Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 76 (2017) 1185–1207

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rser

A comprehensive state of the art literature survey on LFC mechanism for MARK
power system
⁎
Ravi Shankara, S.R. Pradhanb, Kalyan Chatterjeec, , Rajasi Mandalc
a
Department of Electrical Engineering, NIT, Patna, India
b
School of Electrical Engineering, KIIT University, India
c
Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT(ISM), Dhanbad, India

A R T I C L E I N F O A BS T RAC T

Keywords: Over the past few decades, many publications have been made in the area of Load frequency control (LFC) of
Load frequency control interconnected power systems. Load frequency control is necessary to develop better control in order to achieve
Classical control less effect on the frequency and tie line power deviations after a load perturbation. However, number of control
Optimal Control strategies has been employed in the design of load frequency controllers in order to achieve a better dynamic
Adaptive control
response and the exact choice of the LFC controller in a particular case requires sufficient expertise because each
Energy storage systems
controller has its own merits and demerits. Due to this, an appropriate review of load frequency control (LFC)
mechanism is essential and a few attempts have been made in this concern. This paper presents a detailed
survey on load frequency control (LFC) mechanism. The overall study explores the depth study issues related to
LFC mechanism based on different sources of power system models. This paper focused on different control
techniques of LFC, which also includes all the recent application of FACTS devices. This review reveals the
investigation of soft computing based optimization technique and application of Energy Storage System (ESS)
and HVDC-link in LFC. These studies also illustrates conventional power system, deregulated of power
environment as well as distributed generation and micro grids. This paper is designed in order to highlight the
major traits of Load forecasting and some critical case studies on LFC.

1. Introduction
As the title of this paper suggest that, this paper revolve around LFC
and its mechanism for power system. It explores the types of power
system models; with linearity or non-linearity, different types of control
techniques like classical control approach and modern, advance and
intelligent control. It highlights how LFC incorporating with FACTS
(Flexible AC Transmission System) devices, Energy Storage System
(ESS) and HVDC links. This paper also deals with classification of LFC
based on soft computing technique and different algorithms and LFC in
restructured power environment and also reflects how LFC works with
load forecasting techniques.
Before knowing all these above-mentioned issues regarding LFC
there is need to know, what is LFC* As we know, that LFC plays very
significant role in designing and operation of a healthy power system.
In a power system, the loads are unpredictable and uncertain in nature,
which indirectly affects the system frequency that is not desirable.
Thus, through LFC mechanism either by increasing generation capacity
or minimizing the frequency deviation this issue can be kept within
desired limits. This technique is termed as Load Frequency Control
(LFC) [1–6]. LFC plays very significant role in design and operation of
a better system. A healthy designed structure and properly operated
power system have to withstand the load disturbance and should
provide acceptable and economic power quality by keeping both
generation capacity and frequency deviation within sufferance limits.
In the beginning, Automatic Generation Control (AGC) regulators,
governor design, excitation controller design, different load profile and
control performances with respect to parameter modification and
contingency were implemented [7–21]. With the development of
technologies, the power system becomes more wide and interconnected
for many benefits. These research works express the basic information
about an interconnected power system for different frequency regula-
tions of the power system [22–24]. Due to the complexity of the
modern power system, the system oscillation exposed to any electrical
disturbance may spread to wide interconnected system of different
control area. It creates undesirable disturbance, which cause the
instability that will lead to complete system black out. For mitigation
or to control over the above-discussed problem different controlling
aspects of LFC are developed and successfully employed in the power
system i.e., conventional controller, adaptive controller, optimal con-

⁎
Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: ravi060173@gmail.com (R. Shankar), soumyaranjanpradhan1.23@gmail.com (S.R. Pradhan), kalyanbit@yahoo.co.in (K. Chatterjee).

