-3 rad)/(0.45m / 2) = 0.014 rad/m
o CONVERT THE PLASTIC CURVATURE DEMAND TO TOTAL
CURVATURE DEMAND:
φT = φY + φP
o OBTAIN THE YIELD CURVATURE (φY) FROM THE RESULTS OF A
MOMENT-CURVATURE ANALYSIS ON COLUMN C102 UNDER THE
AXIAL LOAD THAT THE COLUMN EXPERIENCES AT THE
TARGET DISPLACEMENT.
o AT THE TARGET DISPLACEMENT, THE AXIAL LOAD ON COLUMN
C102 IS 351 kN (FROM SAP2000 – AXIAL FORCE DIAGRAM)

M MALZEME ÖZELLİKLERİ BETON KESİT

o Eksenel Beton Boyuna Donatı b h d Cc
Yük f ck γmc f yk fu γms Es εsh εsu (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
m
(Basınç +) 450 450 410 20
e (kN) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa)
n 351,00 20,00 1,00 420 420 1 200.000 0,01 0,1
t
BOYUNA DONATI DÜZENLEMESİ 350
No. φA Adet Alan Kesit Merkezine
E
ğ 2
Uzaklık 300
(mm) (mm ) (mm)
r
1 22 3 1140 -185
i 2 22 2 760 0
250

l 3 22 3 1140 185
Moment

4
i 200
(kN.m)

5
k 6
7 150
8
P 9
r 10 100

o
g ETRİYE BİLGİLERİ 50
fyw (MPa) 420
r
φe (mm) 8
a s (mm) 200
0
0,0000 0,0500 0,1000 0,1500
m bk (mm) 402 HESAPLA
ı hk (mm) 402 Eğrilik
b'k (rad/m)
(mm) 402
h'k (mm) 402
ess 1

o APPROXIMATELY: φY = 0.01 rad/m

36
 o THEREFORE, THE TOTAL CURVATURE DEMAND ON COUMN
C102 IS CALCULATED AS:
φT = φY + φP = 0.01 + 0.014 = 0.024 rad/m

o FROM THE RESULTS OF THE MOMENT-CURVATURE ANALYSIS

FOR COLUMN C102 ABOVE, FOR φ = 0.024 rad/m,

εci = 0.0027 (AT THE EXTREME FIBER IN COMPRESSION)

c = 11.34 cm,

εs = (εc)[(d-c)/c]

= (0.0027)[(41 cm - 11.34 cm) / 11.34 cm] = 0.0071

εs = 0.0071 (AT THE OUTER LAYER OF TENSION STEEL)

• (NEED TO REPEAT THESE CALCULATIONS FOR COLUMNS C101 AND

C103, AND FOR BEAM B101 (AT EVERY SECTION WHERE A PLASTIC
HINGE HAS FORMED)

• AT EACH SECTION WHERE A PLASTIC HINGE HAS FORMED, NEED TO

CALCULATE THE STRAIN DEMANDS ON CONCRETE IN COMPRESSION

AND STEEL IN TENSION (εci AND εs)

37
• STRAIN CAPACITIES GIVEN IN TDY-2007 FOR CONCRETE AND STEEL:

(Unconfined (Confined
concrete) concrete)

For confined concrete:

(Volumetric ratio of existing confinement steel)

(Volumetric ratio of confinement steel

that is required for design of a new building)

o THE CALCULATED STRAIN DEMANDS ON CONCRETE AND

STEEL (εci AND εs) NEED TO BE COMPARED WITH THE CODE

DAMAGE LIMITS TO ASSESS THE LEVEL OF DAMAGE IN EACH

MEMBER WHERE A PLASTIC HINGE HAS FORMED.

o FOR EXAMPLE, FOR BEAM B102:

ƒ εci = 0.00183 < (εcg)MN = 0.004

ƒ εs = 0.0143 < (εsg)MN = 0.010

ƒ THEREFORE, BEAM B102 IS IN THE “BELİRGİN HASAR

BÖLGESİ” (VISIBLE DAMAGE ZONE)

38
 o FOR COLUMN C102:

ƒ εci = 0.0027 < (εcg)MN = 0.004

ƒ εs = 0.0071 < (εsg)MN = 0.010

ƒ THEREFORE, BEAM B102 IS IN THE “MINIMUM HASAR

BÖLGESİ” (MINIMUM DAMAGE ZONE)

• BASED ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF DAMAGE IN THE BEAMS

AND COLUMNS AT EACH STORY, DETERMINE THE
PERFORMANCE LEVEL OF THE STRUCTURE AND MAKE
APPROPRIATE DECISIONS TOWARD REHABILITATION.
(PER SPECIFICATIONS OF TDY-2007).

39