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.02.064
Received 5 December 2015; Received in revised form 1 February 2017; Accepted 15 February 2017
1364-0321/ © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
R. Shankar et al.
OVERALL SURVEY ON LFC
Types of Power system
models
LFC incorporating
Single area
FACTS devices,
energy storage
Two area
system (ESS) and
Three area
HVDC links
Four area
I th control area
Power systrm model
with nonlinearity
Different types of control techniques
Classical control Modern, advanced & intelligent
approach control
Fig. 1. : Flow Chart of Survey on LFC Review.
troller, advanced fuzzy and ANN controller etc. Linearized model of
LFC is studied, but in real scenario, non-linearity is always present in
the system, which can be further analysed. In this paper the inclusion
of dead band and Generation Rate Constraint (GRC) , delay-dependent
stability [25]with time varying delay and probabilistic internal delays
[26] are well researched . Sensitivity analysis [27] of any controller is a
very important aspect, which works out for load damping characteristic
considering frequency regulation of the power system. The conven-
tional controller like integral (I), Proportional-Integral (PI),
Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID), Double Integral-Derivative
(IID) & other control technique [28–31] are studied which gives the
basic analysis of the LFC of the power system. This paper also
discussed various robust controller and different control strategies
for LFC and gives the feedback gains of VSC by using genetic algorithm,
sliding mode controller [32], linear matrix inequality [33], predictive
and adaptive control [34], optimal control [35] and decentralized
control [36,37] which explores the basic conventional concepts of
LFC. With the evaluation of static electronic device, the concept of
conventional control strategies have been modified and many con-
trollers are designed by FACTS devices, energy storage system (ESS)
like redox flow battery, interline DC power flow controller, Intelligent
controller and HVDC link [38–45]. Nowadays conventional power
system is redesigned in deregulated power environment and incorpo-
rated with the classical concepts of LFC. Restructured power system
extend its definition and gives the evaluations of DISCO (Distribution
Company), GENCO (Generation Company), TRANSCO (Transmission
Company) components and successfully incorporate the LFC algorithm
so as to decrease the dependability on conventional sources of power
system and incorporation of renewable resources which leads to the
development of hybrid power system [46–52].
In this regard, many development and research work are presented
like distributed generation and micro-grid [53] which play a vital role
in LFC mechanism. Some important coordinated control of distributed
energy resources for LFC are described as well as primary frequency
control is also developed from smart load via reactive compensation
which technically support the LFC mechanism [54–69]. The develop-
ment of soft computing techniques in a modern power system are
handling the difficulties or the complexity of the non-linearities of the
system very smartly. Soft computing algorithm like biogeography based
optimization [70,71], single objective and many objective based
optimization [72], novel quasi-opposition harmony search algorithm
[73], multi-objective genetic algorithm [74], grey wolf optimization
[75] etc., are successfully used to handle the tuning complexity of
1186
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 76 (2017) 1185–1207
Classification of LFC
Some other
based on soft case studies
computing technique on LFC
and different
LFC with distributed algorithms
generation
LFC with load
forecasting techniques
LFC in restructured
power system
different parameters of the load frequency controller. Soft computing
application indirectly supports the stability of Load Frequency
Controller by considering the different system constraints that reduces
the human effect error considerably. Load forecasting technique is a
very challenging job in the power sector but its application can improve
the performance of Load Frequency Controller at a great extent. Thus
application of load forecasting technique is able to predict the load
demand and hence corrective measures can be taken before the load
perturbation, which can enhance the performance aspect of the
controller. Apart from these research works many other authors
represented LFC mechanism via wavelet neural network with data
filtering [76], ANN technology [77] and Fuzzy approach [78] which
intensifies the performance of LFC methodology. Some other critical
control approaches are also presented in recent research trend [79–97]
which signifies the different control aspects of the load frequency
control. Some attempts were made for literature review survey on load
frequency control and its different strategies [98–100] but are not
sufficient in context with recent control mechanism for LFC. In this
regard, there is need of more study and reviews, which focuses on
different control methodologies in a very precise manner and covering
all conventional, recent and future trends for the LFC of the power
system. Thus, the objective of this paper is to present an overall state of
the art comprehensive survey, recent up to date technical core issues on
load frequency controller and its different control aspects methodolo-
gies for the interconnected power system. The flow chart of the survey
carried out for LFC depending on area and controller is shown in Fig. 1.
According to this above mentioned chart we find that the first
section provides the elementary sketch of different types of power
system models according to the suitability of the control area as well as
nonlinearities for single area, two-area, three-area etc., of the inter-
connected power system. In the next section, the classification of LFC
based on various control techniques are discussed which cover
conventional and modern control mechanism for the power system.
Ahead of this section, it deals with the classification of LFC methodol-
ogy according to the application of different FACTS devices, Energy
Storage Systems (ESS) and HVDC links. The Section 4 illustrates about
the LFC incorporated with distributed generation, hybrid power
scheme, micro grids and smart grid for modern power scenario.
Furthermore Section 5 describes the LFC in the deregulated power
environment. Beside from these discussions, the next Section of this
survey provides and investigates the classification of LFC based on the
application of soft computing and different control algorithm in brief.
Section 7 of this survey work gives the platform, which includes the
R. Shankar et al.
inclusion of LFC with load forecasting techniques and the further
classification of the paper work reflects the idea about some practical
case studies on LFC of the power system. Finally, the last Section of this
literature survey work discuss the comparative comparisons of some
selected relevant research work and summarize the invested work in
the conclusion . Thus, this paper explores all these sections step by step
with elaboration, which is as follows:
2. Different types of power system model
As we earlier discussed in the introduction that 1st classification as
per the Fig. 1 provides different types of power system. In the current
scenario power system is classified as conventional power system.
Conventional power systems are that which has been in operation since
many centuries and basically comprise of thermal, hydro, and nuclear
generating units. However, gradually reduction in fossil fuel and
significant environmental issues the non-conventional sources of
energy give its active participation to the conventional system as the
form of distributed generation based power system. Herewith we
explore major models of power system as follows:
2.1. Single-area power systems
In last several decades, the overall LFC mechanism in single area
power system is explained [101–111] and a detailed investigation on
single area thermal power system in incorporating LFC is presented
[101–107]. In [101] mathematical model mainly considering fre-
quency controller of the power system is discussed. In [106] the LFC
of multi-source system in a single area is marked out. Single area with
only hydropower system is described in [108–110]. Dolla et al. in [108]
described LFC with dumped load in a detached small-hydropower
system. Automatic generation control of hydropower system is shown
in detail in paper [109,110]. In this paper [111] author proposed a new
model to demonstrate the Interaction between the Load Frequency
Control and the Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) loops.
2.2. Two-area power systems
The LFC issues of two-area power system are efficiently highlighted
in this paper [112–127].Concordia and Kirchmayer highlighted about
tie-line power and frequency control of two-area power system
[112,113]. A model for two-area load frequency control system is
developed with excitation control in one area and voltage –perturba-
tion in other area is presented [114]. It deals about the reduction in
two-area LFC model from 7th order to 2nd order with having same
result as before [115]. In [116–118] a discussion about the regulation
error of LFC of two area power system i.e. area control error (ACE) is
revealed and a sampled data of smart load frequency control based on
the Lyapunov’s second method is proposed [119]. The conventional
Controller, the linear optimal controller (LOC), and the variable
Structure controller (VSC) are designed for the combined Frequency
and voltage control of synchronous generators [120]. In [121] AGC of a
two-area power system with fuzzy logic controller is mentioned.
Khodabakhshian and Hooshmand [122] presents automatic generation
control based on PID controller of two-area hydropower system, which
is also discussed with, and Saikia et al [123] who define LFC controllers
for two-area hydropower system. Further, they present a capacious
study on dynamic performance of a more practical interconnected
power system with diverse sources in each area and parallel AC-DC
transmission links [124]. In [125] an analysis of two areas load
frequency control with different types of feedback is given. Paper
[126] conferred two area hydrothermal system with conventional
controllers. In paper [127] Verma et al. described intelligent controllers
like ANN and fuzzy logic for two area hydro thermal systems.
1187
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 76 (2017) 1185–1207
2.3. Three-area power systems
Power systems incorporating three control areas are best described
by many researchers [128–137]. In paper [128] a robust decentralizes,
control for three-area system is presented. Bevrani et al. [129] who
presented an intelligent automatic generation control based on Multi-
agent Bayesian networks technique. In paper [130] three-area power,
system model with NARMA-L2 controller is investigated. A robust LFC
controller for three-area system is described in [131,132]. In Ref. [133]
load frequency control consisting three-area system with adaptive fuzzy
approach is mentioned. L.C. Saikia [134] discussed about AGC of three
area hydrothermal system with neuro-fuzzy controller. AGC for three
area system with both mechanical and electrical governor is discussed
in the ppaper [135]. In this paper [136] a three area system in
deregulation is discussed. In this paper [137] S. Gondaliya and K.
Arora also presented a three area power system with advanced
controller techniques.
2.4. Four-area power systems
The LFC demand in interconnected power system further increases
to four control areas marked in this paper, which is presented in [138–
143]. Malik et al. first time in this field of LFC give idea about four area
system with dual mode and variable structure control scheme for each
area comprises of only hydro generating unit. Prakash. S; Sinha. S.K
[139] described four area interconnected hydrothermal system with
artificial control techniques and Bhardwaj. A.K et al. [140] present LFC
of four area-interconnected systems with hybrid fuzzy-neuro control.
In [141] new control structure implementing tuning method to design
a PID based load frequency controller for single area and then extended
to four area power systems is presented. Mola et al. [142] in their paper
confer LMI, a mathematical tool to design a new control strategy for
four-area power system and paper describes [143] a new control
arrangement with a tuning method to design a PID load frequency
controller for four area power systems.
2.5. i-th area power systems
Toulabi et al. [144] described i-th area power systems about a
power system model in which number of control area and generating
units are taken. It is a basic paper regarding more than one area and
different generating units.
2.6. Power system models containing non-linearity
A lot of research papers include the linear modelling of power
system which are differ from the real time systems as real time system
are nonlinear in nature. This non-linearity is added to the system
modelling by implementing governor dead band and GRC. This section
[145–168] carries the LFC schemes for different areas with optimiza-
tion based LFC of thermal reheat system and a non-linear control
design which emphasized on GRC and governor dead band of the
power system models.
3. Classification of LFC based on different control techniques
As per the frication in flow chart this section deals with classifica-
tion of LFC based on different control technique. From the commence-
ment of LFC many controllers are designed and implemented success-
fully and with the passage of time the control techniques are improved
and some new hybrid methods are reflected. A complete study on the
research works those have already done on LFC till date are categorised
and highlighted below.
R. Shankar et al.
3.1. Classical control techniques
Classical controllers are the first stage closed loop controllers
designed for overcome the limitations of open loop control system.
In this survey some common used controller are discussed below which
are used in LFC and LFC with integral controller is presented and
discussed that automatic generation control of a hydrothermal system
in continuous-discrete mode using integral (I) and PID controller is
investigated [169].
3.1.1. Proportional integral (PI) control and dual mode PI controller
A dual mode PI controller [170] and decentralized proportional-
integral (PI) control [171] design for load frequency regulation with
communication delays is presented by Vrdoljak et al. who discussed PI
control in hydropower system [172]. It is one of the most widely used
controllers in LFC. This paper presents LFC based on PI control
technique and the Automatic Generation Control (AGC) with PI
controller and dual mode PI control technique is discussed. In paper
[173] PI controller based small signal analysis of a hybrid system is
given. LFC of a PI based micro source system is also described [174].
Optimization technique based LFC in accordance with PI control
technique [175,176] is discussed and PI control [177] with a model
predictive control is used in order to achieve best-closed loop perfor-
mance. In papers [178–181] hybrid PI control (PI with fuzzy) is
discussed and in [182] PI with artificial intelligent technique is
presented.
3.1.2. Integral derivative (ID) control
This section elaborates with the papers [183,184] to represent ID
controllers for LFC. A five-area system for LFC with ID control, other
classical control and a comparison with integral-double derivative
control is given. A Modified Integral Derivative (MID) controller is
proposed for LFC in deregulated environment [184].
3.1.3. Proportional integral derivative (PID) control
LFC with PID controller is presents a genetic-fuzzy controller for
AGC of a two area thermal system [185]. LFC with a unified PID tuning
method [186] is discussed and decentralize LFC using optimal Multiple
Input-Multiple Output (MISO PID) control is implemented [187]. In
[188] setting of PID controller parameters using chaotic optimization
algorithm for multi-area load frequency control is considered.
Rabindra K. Sahoo et al. gives the idea of DE optimized parallel Two
degree of Freedom (2-DOF PID) controller for LFC with governor
dead-band nonlinearity [189,190]. In papers, [191–195] authors are
presented LFC with PID controllers in addition to different optimiza-
tion techniques and algorithms. Mohamed I. Mosaad and Fawzan
Salem [196] presented an adaptive PID based LFC with ANN and
Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) technique is pro-
posed and the tuning of PID controller with the fractional order time
delay system [197,198]. Md Nishat Anwar and Somnath Pan described
a design of new PID controller by direct synthesis method for LFC
[199]. An Optimal transient droop compensator [200,201] and PID
tuning for LFC in hydropower system are designed. Optimal variation
of frequency and voltage with PID, fuzzy based PSO and cuckoo search
optimized PID controller is described in [202–204].
3.1.4. Double Integral and Double derivative control
The concept of AGC in two-area reheat power system having
coordinated control action with Redox Flow Battery (RFB) and
Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) [205] and in addition to that,
a new Proportional–Double Integral (PI2) controller is designed and
implemented. This Paper presents Performances of several Classical
controllers like Integral (I), Proportional plus Integral (PI),
Proportional plus Integral plus Derivative (PID), Integral plus Double
Derivative (IDD) are compared with newly introduced Classical
Controller in AGC named as Proportional plus Integral plus Double
1188
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 76 (2017) 1185–1207
Derivative (PIDD) controller [206].
3.1.5. Variable structure control technique
In order to improve the dynamic performance Variable structure
control (VSC) [207,208] is a well-known solution to the problem for the
deterministic control of uncertain systems. Since, it is with the
completely insensitive to the system variations, when parameters
satisfy certain matching conditions. This makes the controller senseless
to power system parameter change.
3.2. Artificial neural network (ANN) control
Artificial neural networks are computational tools based on the
properties of biological neural systems. Artificial neural network (ANN)
applied to LFC presents in [209–221]. In a hybrid power system ANN
is used as one of the two-loop controller for maximum power point
tracking, this is discussed in [210]. A robust and adaptive Temporal
Difference Iearning based MLP (TDMLP) neural network for power
system LFC is presented in [211]. A newly developed design strategy,
which combines advantage of the ANN and μ-synthesis control
techniques for LFC, is discussed to achieve the desired level of robust
performance. Ansarian et al. in paper [212,213] presented a new
Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) solution, which is applied for a two-
area power system, using an ANN. A hierarchical architecture of three
layer feed forward neural network controller for automatic generation
control of a two-area hydroelectric power system is investigated [214].
Neuro-fuzzy hybrid control approach for four-area system is investi-
gated in [214–217]. In paper [218] a survey on ANN control
techniques with performance of various Neural Network controllers
is compared with one another as well as to the performance of other
types of controllers and an intelligent control technique for two area
hydro-thermal system in combination with fuzzy neural approach is
presented [219,220].
A hybrid combination of Neuro and Fuzzy is proposed as a
controller for Automatic Generation Control (AGC) problem in a
restructured power system that operates under deregulation pedestal
on the bilateral policy is discussed [221].
3.3. Fuzzy control
A fuzzy control mechanism, which is a mathematical system that
decomposes the analog input values in terms of logical variables. It
takes uninterrupted values ranging from 0 to 1, in contradiction to
classical or digital logic, which works on distinct values of either 1 or 0
i.e. true or false. Automatic generation control with fuzzy control
presented in [222–246]. The fuzzy controller performances such as
design, implementation and operation as part of the Automatic
Generation Control (AGC) system are discussed in [222–227].
Ghoshal and Goswami in [228] highlighted the idea about scheduling
of integral gains using genetic algorithm based on fuzzy control. In
paper [229] presented a multi-functional fuzzy logic based Tie-line Bias
Control (TBC) scheme considering the MWh constraint for the power
transmission on the tie line and the regulation margin. In paper [230]
Castro and Castillo Oscar presented Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Logic for
Intelligent Control for LFC. The Consequence of the self-tuning
configuration with fuzzy proportional integral controller (FPIC) in
AGC on Super Conducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) control
for the improvement of LFC is compared with that of PI controlled AGC
is presented in [231]. It put forward a structure of the automatic
generation control system by using the fuzzy neural control method.
AGC with Polar Fuzzy Controller Considering Generation Rate
Constraint (GRC) in Deregulated Power System is presented in paper
[234]. Fuzzy Logic-Based LFC Concerning High Penetration of Wind
Turbines is presented in [235]. In paper [236] Fuzzy C-Means
clustering for robust decentralized load frequency control with GRC
and some other [237–239] are discussed. The application of type-2
R. Shankar et al.
fuzzy logic system for LFC using feedback error learning approaches is
given in [240]. Rabindra Kumar Sahu et al. and some other author
[241,242] presented Differential Evolution and Pattern Search (DEPS)
optimized based fuzzy PIPID controller. In LFC in multi area power
system investigated with adaptive fuzzy logic approach. Fuzzy control
with integration of wind power in a multi area power system is
presented and it is described by Chaturvedi et al.who emphasized a
polar fuzzy and the Fuzzy logic applied in distributed generation
presented in [243–246].
3.3.1. Fuzzy with PI and PID control approach
This section carries research papers regarding fuzzy logic based
controllers are surveyed and coordination of PI, PID, and artificial
neural techniques with fuzzy related papers are discussed below [247].
A synthetic PI fuzzy with sliding mode technique for multi area
interconnected power system is proposed [248]. Chia-Feng Juang
and Chun-Feng Lu presented an evolutionary PI fuzzy approach;
presented a novel control strategy of self-tuned fuzzy proportional
integral (FPI) controller and fuzzy frequency (FF) controller in
associated with the AGC including SMES [249–252].
Binod et al. proposed a novel hybrid Local Unimodal Sampling
(LUS) and Teaching Learning Based Optimization (TLBO) based fuzzy-
PID controller which explore its performance. These performances are
compared with Differential Evolution (DE) optimized fuzzy-PID con-
troller and also hybrid LUS–TLBO, TLBO, LUS & DE optimized
conventional PID controller [253,254]. In [255] author presented a
modern approach using Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques i.e [256].
Fuzzy logic, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Hybrid Fuzzy Neural
Network (HFNN) for the AGC. A three input neuro-fuzzy controller is
discussed in [257].
3.4. Optimal control
This control scheme contemplate the model represented in state
variable form and minimization of the objective of function. Fosha and
Elgerd developed a new feedback control law including the idea of state
variable model and regulator problem of optimal control theory for
two-area interconnected power system . The Use of modern optimal
control theory in design of load frequency controller empower the
electrical power researchers to model an optimal controller with
prescribed performance. This performance criterion helps in solving
multivariable control problems with a simplified manner LFC based on
optimal control theory, which is linear regulator designed [258–260].
The author, has investigated and designed plant response time due to
closed loop poles. In [261] Kwatny et al. have presented a survey of
application of optimal control theory for LFC. Moorthi and Aggarwal
also in [262], designed sub optimal and near optimal for LFC and in
[263], developed and studied a more realistic LFC model including an
excitation system for voltage regulation and optimal responses at
various loads. An optimal and robust decentralized controller is
applied, so that the system frequency and tie-line power flow of the
interlinked power system are regulated and generated a two-level
optimal control for the frequency control of interconnected power
systems using modern optimal control and multilevel system techni-
ques. A two-area non-reheat thermal system is considered to demon-
strate the optimum parameter and the optimal output feedback method
is proposed which uses only the measurable state variables. The
optimal control is decided by minimizing a performance index under
the proposed output feedback conditions [264–267].
3.5. Adaptive control
This section explores the theory of adaptive control of the power
system [268–279]. In [268] Ross presented the adaptive control
criteria. Pan and Liaw in [269] proposed an adaptive controller
including PI control technique and the effectiveness of the controller
1189
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 76 (2017) 1185–1207
with GRC confirmed. Kanniah et al. in [270], investigated an adaptive
control strategy, implemented on a microprocessor for the load-
frequency control problem. The self-tuning regulators are suggested
as a suitable alternative to the integral control, used normally for LFC.
Liaw designed [273] a reduced order adaptive controller for mitigating
and some other LFC issues [274–276] of a hydrothermal system is
presented. In [277] an adaptive fuzzy logic based controller is proposed
for LFC of interconnected power system. In [278] presented the
exploration of LFC for a two-area hydrothermal system under restruc-
tured power environment by taking Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference
System (ANFIS) [279]. The operating point of a system is never
constant, it often gets changed. Hence the performance of the system
may not be optimal. So for maintaining the system performance close
to optimal value, the operating points have to be tracked and suitably
update its parameters to get a more desirable control scheme.
3.6. Centralize and decentralize control approach
The power systems in the beginning used centralize control strategy
to deal with LFC issues. In centralize control scheme is a global
controller operators on the whole system which needs the knowledge
about all the states of the power system. Centralize control technique is
a control strategy which based on classes of disturbances of the system
[280,281]. In paper [282] design of centralized and decentralized
robust output feedback controllers, which works on mixed H∞/H2
control theory with pole-placement technique, is investigated.
In case of large wide area power system decentralize control scheme
is preferable over centralize control, as it make the control more
feasible and simple by reducing the computational burden and com-
munication complexity between different systems. The basic aim of
decentralize controller is to frame the complex system in to a number
of sub systems, and every sub system has its own controller. Papers
[283–306] present some idea about decentralize control technique.
Geromel and Peres proposed a numerical procedure to obtain the load-
frequency control of an interrelated power system. To minimize the
corresponding implementation cost, the control law is confined to have
two separate special structures: decentralized feedback and output
feedback control. The process is based on a new property of the
classical Riccati equation, which is analysed in two different aspects:
closed-loop asymptotic stability and sub optimality degree. In a PI
based decentralize control is presented for multi area interconnected
power system. A tuning regulator based decentralize controller for LFC
is proposed [283–288]. A class of minimum order robust decentralized
controller is proposed [289] to solve the LFC issues of multi area
system with constant disturbances. In [290] a feasible linear matrix
inequalities procedure is established for the effective construction of
the control set under state feedback. The de-centralized reliable feed-
back gains are determined by convex optimization over new para-
meterized Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMIs) at the subsystem level. In
reference [291–293] a decentralized power system LFC exceeding the
limit of diagonal dominance is presented. Paper [294] revealed the
modelling of decentralized controllers on the basis of conventional
control approach and intelligent approach using fuzzy concept [294–
299]. Feliachi [300] discussed a new method for design of optimal
decentralized controller. In papers [301–309] robust decentralize
controller design with LMI and iterative technique is discussed.
3.7. Sliding mode control
Sliding mode control (SMC) is another nonlinear control technique
that alters the dynamics of a system by employing a discontinuous
control signal that pressurizes the system to slide along a cross-section
of the system’s regular behaviour. Use of SMC with different control
approaches makes the system robust. A Paper [310–318] presents
sliding mode control approach in the field of LFC of interconnected
power system. In paper [310] author proposed the design of an optimal
R. Shankar et al.
sliding mode controller, which is quite helpful for LFC of thermal
system, subjected to parameter uncertainties. Study of an optimal
sliding mode Gaussian (OSG) controller implemented in the hydraulic
modelling program SIMSEN [311] for Load Frequency Control and the
study of PSO based sliding mode and fuzzy controller for LFC is
presented [312–318].
3.8. Linear matrix inequalities (LMI) control
For system identification and structural design, Linear Matrix
Inequalities (LMIs) and LMI techniques have emerged as a powerful
design tools in the control engineering areas. Some important factors,
which make LMI techniques attractive i.e. a variety of design specifica-
tions and limitations, can be expressed as LMIs, once the problem is
formulated then precisely efficient convex optimization algorithms can
solve it. Xiaofeng presents an application of LMI in the area of LFC of
interconnected power system with communication time delays. An
iterative LMI technique based on decentralize control approach is
described along with some other robust control based on LMI is
discussed and a robust LFC with LMI and genetic algorithm is
presented [319–324].
3.9. Other control techniques
The earlier stage load frequency controllers are particularly relied
on simple classical tuned controllers, which having uncoordinated
parameter settings. Therefore, these are not able to provide better
dynamic performances over a large range of operating conditions and
various load perturbation. Due to this a novel model required to
maintain between generation and load dynamics to make the LFC
robust. The papers [325–328] present design and application of H-
infinity controller in LFC. Loop shaping of H-infinity controller in
combination with particle swarm optimization (PSO) is used and
results compared with those obtained by using genetic algorithm
(GA) to minimize the frequency deviation in [327]. An approach to
design a LFC based on the polynomial H-infinity robust control theory
is presented in [328]. In [329] Ray Goshaidas et al. investigated a
robust controller which works on Riccati- equation for LFC of a thermal
system. To Design a powerful PI controller, which is based on the
concept of interval plants and Kharitonov’s theorem to determine the
stability region to get robust stability, is presented in [330]. It develops
H-infinity methods in control theory to synthesize controllers obtaining
stabilization with assured performance. For using H∞ control methods,
first a designer have to make a mathematical optimization form of the
control problem and only then gets the controller, which solves this
optimization problem.
Besides all the control techniques and theories discussed above on
LFC some other are also left, in which very less research papers are
presented or we may say that they are still under shadowed. Some of
such techniques are discussed below. In [331], Gupta and Srivastava
proposed a combination of Generalized Fuzzy Model (GFM) and
Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) based controller is helpful to find
the best suited parameters for LFC. A two-level decomposition and
Gibbs phenomenon of traditional Hilbert transform (HT) is used to
calculate oscillatory parameters and the approximate mode shapes of
low frequency oscillation [332]. Rakhshani et al. [333] proposed a new
model by extending the linearized AGC system to include the excitation
system. In [334] the Coefficient Diagram Method (CDM) is applied as a
new resilient controller design by taking the mutual effect of heat pump
(HP) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (EV) for frequency regulation
in an isolated small power system powered by diesel generator and
renewable photovoltaic PV power source. A Model Predictive Control
(MPC) Scheme-Based LFC has proposed [335]. In paper [336] author
has presented a new calculation of area interchange control (AIC) of an
optimization strategy based on benefit analysis to solve the issues of
interconnected power system, in which the effect of AIC is power
1190
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 76 (2017) 1185–1207
regulation on tie-line in interconnected hydro-thermal system repre-
sented internally into a Jacobean matrix. Classification of LFC accord-
ing to the use of FACTs devices, Energy storage systems (ESS), HVDC
links, multi-agent Bayesian networks approach, cooperative control
using differential game, microprocessor based adaptive load frequency
control and application of modular multilevel controller for AGC are
suitably presented for different methodology of LFC [337–373].
4. Classification of LFC according to the application of FACTs
devices, Energy storage systems (ESS), HVDC links
This section deals with how LFC incorporates with applications like
Fact devices, energy Storage System (ESS), HVDC links and discuss the
implication of that devices in modern era.
4.1. LFC based on Flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices
IN contemporary scenario, the implementation of FACTS devices in
power system has become a universal enactment for making full
utilization of subsisted transmission capacities and strengthening the
reliability in place of connecting new lines. Emary and Shibina [374]
have proposed a novel load frequency controller design which is based
on SVC. These devices control and manage the active power flow in the
tie line in interconnected power system for LFC problem. Thus Shankar
et al. [375] have presented a FACTS device TCPS (Thyristor Control
Phase Shifter) which is applied to tie-line power flow of the proposed
system and GA based integral controller as primary frequency control.
For designing of Power System Stabilizer (PSS) and Static Synchronous
Series Compensator (SSSC) coordinated controllers a nonlinear model
method is considered in [376–379]. In [380] author investigated the
effect of a Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) [380] for
load following in a deregulated two area interconnected thermal
system. Shayeghi et al.proposed [381] a TCPS with phase angle control
feature for providing system frequency regulation actively in [382–
385]. The above investigation is done by adopting PSO technique and
the improvement of inter area damping by use of FACTS devices in
coordination with H-infinity and LMI control technique [386] and a
regular procedure for adjusting the open loop plant for control design
through selecting the weights has suggested.
4.2. Different energy storage systems (ESS)
Some research works on LFC including ESS discussed here. As
Kunisch et al. [387] proposed a battery energy storage system for load
levelling which in turn control the load frequency of the system by
supplying peak load demand. Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)
for LFC including GRC and governor dead band is described in [388].
Implementation of magnetic energy system as frequency stabilizer in
multi area power system is revealed in [389]. In [390] author has
discussed the concept of a superconducting magnetic energy storage
(SMES) incorporated into a back-to-back interconnection.
An alternative way to improve the performance of LFC is the
initiation of energy storage facilities when the load demand is at its
peak. Since ESS can compensate active power variation with very little
time delay. It can be used to enhance the load frequency control
performance and boosts the reliability of power system during peak
load. Besides these advantages, these storage facilities have also some
supplementary dynamic benefits like load levelling, decrease in spin-
ning reserve capacity, area regulation, long tie-line stabilization, black
start capability and power factor correction in a power system.
Study and modelling of redox flow battery is presented in [391]. In
paper [392,393] an adaptive control technique with SMES is proposed.
In paper [394] investigates the self-tuning control scheme for SMES is
proposed and applied to Automatic Generation Control (AGC) in power
system. The combined control effect of Thyristor Controlled Phase
Shifter (TCPS) and Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)
R. Shankar et al.
system for AGC of an interconnected two-area thermal system is
presented. The function of solid-state phase shifter along with SMES
is described [395]. A capacitive energy storage system (CPS) with fuzzy
neural controller for load frequency control problem suggested
[396,397]. Again in [398] CPS system with PSO based AGC is
demonstrated. Static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) or
Thyristor Controlled Phase Shifters (TCPS) [399] in coordination with
superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) controllers are
proposed [400]. Effect of differential controller and CPS in the field
of LFC of a power system having two control areas is revealed [401]. In
paper [402,403] the application of SMES unit in LFC of interconnected
power system has mentioned. In [404] author proposed a Type-2 fuzzy
approach for load frequency control of two-area interconnected
thermal power system including reheat turbine considering
Generation Rate Constraint (GRC) for nonlinear operation, Boiler
Dynamics (BD) and SMES [405]. In [406] proposed an automatic
generation control (AGC) of an interconnected three equal and unequal
hydrothermal system with DB non-linearity and the self-tuning control
scheme of Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage unit (SMES)
[407,408] is accomplished to investigate the behaviour of AGC
problem. To reduce the system oscillations, Automatic Generation
Control (AGC), Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) and
Capacitive Energy Storage (CES) have been used. PSO algorithm is
applied to design the AGC and the controllers of SMES and CES. As
Chatterjee et al. suggest a control approach incorporating super-
conducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) with SSSC in to a multi-
area Interconnected Thermal power System for Load Frequency
Control methodology [409–413].
4.3. HVDC links
As the power flow, through an HVDC link, can be controlled
independently of the phase angle between source and load. It can
stabilize a network against disturbances due to rapid changes in power
and it permits power transmission between unsynchronized AC
transmission systems. This improves the stability and economy of each
grid, by allowing exchange of power between incompatible networks. It
takes the advantage of HVDC link [414] to implement a concept of
frequency stabilization in interconnected power systems. A power
modulation controller is modelled using the stabilization effect of
inter-area oscillation mode. The techniques of overlapping decomposi-
tions and eigenvalue assignment are applied to establish the state
feedback scheme of controller. Sidhartha Panda and Narendra Kumar
Yegireddy in [415] discussed LFC (load frequency control) with WDC
(High Voltage DC transmission system). Author [416] presented an
extensive study on dynamic performance of a more realistic power
system with unlike sources in each area and interconnected through
parallel AC-DC transmission links. By using HVDC link the conven-
tional three area system is modified so that it considered the effect of
bilateral contract on dynamics and this paper gave a comparison
between power system with AC link and HVDC link [417–420].
5. LFC incorporated with distributed generation power
systems and micro grids
UP to this extent, most of the time we have discussed about LFC
problem in conventional power systems. However, due to quick decay
of fossil fuel, the distributed generation such as solar, wind emerged as
suitable solution to fulfil the insufficiency in load demand. Thus, the
LFC issued in connection with DG is discussed in the succeeding
paragraph.
Among all the renewable sources, solar power is most common and
easy to harness; but due to the relatively high cost limits, it basically
used only in remote and isolated areas or domestic use. In the
combined operation of wind, diesel and solar hybrid system due to
the fluctuation in velocity of wind and intensity of solar radiation there
1191
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 76 (2017) 1185–1207
is a large variation in the volume of generated power and system
frequency. In reference [421] the consequence of photo-voltaic power
generation on load frequency regulation is presented. A frequency
control mechanism by photo voltaic generator in hybrid power system
comprising PV and diesel generating units is mentioned [422]. Datta
et al. [423] revealed a coordinated control technique for power output
variation levelling of PV system based on fuzzy logic technique. Again
in [424], a Minimal-order observer-based coordinated control method
for isolated power utility of multiple photovoltaic systems for LFC
issues is presented.
As we know, after the integration of wind energy system with grid
the load frequency problem becomes more complex due to the varying
character of wind velocity. In this case the LFC need to be addressed
with a modified control strategy. The basic concepts related to LFC
including the wind farms are presented in [425–428]. In [425],
Schluete et al. have discussed the modification in economic dispatch,
unit commitment and frequency control strategy, when the magnitude
of wind generation level is quite remarkable. Effect due to output of
small wind turbines on LFC is presented in [426] by Curtice et al. In
[427] AGC of a variable speed wind turbine is discussed. In this Wind
turbine operated by self-excited induction generators treated as
fluctuating speed, steady terminal voltage and frequency with sepa-
rately connected resistive loads. A rationalized model is employed to
develop a convenient control strategy for maintaining the generator
terminal voltage and frequency constant when there is a variation in
load or wind speed [428,429]. A method is developed in [430] which
seeks to specify control regimes for operating WT arrays in coordina-
tion with the rest of the system a method and automatic generation
control (AGC) is described for distributed generation using GA [431].
In this paper [432] author discussed the use of energy storage devices
to provide wind farms with a methodology to regulate their power
output and grid frequency. With energy storage, this research made it
possible to allow wind farms to participate in AGC. Senjyu et al.
presented an output power control methodology for wind farm which
can decrease frequency deviations of a power system using load power
estimation [433] and Load power was estimated by a disturbance
observer and, output power command for wind farm was determined
according to estimated load and the model predictive controller is
described for a four-area interconnected power system model along
with wind power integration.
The application of the linear active disturbance rejection with
control approach in the load frequency control issue, for a hybrid
and complex power system integrating wind energy conversation
system based on doubly fed induction generator is investigated [434–
440]. As the penetration of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)
based wind energy in power system is increasing, it results more
disturbance in frequency if load and generation is not balanced which
is reflected in [441–444].his paper presents a novel approach along
with the DFIG for controlling the deviation in frequency and tie-line
power. The linear quadratic regulator (LQR) is designed and the kinetic
energy of DFIG is extracted to control the two-area interconnected
power system in [445]. In [446–448] author presented involvement of
wind turbine generator consisting DFIG in the field of LFC with linear
quadratic regulator. Decoupled control of active power in doubly-fed
induction generation (DFIG) makes it impossible to respond to
electromechanical dynamics of power grid and when wind power
penetration rapidly increases in power grid, the wind power cannot
take part in frequency regulation making more severe disturbances in
the system [449–453].
Then the survey begins from a micro grid, which is a small-scale
power grid that can act independently or in conjunction with the area's
main electrical grid. It can also be represented as a small-scale
restricted station along its own power available means, generation
and loads and definable boundaries. In the following survey papers
[454–457] presents about frequency regulation of micro grids . It is
given that for wind turbines connected to a large grid an induction
R. Shankar et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 76 (2017) 1185–1207

Table 1
Comparison of PI and PID with different algorithm i.e., DE, DE-fuzzy, PSO tuned fuzzy and HPSO-PS tuned Fuzzy.

Ref. no. Configuration of the system Controller approach Undershoot (in Hz×10−3) Overshoot (in Hz×10−3) Settling Time (s)

Δf1 Δf2 ΔPtie Δf1 Δf2 ΔPtie Δf1 Δf2 ΔPtie

[254] Load frequency control of multi-source PID with DE algorithm −26.57 −22.14 −4.75 2.03 0.77 0.19 13.84 8.35 9.35
Power system PID with DE Fuzzy −12.97 −5.89 −1.60 0.73 0.24 0.09 5.3 2.9 2.6
algorithm
Settling time(2% band) Ts (s)
Δf1 Δf2 ΔPtie
[178] Load frequency control of interconnected Power PI with DE algorithm 8.96 8.16 5.75
system PI with DE fuzzy 3.28 4.71 3.80
algorithm
[251] Automatic generation control in interconnected PSO tuned Fuzzy 5.13 6.22 4.83
Power system HPSO-PS tuned Fuzzy 2.26 3.74 2.94

Table 2
Comparison of PI, PID, IDD, and PIDD with NSGA-II, GA-II, BOFA-II, DE and TLBO algorithm.

Ref. no. Configuration of the system Controller approach Operating conditions Undershoot (pu)

Δf1 Δf2 Δf3

[319] Interconnected three area thermal LMI based LFC Conventional AGC 0.001 0.001 0.005
power systemWith time delays AGC with full state LMI control 0.001 0.0012 0.004
AGC with LMI decentralize 0.007 0.0098 0.0035
control
LMI controller with ACE delays 0.007 0.0013 0.004
and telemetry delays
To the control area 4 s,2 s and
4 s respectively
[298] Multi area connected systems (four Iterative LMI via H2/ 5 s delay with 0.1pu step load 0.004
generating units as one control area) H∝ based PI controller increase
8 s delay with 0.1pu step load 0.005
increase
6 s delay with a sequence of step The frequency deviation and ACE of the control area are properly
load changes maintained within a narrowband with smooth control efforts
[340] Interconnected three area thermal LMI based PI controller Integral controller(K i =0.05) Delay margin is within the range of [3.1 s, 3.4 s] stability region
power systems with time delays
PI controller(Kp =0.2, K i =0.05)

Table 3
Comparison of LFC based on LMI, LMI with PI and iterative LMI.

Ref. no. Configuration of the system Controller approach Settling Time (2% band) (in s)

Δf1 Δf2 ΔPtie

[501] Automatic generation control of multi area PID with NSGA-II algorithm 10.41 11.08 6.68
power system PI with NSGA-II algorithm 18.01 17.9 10.56
PI with GA[II] algortitm 11.39 10.59 9.37
PI with BFOA[II] algorithm 7.09 5.52 6.35
[545] Automatic generation control of multi area PID with DE algorithm 19.68 21.93 25.89
Power system PID with TLBO algorithm 18.22 18.88 16.28
IDD with TLBO algorithm 17.95 18.72 13.01
PIDD with TLBO algorithm 16.14 16.79 12.77

generator can decrease dynamic interaction. On the other hand, for an
isolated diesel micro-grid the diesel governor response and the
compliance of the diesel generator dominate the system’s dynamics.
Automatic generation control of a micro grid using artificial intelli-
gence technique for micro grid is discussed in [456] and novel
technique is also presented for secondary frequency regulation of
power system [457].
Tanaka Kenichi et al. in a paper presented a mutual control of dc
power supplying system with power manufacturer and supplier owned
separate generators under equilibrium condition [458,459]. In above
discussion fuel cell, PV systems and ultra-capacitors introduced as
dispersed generators. Again, the additional Load frequency control
method, which can be achieved by using a number of both heat pump
loads and electric vehicles, is proposed [460]. It shows that
Intermittent power generation from renewable resources in the smart
grid is not enough to compensate the unbalance of generation and load
demand, and the system inertia will decrease [461,462].
6. LFC in deregulated power environment
This section shows a paradigm shift in the power industry. Due to
this deregulation a new framework would be created to operate the

1192
R. Shankar et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 76 (2017) 1185–1207

Table 4
comparison of Fuzzy-PID and HNF in combination with some other algorithms.

Ref. no. Configuration of the system Controller approach Undershoot (in Hz×10−4 ) Overshoot (in Hz×10−5) Settling Time (s)

Δf1 Δf2 ΔPtie Δf1 Δf2 ΔPtie Δf1 Δf2 ΔPtie

[516] Automatic generation control of interconnected Fuzzy PID with DEPSO −34.526 −7.804 −3.177 6.09 3.373 1.147 3.97 2.83 2.37
power system algorithm
Fuzzy PID with DE −36.49 −10.48 −4.1 9.11 5.697 1.459 6.70 6.58 3.2
algorithm
Fuzzy PID with PSO −37.93 −11.428 −4.383 9.816 6.093 1.63 7.25 7.21 3.29
algorithm Undershoot (in Hz ) Overshoot(in Hz) Settling Time(s)
Δf1 Δf2 ΔPtie 1−2 Δf1 Δf2 ΔPtie 1−2 Δf1 Δf2 ΔPtie 1−2
[221] Automatic generation control in restructured HNF with HCPSO −0.08 −0.04 −0.1 0.1204 0.0946 0.141 6 8 15
Power system algorithm
HNF with RCGA algorithm −0.288 −0.306 −0.007 0.1618 0.1951 0.1394 8 12 19
HNF with ANN algorithm −0.414 −0.518 −0.016 0.2082 0.1324 0.0315 12 13 31
HFF with ANFIS algorithm −0.0367 −0.07 −0.136 0.02386 0.1092 0.048 4 4 14

Table 5
comparison of type-2 fuzzy with integral controller in addition to FACTS devices and CSPO optimization method.

Ref. no. Configuration of the system Control approach Operating conditions Undershoot (Hz) Overshoot (Hz) Settling Time (s)

Δf1 Δf2 ΔPtie Δf1 Δf2 ΔPtie Δf1 Δf2 ΔPtie

[405] Two-area reheat thermal power system Type−2 Fuzzy logic ΔPd1= 0.01 pu −0.015 −0.012 −0.003 12 12 15
with boiler dynamic effect and SMES Controller ΔPd2= 0.01 pu −0.013 −0.013 +0.0005 10 11 15
ΔPd1= ΔPd2=0.01 pu −0.013 −0.017 −0.0001 13 10 20
[511] Two area with multi-units of three type Integarl Controller Thermal-Thermal −0.18 −0.22 15 20
and its gain
Of systems with TCPS and SMES and parameters of ΔPd1=
TCPS and ΔPd2=0.02 pu
SMES is optimized by Thermal-Hydro −0.19 −0.55 50 50
CSPO ΔPd1=
ΔPd2=0.01 pu

power industry which means the previously used vertically integrated
power system becomes independent organisations like: Genco, Transco
and Disco. Due to deregulation or restructuring of power system
electricity price become cheaper and the system reliability increases
etc. Research on LFC in the deregulated environment is presented
[463–491]. A wide aspect of AGC is discussed with the two-level
hierarchy. For achieving the economic optimality, the AGC scheme
designed to take into account the bidding results. Under the deregu-
lated environments, a two-level hierarchy for the AGC is adapted. The
upper level AGC deals with the system frequency control and the
optimal generation allocation to IPPs based on the ACE (Area Control
Error), and the lower level AGC made with only optimal generation
allocation to the generation units. This simulation of bilateral contracts
and the applying concept of DISCO participation matrix is introduced
in [464]. An Automatic Generation Control (AGC) based on artificial
neural network (ANN) for power systems comprising multi-areas in a
deregulated environment of electricity market is revealed in [465–
469]. Parida and Nanda in [470] presented an application of automatic
generation control (AGC) to deregulated power system and made a
maiden attempt to contribute a new practical AGC model to meet the
needs of a modern restructured hydrothermal power system. DISCO
Participation Matrix (DPM) and Area Participation Factor (APF) have
been tried out and dynamic responses of frequency has studied and
revealed a comparison study of AGC before and after deregulation
Automatic generation control of a hydrothermal system with genera-
tion rate constraints (GRC) in deregulated power system is examined
further [471–473].
Then, a decentralized Model Predictive control approach is im-
plemented for load-frequency control in restructured power environ-
ment [474,475]. Tuning of PID controllers under deregulated environ-
ment using genetic algorithm (GA) for automatic generation control by
taking a two-area reheat thermal system is explored in [476,477].
Singh Parmar et al. [478] introduced a remodelled LFC scheme in
deregulated environment for multi-source system i.e. Combination of
hydro, reheat thermal and gas generating units in each control
area [479–487]. In paper [488] a crucial literature overview and an
up-to-date and brief report on the AGC of a hydro thermal system in
deregulated environment. Various control aspects concerning the AGC
problem is highlighted in the survey papers.
Thus we find that an observer based load frequency controller is
called local load frequency controller in order to mitigate load
frequency control problem of multi area deregulated thermal power
system in coordination with controllable HVDC link [489,490].
7. Classification of LFC based on soft computing and
different algorithm techniques
In accordance with Fig. 1 that is flow chart of survey on LFC review
shows that this section deals with Soft computing and algorithms
techniques. As we know, that soft computing deals with imprecision,
uncertainty, partial truth. It tries to achieve practicability, robustness
and low solution cost. Thus, it forms the basis of considerable amount
of machine learning techniques. Due to this, many recent trends tend
to involve evolutionary and swarm intelligence based algorithms and
bio-inspired computation because Soft computing techniques resemble
biological process more closely.
Thus the integration of renewable sources with conventional power
system made the size bulky and changes its structure. Due to this
bulkiness, the result of traditional LFC scheme will not be feasible in
practise. Thus for robust control and reshaping the system different

1193
R. Shankar et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 76 (2017) 1185–1207

control theories with the use of soft computing technique come into

ΔPtie

15

20

10

10
12
limelight. Some of these techniques are: Genetic algorithm, Particle

8
swarm optimization, hybrid firefly, bacterial foraging algorithm, quasi-
Settling Time(s)

Δf3

30
10
oppositional search, bat inspired algorithm, differential evolution
algorithm, TLBO, artificial bee colony, cuckoo search etc.
Δf2

30
10

12

15

8
9
Δf1

30
10

12

15

10
a) Genetic Algorithm (GA): This technique is based on natural

8
genetics theory and considered as commonly accepted search
0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01
ΔPtie

technique, which works on the quotation of survival of the fittest.

It is widely used to solve complex optimization problems having

+0.005

+0.005
0.16

non-linearity in many research fields. But in the following survey

0.1
Δf3

application of GA particularly in the field of automatic generation

Undershoot(Hz)

0.025
control of power system is highlighted in references [491–506]. A
0.15

0.03

0.03

0.02

0.01

0.01
0.1
Δf2

Paper [492] investigated a recognition procedure for a hydropower

0.045

0.038
0.022
generating plant using an adaptive technique. The adaptive me-
0.15

0.04

0.03

0.02
0.1
Δf1

chanism, in this case genetic algorithm based, which was capable of

identifying the hydro generator system and following plant para-
The wind power penetration is 10% same as above except that the Wind power penetration is

With MPC and Without

meter changes while the plant operated under conditions of

( Three area system)
With MPC and WT

With MPC and WT

(Two Area system)

(Two area system)

(Two area system)

(Two area system)

Three area system
Start up, rated, and cut out wind speed are 5m/s, 14m/s, and 24.5m/s, Respectively.

sufficient frequency deviations. A variable structure controller for

With MPC and

LFC based on genetic algorithm is proposed in [493]. A LFC

without WT

controller based on fuzzy gain scheduling designed by a new GA

technique is discussed in [492–498]. Ghoshal and Goswami in
WT

paper [499] presented integral fuzzy gain scheduling based on

genetic algorithm for non-reheat and reheat power generating
Governor and turbine time constants are increased to 31%,95% in

units.Shankar et al suggested in [500] that the genetic algorithm

based LFC in interconnected power system and the modelling and
analysis of Proportional Integral (PI) and Proportional Integral
Derivative (PID) controller using multi-objective Non-Dominated
Shorting Genetic Algorithm-II (NSGA-II) are proposed for LFC
issues. Nair et al. revealed a new control technique based on robust
GA for betterment of transient behaviour of interconnected power
area-1 and 38% in area-2 respectively

system [501–506].
Conventional integrator K(s)=-0.3,

b) Particle swarm optimization: It is a powerful optimization techni-

que based on population and inspired by the friendly behaviour of
fish schooling or bird flocking. Implementation of PSO make the
design effort simple and improves the controller performances.
Operating conditions

Papers [507–512] deals with the application of PSO in load

30%. wind farms

frequency control. PSO Algorithm is applied to AGC for intercon-

ΔPL =0.02p.u.

nected power grid in the CPS (Control Performance Standard)

standard [507]. In this work [508], three power system stabilizers
(PSSs) applying the concept of PSO are developed and then these
PSSs are installed together in the interconnected power system and
their effect on its dynamic performance is studied for three power
Fuzzy logic controller
Comparison of fuzzy logic with MPC technique considering wind power penetration.

Techniques (MPC)

[509]. A single area LFC is described with PSO in [510,511] and the
Control approach

Model predictive

use of hybrid PSO techniques with other soft computing techniques

is discussed in [512].
Control

c) Differential evolution (DE) : This method is used to optimize a

problem by iteratively trying to better a candidate solution with
respect to a given measure of quality. A study about operation of
Two Area and three area thermal Power systems

Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm and its application to

Proportional-Integral (PI) controller for Automatic Generation
Control (AGC) of an interconnected power system is explored in
[513]. A parallel 2-Degree Freedom of Proportional-Integral-
Three Area Thermal-Thermal with

Derivative (2-DOF PID) controller comprising DE for LFC of

interconnected power system and fuzzy PID controller with
Configuration of the system

Derivative filter is reflected for LFC with deregulation is investi-

gated in [513–518].
d) The firefly algorithm (FA): It is a metaheuristic algorithm, inspired
with wind turbines

by the flashing behaviour of fireflies. Firefly Algorithm and Pattern

Wind farms

Search (hFA–PS) technique is proposed in [519]. Implementation

of the Firefly Algorithm with filtering technique based on wavelet
transform is introduced for the purpose of removing noise(s) from
the ACE signal is discussed in [520,521].
e) Bacterial Foraging Optimization: This algorithm belongs to the field
Ref. no.
Table 6

[235]

[442]

of Bacteria Optimization Algorithms and Swarm Optimization. A

hybrid Bacteria Foraging Optimization Algorithm and Many

1194
R. Shankar et al.
Optimization Liaisons (hBFOA–MOL) is employed in this paper to
design a damping controller incorporating the concept of FACTS for
power system stability improvement. Ali and Abd-Elazim presented
a scheme of BFOA based PID controller for two-area power system
with non-linearity which is discussed in [522,523].
f) Artificial Bee Colony (ABC): It is a new algorithm technique, which
is encouraged by the behaviour of honeybees. ABC algorithm is
based on LFC for interconnected system with nonlinearity, which is
investigated in [524]. In paper [525–527] Stability enhancement in
distributed generation system with ABC technique is discussed. In
[528] performance evaluation of ABC for three-area power system
is elaborated.
g) Bat Inspired Algorithm: This algorithm is also based on the
echolocation behaviour of micro bats with varying pulse rates of
emission and loudness. In the following survey automatic genera-
tion control (AGC) problems are solved using this Algorithm [529–
539].
h) Quasi Oppositional: This search technique for AGC is presented in
[540–543]. In [540] a novel quasi-oppositional harmony search
(QOHS) algorithm is explored and presented its significances in
deregulated AGC operation which presents quasi-oppositional
harmony search (QOHS) algorithm [541] for two area inter
connected system. A novel quasi-oppositional harmony search
(QOHS) algorithm based proportional–integral–derivative (PID)
controller is presented along with filtering technique [542,543].
i) Teaching-Learning-Based Optimization (TLBO): It is a new and
efficient optimization method, based on the concept of influence of
a teacher on learners. It is also a population-oriented method like
PSO. It helps in finding the global solution and deals with design
and performance analysis of LFC. AGC of multi area diverse energy
sources with TLBO algorithm is investigated in [544,545].
j) Cuckoo search (CS): It is an optimization algorithm inspired by the
obligate brood parasitism of some cuckoo species by laying their
eggs in the nests of other host birds. In [546] comparison of
different FACTS devices with application of cuckoo optimization
technique is revealed [547].
Besides all these techniques, some other techniques are available in
this category like Seeker Optimization Algorithm (SOA) [548] is
presented for LFC consisting PSS and SSSC, which is based on
Pareto optimum method having high convergence speed. An adaptive
control based harmony search [549] and its application to the load
frequency control of multi-area power system is considered . A hybrid
gravitational search and pattern search algorithm and hybrid Local
Unimodal Sampling and Teaching Learning Based Optimization (LUS-
TLBO) algorithm for nonlinear power system is proposed in [550,551].
Sharma and Lalit proposed [552] a Grey Wolf Optimizer algorithm
based classical controllers and Khodabakhshian et. al. presented
sequential quadratic programming technique for LFC [552,553]. A
multiple Tabu Search Algorithm is proposed in [554,555]. A fractional
order PID controller design using imperialist competitive algorithm &
type-2 fuzzy PID using Big Bang Big Crunch optimization technique are
investigated for LFC of interconnected power system [556–559].
8. LFC with Economic Load Dispatch and Load Forecasting
Technique
In the electrical industry and the power system, Electric Power
Load Forecasting (EPLF) is an important process for operations. Load
frequency controls with facilitating load forecasting are presented in
some research works [560–564]and a new approach revealed for AGC
with economic load dispatch support operating at a slower time scale
and interacts with the AGC frequency stabilization function The role of
Economic Dispatch (ED) is to reschedule the entire system to minimize
overall generation cost. This method of ED is centralized. The
coordination of ELD and LFC is presented in [561,562]. Application
1195
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 76 (2017) 1185–1207
of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) for electrical load forecasting is
presented in [563]. Literature [564], explain a hybrid algorithm of load
forecasting technique for LFC mechanism.
9. Some other case studies on LFC
Refs. from [565–574] shows some case studies. Review of AGC is
investigated in Papers [565–567] . In [568] the proposed strategy is
verified by its application to Turkish power system, which suffers
significant amount of fluctuating loads and inter-area oscillations with
European Network of Transmission System Operator for Electricity
(ENTSO/E) grid. Further in [569], the actual frequency bias factor is
determined by the measured variables such as generator power output
change and frequency deviation due to disturbance of power system
and actual frequency bias factor calculated is used to determine the
Area Control Error (ACE) of power system [570,571]. The effects of the
new draft standards in real-time Automatic Generation Control (AGC)
[572] of a hydroelectric dominated utility are modelled and assessed
according to the standards of North American Electric Reliability
Council (NERC)[573]. The paper [574] investigated about the modern
power scenario in Europe, which includes integration of presented day
sources of renewable energy, challenges, feasible solutions and various
application of wind energy.
10. Some comparative analysis of relevant research work
This section explores some comparisons, which made according to
the time domain analysis. It is pointed out from Concerned authors in
the respective cited research papers . For comparison some similar
papers are taken on the basis of system configuration and control
techniques. The parameters like undershoot, overshoot, settling time of
different area frequency deviations ( Δf1, Δf2 ) and tie-line power devia-
tion ( ΔPtie ) values are compared.
As in Table 1, Ref. [254,178] and [251] are taken together. In [178]
and [251] a two area interconnected power system and in [254] a
multi-source power system is considered. In [178] PI control with DE
algorithm; and PI control with DE algorithm in addition to fuzzy logic
is considered. When PI control with DE algorithm is applied the
settling time, values ofΔf1, Δf2 , ΔPtie are 8.96 s, 8.16 s, and 5.75 s
respectively and when fuzzy logic is added with the existing control
technique, the settling time values of Δf1, Δf2 , ΔPtie are 3.28 s, 4.71 s,
3.80 s respectively. From the above values it is quite clear that the latter
is superior to the former. As it reflected in paper [254], two control
methodologies are tested. First, one is PSO tuned Fuzzy and other is
HPSO-PS tuned Fuzzy. From the table it is seen that with the HPSO-PS
tuned Fuzzy control technique (2.26 s, 3.74 s, 2.94 s for Δf1, Δf2 , ΔPtie
respectively) the system can be made to settled down much faster than
that of PSO tuned Fuzzy control method (5.13 s, 6.22 s, 4.83 s for
Δf1, Δf2 , ΔPtie respectively). Again in [254], PID control is used with only
DE algorithm and DE with fuzzy logic. In this case the values of
undershoot and overshoot with settling time is given in table. In case of
PID with DE and fuzzy the system is more stable and gives faster
settling response than PID with DE. Overall in this comparison the
HPSO-PS tuned Fuzzy control technique described in [251] is better
according to faster settling response.
According to Table 2, the papers having reference [319,298] and
[340] are taken. The paper [319] and [340] represented as three area
system with time delays and [298] is considered as single area with four
generating units. In [319] LFC with LMI technique is represented with
different operating conditions like Conventional AGC, AGC with full
state LMI control, AGC with LMI decentralize control, LMI controller
with ACE delays and telemetry delays to the control area 4 s,2 s and 4 s
respectively. Only undershoot response is shown in the table for
different conditions. In [298] iterative LMI via H2/H∝ based PI
controller with operating conditions 5 s delay with 0.1 pu step load
increase ( Δf1=0.004), 8 s delay with 0.1 pu step load increase
R. Shankar et al.
( Δf1=0.005), and 6 s delay with a sequence of step load changes are
considered. Only undershoot of area 1 frequency deviation is shown in
the table. LMI with pi control is used in [340]. In this case the PI
control gains (K p =0.2, K i =0.05) are shown and time delays are taken in
the range of 3.1 s and 3.4 sHere individual results are taken from the
respective papers due to data insufficiency it is difficult to show the
better control method.
From Table 3, paper [501] and [545] are chosen for a comparison
study based on settling time performance. Both the paper is about AGC
of multi area system but control techniques are different. In [501] PID
with NSGA-II algorithm, PI with NSGA-II algorithm, PI with GA [II]
algorithm, and PI with BFOA [II] algorithm is used. From these the PI
with BFOA [II] algorithm is imparted a faster settling response with
values 7.09 s, 5.52 s, and 6.35 s forΔf1, Δf2 , ΔPtie respectively. Again in
[545] PID with DE algorithm, PID with TLBO algorithm, IDD with
TLBO algorithm, PIDD with TLBO algorithm control topologies are
used from which PIDD with TLBO algorithm found as faster with
values of different parameters like Δf1, Δf2 , ΔPtie are 16.14 s, 16.79 s, and
12.77 s respectively. But if we consider both the papers then the better
and faster response is given by PI with BFOA [II] algorithm.
According to Table 4, papers [516] and [221] are represented in
comparative manner. In [516] different control methods used are
Fuzzy PID with DEPSO algorithm, Fuzzy PID with DE algorithm, Fuzzy
PID with PSO algorithm. The value of undershoot, overshoot and
settling time are shown in the table. Fuzzy PID with DESPO algorithm
gives better value than the other two methods (undershoot −34.526 s,
−7.804 s, −3.177 s, overshoot 6.09 s, 3.373 s, 1.147 s and settling time
3.97 s, 2.83 s, 2.37 s forΔf1, Δf2 , ΔPtie respectively).
Thus the paper [221] shows restructured power system with
different control methodologies like HNF with HCPSO algorithm,
HNF with RCGA algorithm and HNF with ANN, HNF with ANFIS
algorithm is described. From these comparisons, the last one i.e., HNF
with ANFIS is shown the better overall response than the other control
techniques. For this control different values are as undershoot
−0.0367 s, −0.07 s, −0.136 s, overshoot 0.02386, 0.1092, 0.048 and
settling time 4 s, 4 s, 14 s for Δf1, Δf2 , ΔPtie respectively.
Therefore, in Table 5, the comparative results of papers [405] and
[511] is discussed. Here both are similar two-area power systems but in
[511] TCPS and SMES are used with integral control and CSPO
optimization technique. Two operating conditions are taken one is
thermal-thermal with load change in both areas are 0.02 pu. The
undershoot and settling time values for thermal-thermal (undershoot
−0.18 s, −0.22 s and settling time 15 s, 20 s forΔf1, Δf2 respectively)
system is better than the thermal-hydro system. Whereas in ref [405].,
a reheat power system with boiler dynamics and SMES with Type-2
Fuzzy logic control is analysed. Here the load changes in different areas
considered individually and then taken together as operating condi-
tions. When load change in area 2 is considered 0.02pu, better values of
undershoot characteristics (−0.013, −0.013 forΔf1, Δf2 respectively) and
settling time (10, 11, 15 forΔf1, Δf2 , ΔPtie respectively) are obtained. From
this comparison [405] have better LFC performances.
A papers having Refs. no [235]. and [442] in the last Table 6, are
compared together. Paper [235], represents a three area thermal-
thermal system with wind penetration and [369] represented both two
and three area thermal power system with wind turbine (WT). Fuzzy
logic control is used in [235] and model predictive control (MPC) is
elaborated in [442]. In [235], two operating conditions are taken by
considering all wind constraints constant i.e, first one is 10% wind
penetration and other is 30% wind penetration. The undershoot and
settling time values for 30% wind power penetration are much better
that of 10% which can be clearly seen from the table(30% values
undershoot 0.1, 0.1, 0.1 and settling time 10, 10, 10 for Δf1, Δf2 , Δf3
respectively). In paper [369], four operating conditions for both two
area and three-area system are considered. First one is Conventional
integrator K(s)=−0.3, and load change 0.02 pu, second one governor
and turbine time constraints, third one is with MPC and with WT and
1196
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 76 (2017) 1185–1207
last is with MPC and without WT. Among all the results for two area
power system for operating condition like generator turbine constraints
with MPC and WT(undershoot 0.03, 0.02, 0.01 and settling time 7 s,
7 s, 8 s for Δf1, Δf2 , ΔPtie respectively) system behaviour is more fast and
stable and also this method shown better performances for three area
system. This comparison [235] shown better undershoot characteris-
tics whereas [442] shows better settling time.
10.1. Short Summary of Time Domain Performance of LFC
See Tables 1–6.
11. Conclusion
Thus, this paper explores the different aspects of LFC, its meth-
odologies as well as its interconnected implementation in power
system. Various control aspects and strategies have been elaborated
and highlighted in a very precise manner. This survey find out the
different ideas and recent up to date of control technology for LFC of
the interconnected power system and talks about the contemporary
status of LFC in related areas. This paper also discussed the recent
development of LFC methodology for distributed generation, hybrid
generation scheme, use of FACTS and energy storing device, optimiza-
tion technique, load forecasting scheme, micro grid, smart grid,
deregulation power system and some practical implementation. It does
not deal only with methodology but also with control aspects, which are
explored in a chronological order. Therefore, through the tables with
the use of comparisons the superiority of the different proposed load
frequency controller of the relevant research work is investigated. The
quantitative analysis of system dynamics in time domain has been
analysed and shown in a comparison manner, which is given in
different tables, as it is earlier discussed. This explanatory review
covers all technical control aspects and recent technical core trends of
LFC mechanism for interconnected power system. At last we invoices
that, as far as, load frequency control mechanism is concerned, this
comprehensive literature survey is very helpful for the researchers.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the Editor and the Reviewers for
their valuable comments and suggestions for improving the quality of
the manuscript.
References
[1] IEEE Working Group Report, Dynamic models of fossil fuelled steam units in
power system studies, IEEE transaction on power systems 6; 1991, pp. 753–61.
[2] IEEE Committee Report, Dynamic model for steam & hydro turbines in power
system studies, IEEE transactions on power apparatus & system PAS-92; 1973,
pp. 1904–15.
[3] Rowen WI. Simplified mathematical representation of heavy duty gas turbine.
Trans ASME J Eng Power 1983;105:865–70.
[4] Elgerd 0. I . Electric energy systems theory: an introduction, 2nd ed. New York:
McGraw-Hill; 2005, [25th Reprint].
[5] Wood AJ, Woolenberg BF. Power generation operation and control. New York:
Wiley; 1998.
[6] Kundur P. Power system stability and control. New York: McGraw Hill; 1994.
[7] Kothari D P,NagarathI J. Power system engineering. McGraw Hill. Concordia,
Charles, "Effect of prime-mover speed control characteristics on electric power
system performance," in power apparatus and systems, IEEE transactions on , vol.
PAS-88, no.5, May; 1969, p. 752–6.
[8] [1] Nanda, J. Kaul, B.L., Automatic generation control of an interconnected power
system in Electrical Engineers, Proceedings of the Institution of vol.125, no.5;
May; 1978, pp. 385–390.
[9] [1] Samorodov, G.I. Krasilnikova, T.G. Yatsenko, R.A. Zilberman, S.M., An
analytical method for reliability evaluation of two interconnected power systems,
in probabilistic methods applied to power systems, 2006. PMAPS 2006. interna-
tional conference on June; 2006, pp.1-6, 11-15.
[10] King, R.L. Ngo Minh‐Luan, "Interconnected system frequency response," in
system theory, 1996. In: Proceedings of the twenty-eighth southeastern sympo-
sium on 31 Mar-2 Apr; 1996,p. 306–10.
[11] Apostolopoulou, D.; Sauer, P.W.; Domínguez‐García,A.D.. Automatic generation
R. Shankar et al.
control and its implementation in real time, in system sciences (HICSS). In:
Proceedings of the 47th Hawaii international conference on, 6, 9; 2014, p. 2444–
52.
[12] Rakhshani E, Sadeh J Application of power system stabilizer in a combined model
of LFC and AVR loops to enhance system stability. In: Proceedings of the power
system technology (POWERCON), 2010 internationalcConference on 24-28;
2010, p. 1–5.
[13] deMello, F.P. Mills, R.J. B'Rells, W.F., Automatic generation control part ii-digital
control techniques, in power apparatus and systems, IEEE transactions on, vol.
PAS-92, no.2, March; 1973, pp.716–724.
[14] Happ HH. Diakoptics and system operations: automatic generation control in
multi-areas, in electrical engineers. In: Proceedings of the institution of , vol.120,
4; April 1973, p. 484–90.
[15] Mostafa OM. Handling dynamic uncertainties for electric power system modeling
and control, in decision and control including. In: Proceedings of the 15th
symposium on adaptive processes, 1976 IEEE Conference on , 1, 3 ;Dec 1976, p.
267–71.
[16] Hsu Yuan-Yih, Chan Wah-ChunCoordinated frequency and voltage control of
synchronous generators," in aerospace and electronic systems, IEEE transactions
on , vol.AES-23, no.1; Jan 1987, p. 2–10.
[17] Ciausiu, F.E.; Aldea C.Eremia, M.. Avoiding extended failures in large intercon-
nected power systems — theoretical and practical issues," in electrical and
electronics engineers in Israel (IEEEI), 2010 IEEE 26th Convention of; 17-20 Nov
2010, p. 000216–220.
[18] Prowse DCHImprovements to a standard automatic generation control filter
algorithm, in Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on Aug vol.8, no.3; 1993, p.
1204–1210.
[19] Cohn NathanConsiderations in the regulation of interconnected areas, in power
apparatus and systems, IEEE transactions onDec, vol.PAS-86, no.12; 1967, p.
1527–38.
[20] Hain Y, Kulessky R, Nudelman GIdentification-based power unit model for load
frequency control purposes. In: Proceedings of the Power engineering society
summer meeting. IEEE, vol.1; 2000,p. 408.
[21] Ashmole PH, Battlebury DR, Bowdler RK. Power-system model for large
frequency disturbances, in electrical engineers. In: Proceedings of the institution
of , vol.121, 7, July; 1974, p. 601–08.
[22] Zhang Chuan-Ke, Member L Jiang, Wu QH, He Yong, Wu Min. Further results on
delay-dependent stability of multi-area load frequency control. IEEE Trans Power
Syst 2013;28(4):4465–74, [Nov].
[23] Manson Scott, Kennedy Bill, Checksfield Matt. Solving turbine governor instability
at low-load conditions. IEEE Trans Ind Appl 2016;52(5):4510–7, [Sept/Oct].
[24] Jagatheesan K, Anand B, Samanta S, Dey N, Santhi V, Ashour AmiraS, Balas
ValentinaE. Application of flower pollination algorithm in load frequency control
of multi-area interconnected power system with nonlinearity, May; 2016.
[25] Jiang L, Yao W, Wu QH, Wen JY, Cheng SJ. Delay-dependent stability for load
frequency control with constant and time-varying delays. IEEE Trans Power Syst
2012;27(2):932–41, [May].
[26] Peng Chen, Zhang Jin. Delay-Distribution-dependent load frequency control of
power systems with probabilistic interval delays. IEEE Trans Power Syst
2016;31(4):3309–17, [July].
[27] Huang Hao, Li Fangxing. Sensitivity analysis of load-damping characteristic in
power system frequency regulation. IEEE Trans Power Syst 2013;28(2):1324–35,
[May].
[28] Sathya MR, Mohamed Thameem Ansari M. Load frequency control using Bat
inspired algorithm based dual mode gain scheduling of PI controllers for
interconnected power system. Electr Power Energy Syst 2015;64:365–74.
[29] Angélico Bruno A, Campanhol2 Leonardo BG, Oliveira da Silva Sérgio A.
Proportional–integral/proportional–integral derivative tuning procedure of a
single-phase shunt active power filter using Bode diagram. IET Power Electron
2014;7(Iss. 10):2647–59, [March].
[30] Zhang Chuan-Ke, Jiang L, Wu QH, He Yong, Wu Min. Delay-dependent robust
load frequency control for time delay power systems. IEEE Trans Power Syst
2013;28(3):2192–201, [Aug].
[31] Al-Hamouz ZM, Al-Duwaish HN. A new load frequency variable structure
controller using genetic algorithms. Electr Power Syst Res 2000;vol.no.55:1–6.
[32] Vrdoljak K, Peric N, Mehmedovic M. Optimal parameters for sliding mode based
load-frequency control in power systems, in variable structure systems. VSS '08.
international workshop on, 8-10 June ; 2008, p. 331–6.
[33] Pandey, S.K.; Mohanty, S.R.; Kishor, N.; Payasi, R.P.. Iterative linear matrix
inequality algorithm based decentralized controller for load frequency control of
two-area thermal power systems," in Power, energy and control (ICPEC). In:
Proceedings of the International Conference on 6-8 Feb.; 2013, p. 431–6.
[34] Lampropoulos Ioannis, Baghină Nadina, Kling Wil L, Ribeiro Paulo F. A predictive
control scheme for real-time demand response applications. IEEE Trans Smart
Grid 2013;4(4):2049–60, [Dec].
[35] Zhao Changhong, Topcu Ufuk, Low Steven H. Optimal load control via frequency
measurement and neighborhood area communication. IEEE Trans Power Syst
2013;28(4):3576–87, [Nov].
[36] Wei Wang†, Ohmori Hiromitsu. Decentralized load frequency control for two-area
interconnected power system 2015;13(2):101–14, [May].
[37] Divshali Poria Hasanpor, Alimardani Arash, Hosseinian Seyed Hossein, Abedi
Mehrdad. Decentralized cooperative control strategy of microsources for stabiliz-
ing autonomous VSC-based micro grids. IEEE Trans Power Syst
2012;27(4):1949–59.
[38] Kumar Ashwani, Kumar Jitendra. ATC with ZIP load model – a comprehensive
evaluation with third generation FACTS in restructured electricity markets. Electr
1197
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 76 (2017) 1185–1207
Power Energy Syst 2014;54:546–58.
[39] Darabian Mohsen, Jalilvand Abolfazl. A power control strategy to improve power
system stability in the presence of wind farms using FACTS devices and predictive
control. Electr Power Energy Syst 2017;85:50–66.
[40] Delille Gauthier, François Bruno, Malarange Gilles. Dynamic frequency control
support by energy storage to reduce the impact of wind and solar generation on
isolated power system’s Inertia. IEEE Trans Sustain Energy 2012;3(4):931–9,
[Oct].
[41] Kerdphol* Thongchart, Qudaih Yaser, Watanabe Masayuki, Mitani
YasunoriRBFneural network-based online intelligent management of a battery
energy storage system for stand-alone micro grids, vol. 6; 2016, p. 5.
[42] Thongchart Kerdphol*, Yaser Qudaih, Masayuki Watanabe and Yasunori Mitani,
“RBF neural network-based online intelligent management of a battery energy
storage system for stand-alone micro grids”, vol. 6, 2016, pp. 5.
[43] Chidambaram IA, Paramasivam B. Optimized load-frequency simulation in
restructured power system with redox flow batteries and interline power flow
controller. Electr Power Energy Syst 2013;50:9–24.
[44] Chidambaram* IA, Paramasivam B. Control performance standards based load-
frequency controller considering redox flow batteries coordinate with interline
power flow controller”. J Power Sources 2012;219:292–304.
[45] Chen Wu, Zhu Xu, Yao Liangzhong, Ruan Xinbo, Wang Zhibing, Cao Yuanzhi. An
interline DC power-flow controller (IDCPFC)for multi terminal HVDC System
[Aug]. IEEE Trans Power Deliv 2015;30(4):2027–36, [Aug].
[46] Daneshfar Fatemeh. Intelligent load-frequency control in a deregulated environ-
ment: continuous-valued input, extended classifier system approach. IET Gener
Transm Distrib 2013;7(Iss. 6):551–9, [Feb].
[47] Verma YajvenderPal, Kumar AshwaniLoad frequency control in deregulated
power system with wind integrated system using fuzzy controller, vol. 7, No.
2;2013, p. 245–54.
[48] Sahu* Rabindra Kumar, Chandra Tulasi, Gorripotu Sekhar, Panda Sidhartha. A
hybrid DE–PS algorithm for load frequency control under deregulated power
system with UPFC and RFB”. Ain Shams Eng J 2015;6:893–911.
[49] Shankar Ravi, Chatterjee Kalyan, Bhushan Ravi. Impact of energy storage system
on load frequency control for diverse source of interconnected power system in
deregulated power environment [July]. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst
2015;79:11–26, [July].
[50] Kiaee Mahdi, Cruden Andrew, Infield David, Chladek Petr. Utilisation of alkaline
electrolysers to improve power system frequency stability with a high penetration
of wind power. IET Renew Power Gener 2014;8(5):529–36.
[51] Jiang Hao, Lin Jin, Song Yonghua, Hill David J. MPC-Based frequency control
with demand-side participation: a case study in an isolated wind-aluminium
power system [Nov]. IEEE Trans Power Syst 2015;30(6):3327–37, [Nov].
[52] Bakry Ayman, Attya Taha, Hartkopf Thomas. Utilising stored wind energy by
hydro-pumped storage to provide frequency support at high levels of wind energy
penetration [March]. IET Gener Transm Distrib 2015;9(12):1485–97, [March].
[53] Oureilidis KonstantinosO, Bakirtzis EmmanouilA, Demoulias CharisSFrequency-
based control of islanded micro grid with renewable energy sources and energy
storage, vol. 4, 1; 2016, p. 54–62.
[54] Wen Guanghui, Hu Guoqiang, Hu Jianqiang, Shi Xinli, Chen Guanrong.
Frequency regulation of source grid-load systems: a compound control strategy
[Feb]. IEEE Trans Ind Inform 2016;12(1):69–78, [Feb].
[55] Arboleya Pablo, Gonzalez-Moran Cristina, Coto Manuel, Carmen Falvo Maria,
Martirano Luigi, Sbordone Danilo, Bertini Ilaria, Di Pietra Biagio. Efficient energy
management in smart micro-grids: zero grid impact buildings [March]. IEEE
Trans Smart Grid 2015;6(2):1055–63, [March].
[56] Bevrani Hassan, Ramin Feizi Mohammad, Ataee Sirwan. Robust frequency control
in an islanded microgrid: h∞ and μ-synthesis approaches. IEEE Trans Smart Grid
2016;7(2):706–17, [March].
[57] Nourollah Sara, Pirayesh Abolfazl, Aminifar Farrokh. Combinational scheme for
voltage and frequency recovery in an islanded distribution system. IET Gener,
Transm Distrib 2016;10(Iss. 12):2899–906, [May].
[58] Thatte Anupam A, Xie Le. Towards a unified operational value index of energy
storage in smart grid environment. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 2012;3(3):1418–26,
[Sept].
[59] Adika Christopher O, Wang Lingfeng. Non-cooperative decentralized charging of
homogeneous households' batteries in a smart grid. IEEE Trans Smart Grid
2014;5(4):1855–63, [July].
[60] Dasgupta Souvik, Narayan Mohan Shankar, Kumar Sahoo Sanjib, Kumar Panda*
Sanjib. A plug and play operational approach for implementation of an autono-
mous-micro-grid system. IEEE Trans Ind Inf 2012;8(3):615–29, [Aug].
[61] Bevrani H, Habibi F, Babahajyani P, Watanabe M, Mitani Y. Intelligent frequency
control in an AC microgrid: online PSO-based fuzzy tuning approach. IEEE Trans
Smart Grid 2012;3(4):1935–44, [Dec].
[62] Yen Chin, Judith Teeand, Cardell B. Market integration of distributed resources
through coordinated frequency and price droop. IEEE Trans Smart Grid
2014;5(4):1556–65, [July].
[63] Chen Xia, Hou Yunhe, Tan Siew-Chong, Lee Chi-Kwan, Hui Shu Yuen Ron.
Mitigating Voltage and frequency fluctuation in micro grids using electric springs.
IEEE Trans Smart Grid 2015;6(2):508–15, [March].
[64] Hong Mingguo, Yu Xiangyang, Yu Nan-Peng, Loparo Kenneth A. An energy
scheduling algorithm supporting power quality management in commercial
building micro grids. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 2016;7(2):1044–56, [March].
[65] Frack Pablo F, Mercado Pedro E, Molina Marcelo G, Watanabe Edson H, Doncker
Rik W De, Stagge Hanno. Control strategy for frequency control in autonomous
micro grids. IEEE J Emerg Sel Top Power Electron 2015;3(4):1046–55, [Dec].
[66] Manjarres Pamela, Malik Om. Frequency regulation by fuzzy and binary control in
R. Shankar et al.
a hybrid islanded micro grid. J Mod Power Syst Clean Energy 2015;3(3):429–39.
[67] Shuai Zhikang, Mo Shanglin, Wang Jun, Shen Z John, Tian Wei, Feng Yan. Droop
control method for load share and voltage regulation in high-voltage micro grids. J
Mod Power Syst Clean Energy 2016;4(1):76–86.
[68] RavikumarPandi V, Al-Hinai A, Feliachi Ali. Coordinated control of distributed
energy resources to support load frequency control. Energy Convers Manag
2015;105:918–28.
[69] ZohaibAkhtar Balarko, Chaudhuri , Hui Shu Yuen Ron. Primary frequency control
contribution from smart loads using reactive compensation. IEEE Trans Smart
Grid 2015;6(5):2356–65, [Sept].
[70] Rahman Asadur, Chandra Saikia Lalit, Sinha Nidul. Load frequency control of a
hydro-thermal system under deregulated environment using biogeography-based
optimized three degree-of-freedom integral-derivative controller. IET Gener
Transm Distrib 2015;9(15):2284–93, [July].
[71] Sathya MR, Ansari M Mohamed Thameem. Design of biogeography optimization
based dual mode gain scheduling of fractional order PI load frequency controllers
for multisource interconnected power systems. Electr Power Energy Syst
2016;83:364–81.
[72] Gholam Reza MasoudHajiakbariFini Hassan Haes Yousefi Alhelou,Alhelou,
“Comparative study on the performance of many-objective and single-objective
optimization algorithms in tuning load frequency controllers of multi-area power
systems” IET Generation, Transmission & DistributionGener Transm Distrib Vol.
10 No. 12 2016 2915 2923.May[May].
[73] Mahto Tarkeshwar, Mukherjee V. Load Frequency Control of a two-area thermal-
hybrid power system using a novel quasi-opposition harmony search Algorithm,
vol. 97, No. 3; 2016, p. 367–380.
[74] Panda Sidhartha, Yegireddy Narendra Kumar. Automatic generation control of
multi-area power system using multi-objective non-dominated sorting genetic
algorithm-II. Electr Power Energy Syst 2013;53:54–63.
[75] Guha Dipayan, Roy Provas Kumar, Banerjee Subrata. Load frequency control of
interconnected power system using grey wolf optimization. Swarm Evolut
Comput, Vol 2016;27:97–115.
[76] Guan Che, Luh Peter B, Michel Laurent D, Wang Yuting, Friedland Peter B. Very
short-term load forecasting: wavelet neural networks with data pre-filtering. IEEE
Trans Power Syst 2013;28(1):30–41, [Feb].
[77] Kalaitzakis* K, Stavrakakis GS, Anagnostakis EM. Short-term load forecasting
based on artificial neural networks parallel implementation. Electr Power Syst Res
2002;63:185–96.
[78] Chenthur Pandian S, Duraiswamya K, Christober Asir Rajan C, Kanagaraj N. ,
“Fuzzy approach for short term load forecasting”. Electr Power Syst Res
2006;76:541–8.
[79] Elkate MM, Solaiman Khalid, Al-Turki Yusuf. A comparative study of medium-
weather-dependent load forecasting using enhanced artificial/fuzzy neural net-
work and statistical techniques. Neuro Comput 1998;23:3–13.
[80] Jadid Shahram, Rabbanifar Payam. Stochastic multi-objective frequency control
in joint energy and reserve markets considering power system security. IET Gener
Transm Distrib 2013;7(1):76–89.
[81] Rabbanifar Payam, Jadid Shahram. Stochastic multi-objective tie-line power flow
and frequency control in market clearing of multi-area electricity markets
considering power system security. IET Gener, Transm Distrib
2014;8(12):1960–78, [May].
[82] Chen Haoyong, Ye Rong, Wang Xiaodong, Lu Runge. Cooperative control of power
system load and frequency by using differential games. IEEE Trans Control Syst
Technol 2015;23(3):882–97, [May].
[83] Kamwa Innocent, Heniche Annissa, Montigny Martin De, Mailhot Richard,
Lebeau Simon, Bernier Luc, Robitaille André. Long-Term statistical assessment of
frequency regulation reserves policies in the Québec interconnection. IEEE Trans
Sustain Energy 2012;3(4):868–79, [Oct].
[84] Moutis Panayiotis, Hatziargyriou Nikos D. Decision Trees-aided active power
reduction of a virtual power plant for power system over-frequency mitigation.
IEEE Trans Ind Inf 2015;11(1):251–61, [Feb].
[85] Xia Jun, Dys´ko Adam, O’Reilly John. Future stability challenges for the
UKnetwork with high wind penetration levels. IET Gener, Transm Distrib
2015;9(11):1160–7.
[86] Kim Young-Jin, Fuentes Elena, Norford Leslie K. Experimental study of grid
frequency regulation ancillary service of a variable speed heat Pump. IEEE Trans
Power Syst 2016;31(4):3090–9, [July].
[87] Pérez-Díaz Juan I, Sarasúa José I, Wilhelmi José R. Contribution of a hydraulic
short-circuit pumped-storage power plant to the load–frequency regulation of an
isolated power system. Electr Power Energy Syst 2014;62:199–211.
[88] Sabahi Kamel, Ghaemi∗ Sehraneh, Pezeshki Saeed. Application of type-2 fuzzy
logic system for load frequency control using feedback error learning approaches.
Appl Soft Comput 2014;21:1–11.
[89] Boroojeni Kianoosh G, HadiAmini M, Bahrami Shahab, Iyengar SS, Sarwat Arif I,
Karabasoglu Orkun. A novel multi-time-scale modelling for electric power demand
forecasting: from short-term to medium-term horizon. Electr Power Syst Res
2017;142:58–73.
[90] Korres∗ George N, Tzavellas Anastasios, Galinas Evangelos. A distributed im-
plementation of multi-area power system state estimation on a cluster of
computers. Electr Power Syst Res 2013;102:20–32.
[91] Alomoush Muwaffaq Irsheid. Load frequency control and automatic generation
control using fractional-order controllers. Electr Eng 2010;91:357–68, [Jan].
[92] Qian Dianwei, Zhao Dongbin, Yi Jianqiang, Liu Xiangjie. Neural sliding-mode
load frequency controller design of power systems. Neural Comput Appl
2011;22:279–86, [July].
[93] Xu Jian, Liao Siyang, Sun Yuanzhang, Ma Xi-Yuan, Gao Wenzhong, Li Xiaomin,
1198
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 76 (2017) 1185–1207
Gu Junhe, Dong Jianxun, Zhou Mi. , An Isolated Industrial Power System Driven
by Wind-Coal Power for Aluminium Productions: a Case Study of Frequency
Control. IEEE Trans Power Syst 2015;30(1):471–83.
[94] Dao Thi-Mai-Phuong,Wang Yaonan, Nguyen Ngoc-KhoatNovelHybrid load-fre-
quency controller applying artificial intelligence techniques integrated with
superconducting magnetic energy storage devices for an interconnected electric
power grid, vol. 41; 2016, p. 3309–20.
[95] Prakash S, Sinha SK. Neuro-fuzzy computational technique to control load
frequency in hydro-thermal interconnected power ystem. J Inst Eng India Ser B
2015;96(3):273–82, [July-Sept].
[96] Jiang Hao, Lin Jin, Song Yonghua, Gao Wenzhong, Xu Yu, Shu Bin, Li Xiaomin,
Dong Jianxun. Demand Side Frequency Control Scheme in an Isolated Wind
Power System for Industrial Aluminium Smelting Production. IEEE Trans Power
Syst 2014;29(2):844–53, [March].
[97] Moradi Amani A,Gaeini N, Afshar A, Menhaj MB. A New approach to reconfi-
gurable load frequency control of power systems in emergency conditions. In:
Proceedings of the 13th IFAC Symposium on Large Scale Complex Systems:
Theory and Applications, Shanghai, China, July 7-10.; 2013.
[98] Pandey SK, Mohanty SR, Kishor Nand. A literature survey on load frequency
control for conventional and distributed generation power system. Renew Sustain
Energy Rev 2013;25:318–34.
[99] Rahul Umroa et. al., Load frequency control methodologies for power system.
IEEE- In: Proceedings of the second international conference on power, control
and embedded system, 17-19 Dec; 2012. Doi: 10.1109/ICPCES.2012.6508133.
[100] shayeghi H, Shayanfar HA, Jalilli A. Load frequency control strategies: a State-of-
art survey for researcher. Energy Convers Manag 2009;50:344–53.
[101] Ashmole PH, Battlebury DR, Bowdler RK. Power-system model for large
frequency disturbances, in Electrical Engineers. In: Proceedings of the institution
of , vol.121, 7,July; 1974, p. 601–8.
[102] Pan CT, Liaw CM, An adaptive controller for power system load-frequency
control, in Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on , vol.4, .1,Feb; 1989, p. 122–8.
[103] Rakhshani E, Rouzbehi K, Sadeh SA new combined model for simulation of
mutual effects between LFC and AVR Loops, in power and energy engineering.
[104] Wang Y, Zhou R, Wen C. Robust load–frequency controller design for power
systems. IEE Proc-C 1993;140(1).
[105] Wang Y, Zhou R, Wen C. New robust adaptive load-frequency control with system
parametric uncertainties. IEE Proc Transm Distrib 1994;141(3).
[106] Singh Parmar KP, Majhi S, Kothari DP. Load frequency control of a realistic power
system with multi-source power generation. In electrical power and energy
systems 42; 2012, pp. 426–33.
[107] Jiang,en L, Yao W, Wu QH, Wen JY, Cheng SJ. Delay-dependent stability for load
frequency control with constant and time-varying delays. IEEE Trans Power Syst
2012;27(2):932–41.
[108] Doolla S, Bhatti TS. Load frequency control of an isolated small-hydro power plant
with reduced dumped load. IEEE Trans Power Syst 2006;21(4):1912–9.
[109] Kusic GL, et al. Automatic generation control for hydro systems. IEEE Trans
Energy Convers 1988;3(1):33–9.
[110] Foord TR. Step response of a governed hydro-generator. Proc IEEE 1978;125:11.
[111] Rakhshani E, Rouzbehi K, Sadeh S. A new combined model for simulation of
mutual effects between LFC and AVR Loops. In: Proceedings of the power and
energy engineering conference, 2009. APPEEC 2009. Asia-Pacific , 27-31 March;
2009, p. 1–5 .
[112] Concordia C, Kirchmayer LK. Tie-Line power and frequency control of electric
power systems [includes discussion], in power apparatus and systems, Part III.
Transactions of the American institute of electrical engineers, vol.72, 2, Jan; 1953.
[113] Concordia C, Kirchmayer LK. Tie-Line power and frequency control of electric
power systems - Part II [includes discussion]," in power apparatus and systems,
part iii. transactions of the american institute of electrical engineers, vol.73, 1,
Jan; 1954.
[114] Moorthi VR, Aggarwal RP. Damping effects of excitation control in load-frequency
control system," in electrical engineers, proceedings of the institution of , vol.121,
no.11, November; 1974, p. 1409–1416.
[115] Kumar P, Varshana P, Das JKTwo area LFC model reduction," in TENCON '98.
1998 IEEE Region 10 international conference on global connectivity in energy,
computer, communication and control, vol.1, no., 1; 1998, p. 186–188.
[116] Chen DingguoChen; SKumarS.; MYork. M.; Lu. Smart automatic generation
control. In: Proceedings of the power and energy society general meeting, 2012
IEEE , 22-26 July; 2012, p. 22–26.
[117] Bose A, Atiyyah I. Regulation error in load frequency control, in power apparatus
and systems, IEEE transactions on , vol.PAS-99, no.2,March; 1980, p. 650–657.
[118] Kothari ML, Nanda J, Kothari DP, Das D. Discrete-mode automatic generation
control of a two-area reheat thermal system with new area control error. IEEE
Trans Power Syst 1989;4(2):730–8.
[119] Shirai G. Load frequency sampled-data control via Lyapunov’s second method. In:
Proceedings of the IEEE , vol. 69, no.1; Jan1981 pp. 129–130.
[120] Yuan-Yih Hsu, Wah-Chun Chan. Coordinated frequency and voltage control of
synchronous generators. IEEE Trans Aerosp Electron Syst 1987(1):2–10.
[121] Cam E, Kocaarslan I. Load frequency control in two area power systems using
fuzzy logic controller. Energy Convers Manag 2005;46:233–43.
[122] Khodabakhshian A, Hooshmand R. A new PID controller design for automatic
generation control of hydro power system. Electr Power Energy Syst
2010;32:375–82.
[123] Saikia, L.C.; Bharali, A.; Dixit, O.; Malakar, T.; Sharma, B.; Kouli, S.. "Automatic
generation control of multi-area hydro system using classical controllers," in
Power and Energy in NERIST (ICPEN), 2012. In: Proceedings of the 1st
International Conference on , vol., no., pp. 1–6, Dec; 2012, p. 28-29.
R. Shankar et al.
[124] Ibraheem Nizamuddin, Bhatti TS. AGC of two area power system interconnected
by ACDC links with diverse sources in each area. Electr Power Energy Syst
2014;55:297–304.
[125] Hore Debirupa. An Analysis of two area load frequency control with different
types of feedback controllers. In International Journal Of Engineering Research
& Technology (IJERT), vol. 3 3, March –; 2014.
[126] Kamboj Vikram Kumar, Arora Krishan, Khurana Preeti. Automatic generation
control for interconnected hydro-thermal system with the help of conventional
controllers. Int J Electr Comput Eng (IJECE) 2012;2(4):547–52.
[127] Verma R, Pal S, Sathans SIntelligent Automatic generation control of two-area
hydrothermal power system using ann and fuzzy logic. In: Proceedings of the
Communication systems and network technologies (CSNT) International
Conference on , 6-8 April ; 2013, p. 552–6.
[128] Davison EJ, Tripathi NKThe optimal decentralized control of a large power
system: Load and frequency control,"in Decision and Control including. In:
Proceedings of the 15th Symposium on Adaptive ProcessesIEEE Conference on ,
1-3 Dec; 1976, p. 523–30.
[129] Bevrani H, Daneshfar F, Daneshmand PRIntelligent automatic generation control:
Multi-agent Bayesian networks approach, in Intelligent Control (ISIC),(ISIC). In:
Proceedings of the IEEE international symposium on, vol., no., 8-10 Sept; 2010, p.
773–778.
[130] Adaryani MR, Afrakhte HNARMA-L2 controller for three-area load frequency
control," in electrical engineering (ICEE).In: Proceedings of the 19th iranian
conference on , vol., no., 17-19 May; 2011, p. 1–6.
[131] Rahmani M, Sadati N. Hierarchical optimal robust load-frequency control for
power systems, in Generation, Transmission & Distribution, IET, vol.6, no.4, ,
April; 2012, p. 303–312.
[132] Shiroei Mojtaba, Toulabi Mohammad Reza, Ranjbar Ali Mohammad. Robust
multivariable predictive based load frequency control considering generation rate
constraint. Electr Power Energy Syst 2013;46:405–13.
[133] Yousef HA, AL-Kharusi K, Albadi MH, Hosseinzadeh NLoad frequency control of
a multi-area power system: an adaptive fuzzy logic approach, in Power Systems,
IEEE Transactions on , vol.29, no.4, July; 2014, p. 1822–1830.
[134] Saikia LC, Paul A, Dash P, Dev Choudhury NB. AGC of an interconnected multi-
area hydrothermal system using a neuro-fuzzy controller, in Control,
Instrumentation, Energy and Communication (CIEC); 2014.
[135] Jagatheesan, K.; Anand, B.. Automatic generation control of three area hydro-
thermal power systems with electric and mechanical governor. In: Proceedings of
the Computational Intelligence and Computing Research (ICCIC) IEEE
International Conference on , , 18-20 Dec. ;2014, p. 1–6.
[136] Shiva Chandan Kumar, Mukherjee V. A novel quasi-oppositional harmony search
algorithm for AGC optimization of three-area multi-unit power system after
deregulation. Eng Sci Technol Int J 2015.
[137] Gondaliya Snehal, Arora Krishan. Automatic generation control of multi area
power plants with the help of advanced controller. Int J Eng Res Technol (IJERT)
2015;4(04), [April].
[138] Malik OP, Kumar Ashok, Hope GS. A load frequency control algorithm based on a
generalized approach," in Power Systems. IEEE Trans 1988;3(2):375–82, [May].
[139] Prakash S, Sinha SK, Four area load frequency control of interconnected hydro-
thermal power system by intelligent PID control techniqueIn. In: Proceedings of
the engineering and systems (SCES) students conference on 16-18 March ; 2012,
p. 1–6.
[140] Prakash S, Bhardwaj AK, Sinha SK Neuro fuzzy hybrid intelligent approach for
four -area load frequency control of interconnected power system," in Power,
Control and Embedded Systems(ICPCES). In: Proceedings of the 2nd
International Conference on, 17-19 Dec; 2012, p. 1–7.
[141] Padhan Dola Gobinda, Majhi Somanath. “A new control scheme for PID load
frequency controller of single-area and multi-area power systems.”. ISA Trans
2013;52:242–51.
[142] Mola, S.M.; Jahed-Motlagh, M.R., Robust decentralized load frequency control of
multi-area power system via performance limitations using LMIs. In: Proceedings
of the intelligent control and information processing (ICICIP), 2014 fifth inter-
national conference on , vol., no., 18-20 Aug. 2014, pp.108–1.
[143] Khooban Mohammad Hassan, Niknam Taher. A new intelligent online fuzzy
tuning approach for multi-area load frequency control: self adaptive modified bat
algorithm. Electr Power Energy Syst 2015;71:254–61.
[144] Toulabi MR, Shiroei M, Ranjbar AM. Robust analysis and design of power system
load frequency control using the Kharitonov’s theorem. Electr Power Energy Syst
2014;55:51–8.
[145] Doraiswami R. A nonlinear load-frequency control design in power apparatus and
systems. IEEE Trans , Vol PAS 1978;97(4):1278–84, [July].
[146] Nanda J, Kothari ML, Satsang PSAutomatic generation control of an intercon-
nected hydrothermal system in continuous and discrete modes considering
generation rate constraints, in control theory and applications, IEE proceedings D
, vol.130, no.1, January; 1983, p. 17–27.
[147] Chun-Feng Lu, Chun-Chang Liu, Chi-Jui Wu, Effect of battery energy storage
system on load frequency control considering governor deadband and generation
rate constraint, in Energy Conversion, IEEE Transactions on , vol.10, no.3,Sep;
1995, pp.555-561.
[148] Oni B, Graham Huber, Walker Lewis, Investigation of nonlinear tie line bias
control of interconnected power systems," in power apparatus and systems, IEEE
transactions on , vol.PAS-100, no.5, May; 1981, p. 2350–6.
[149] Kothari, M.L. Satsangi, P.S. Nanda, J., Sampled-data automatic generation control
of interconnected reheat thermal systems considering generation rate constraints,
in power apparatus and systems, IEEE Transactions on , vol.PAS-100, no.5,
May;1981, pp.2334-2342.
1199
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 76 (2017) 1185–1207
[150] Tripathy SC, Hope GS, Malik OP. Optimisation of load-frequency control
parameters for power systems with reheat steam turbines and governor deadband
nonlinearity, in Generation, Transmission and Distribution, IEE Proceedings C ,
vol.129, no.1, , January; 1982, p. 10–16.
[151] [1] Xiangping Meng, Qingxian Gong, Lei Feng, Wen Zheng, Weijun Zhang, PI
fuzzy sliding mode load frequency control of multiarea interconnected power
systems, in Intelligent Control. 2003 IEEE international symposium on , vol., no.,
8-8 Oct; 2003, pp.1023-1027.
[152] AlRifai M, Zribi M. A robust decentralized controller for power system load
frequency control, in Universities Power Engineering Conference, 2004. UPEC
2004. In: Proceedings of the 39th International, vol.2, no., vol. 1, 8-8 Sept; 2004,
p. 794–799.
[153] Tan Wen, Sui Liying, Xu Zhan. Robust analysis and design of load frequency
controller for power systems. In: Proceedings of the Control Applications, 2008.
CCA 2008. IEEE international conference on 3-5 Sept; 2008, , p. 329–334.
[154] Ram P, Jha AN. Automatic generation control of interconnected hydro-thermal
system in deregulated environment considering generation rate constraints. In:
Proceedings of the industrial electronics, control & robotics (IECR) international
conference on , 27-29 Dec. ; 2010, p. 148–159.
[155] Sudha KR, Santhi R Vijaya. Robust decentralized load frequency control of
interconnected power system with Generation Rate Constraint using Type-2 fuzzy
approach. Electr Power Energy Syst 2011;33:699–707.
[156] Tain-Sou Tsay. Load–frequency control of interconnected power system with
governor backlash nonlinearities. Electr Power Energy Syst 2011;33:1542–9.
[157] Bhanu, P. Bhushan, C. Sujatha, K. Venmathi, M. Nalini, A. Load frequency
controller with PI controller considering non-linearities and boiler dynamics,
in sustainable energy and intelligent systems (SEISCON 2011), international
conference on , vol., no., 20-22 July 2011, pp.290–294.
[158] Bijami E, Abshari R, Saghaiannejad SM, Askari JLoad frequency control of
interconnected power system using brain emotional learning based intelligent
controller," in Electrical Engineering (ICEE). In: Proceedings of the 19th iranian
conference on , 17-19 May ; 2011, p. 1–1.
[159] Balasundaram Paramasivam, Akilandam Chidambaram Ilangi. ABC Algorithm
based load- frequency controller for an interconnected Power System Considering
nonlinearities and coordinated with UPFC and RFB. Int J Eng Innov Technol
(IJEIT) 2012;1(3), [March].
[160] Singh Parmar KP, Majhi S, Kothari DP. Load frequency control of a realistic power
system with multi-source power generation. Electr Power Energy Syst
2012;42:426–33.
[161] Gaurav PratapGauravPratapRana,Rahul Umrao, ChaturvedeD.K.. Automatic
generation control with pola r fuzzy controller considering generation rate constra
int in deregulated power system. In: Proceedings of the IEEE - International
conference on advances in engineering, science and management (ICAESM
-2012) March 30, 31, 2012.
[162] Gandhi, N.F.; Mohan, Y.K.; Rao, A.V.. Load frequency control of interconnected
power system in deregulated environment considering generation rate con-
straints, in Advances in Engineering, Science and Management (ICAESM).
Proceedings of the international conference on , 30-31 March ;2012, ,p. 22–25.
[163] Ghatuari, I.; Mishra, N.; Sahu, B.K.. Performance analysis of automatic generation
control of a two area interconnected thermal system with nonlinear governor
using PSO and DE algorithm. In: Proceedings of the energy efficient technologies
for sustainability (ICEETS) international conference on, 10-12 April ;2013, p.
1262–1266.
[164] Guo Xuejiao, Liu XiangjieParticle swarm optimization sliding mode control on
interconnected power system. In: Proceedings of the Control Conference (CCC)
33rd Chinese, 28-30 July; 2014, p. 93–97.
[165] Mokhlis, H.; Naidu, K.; Bakar, A.H.A.; Terzija, V.. Performance investigation of
ABC algorithm for automatic generation control of a three area interconnected
power system. In: Proceedings of the Engineering and Technology (BICET) 5th
Brunei International Conference on, 1-3 Nov. ;2014, p. 1–6.
[166] Chatterjee, K.; Sankar, R.; Chatterjee, T.K.. SMES coordinated with SSSC of an
interconnected thermal system for load frequency controlIn. In: Proceedings of
the power and energy engineering conference (APPEEC) Asia-Pacific, , 27-29
March ;2012, p. 1–4.
[167] Mohanty Banaja. TLBO optimized sliding mode controller for multi-area multi-
source nonlinear interconnected AGC system. Electr Power Energy Syst
2015;73:872–81.
[168] Sahu Rabindra Kumar, Panda Sidhartha, Padhan Saroj. A novel hybrid gravita-
tional search and pattern search algorithm for load frequency control of nonlinear
power system. Appl Soft Comput 2015;29:310–27.
[169] Nanda J, Mangla A, Suri S. "Some new findings on automatic generation control of
an interconnected hydrothermal system with conventional controllers," in energy
conversion. IEEE Trans on 2006;21(1):187–94, [March].
[170] Chatterjee K. Design of dual mode PI controller for load frequency control. Int J
Emerg Electr Power Syst 2011;11(4).
[171] Bevrani H, Hiyama T. On load–frequency regulation with time delays: Design and
real-time implementation, in Energy Conversion, IEEE Transactions on , vol. 24,
no.1, March; 2009 p. 292–300.
[172] Vrdoljak K, Peric N, Šepac D. Optimal distribution of load-frequency control
signal to hydro power plants. In: Proceedings of the industrial electronics (ISIE)
IEEE international symposium on, 4-7 July ; 2010, ,p. 286–291.
[173] Ray Prakash K, Mohanty Soumya R, Kishor Nand. Proportional–integral con-
troller based small-signal analysis of hybrid distributed generation systems.
Energy Convers Manag 2011;52:1943–54.
[174] [1] Hong Zhao, Guiping Zhu, Cheng Xu, A novel frequency control strategy of
micro-source based on the secondary frequency regulation of power system," in
R. Shankar et al.
electricity distribution (CICED), 2012 China international conference on , vol.,
no., , 10-14 Sept; 2012, pp.1–6.
[175] Kumari N, Jha AN. Particle swarm optimization and gradient descent methods for
optimization of PI controller for AGC of multi-area thermal-wind-hydro power
plants," in computer modelling and simulation (UKSim) UKSim. In: Proceedings
of the 15th international conference on , vol. no., April; 2013p. 536–41.
[176] Lakshmi D, Fathima A Peer, Muthu Ranganath, Based Load PSO. Frequency
control for single area power system [April]. Int J Sci Eng Res 2014;5(4), [April].
[177] Shiroei M, Ranjbar AM. Supervisory predictive control of power system load
frequency control. Electr Power Energy Syst 2014;61:70–80.
[178] Sahu Rabindra Kumar, Panda Sidhartha, Yegireddy Narendra Kumar. A novel
hybrid DEPS optimized fuzzy PI/PID controller for load frequency control of
multi-area interconnected power systems. J Process Control 2014;24:1596–608.
[179] Suman M, Rao MVG, Kumar GRSN, Sekhar OCLoad frequency control of three
unit interconnected multimachine power system with PI and fuzzy controllers," in
Advances in Electrical Engineering (ICAEE). In: Proceedings of the international
conference on , vol., no., Jan; 2014, pp. 1–5, 9-11.
[180] Firdous¹ Sadia, Uzair Mohammed Abdul Rahman. Load frequency control
techniques [August]. Int J Sci, Eng Technol Res (IJSETR) 2015;4(8), [August].
[181] Khooban Mohammad Hassan, Niknam Taher. A new intelligent online fuzzy
tuning approach for multi-area load frequency control: self adaptive modified bat
algorithm. Electr Power Energy Syst 2015;71:254–61.
[182] Jagatheesan K, Dey Nilanjan, Anand B, Ashour Amira S. Artificial intelligence in
performance analysis of load frequency control in thermal-wind-hydro power
systems. (IJACSA) Int J Adv Comput Sci Appl 2015;6(7).
[183] Nanda J. Mishra S. Mishra P.G. Sajith K.V. A novel classical controller for
automatic generation control in thermal and hydrothermal systems, in power
electronics, drives and energy systems (PEDES) & 2010 power India, 2010 joint
international conference on , vol., no., , 20-23 Dec; 2010, pp.1–6.
[184] Sahu Rabindra Kumar, Gorripotu Tulasichandra Sekhar, Panda Sidhartha. A
hybrid DE–PS algorithm for load frequency control under deregulated power
system with UPFC and RFB. Ain Shams Eng J 2015;6:893–911.
[185] [1] Kumar A. Kumar A. Chanana S. Genetic fuzzy PID controller based on adaptive
gain scheduling for load frequency control, in power electronics, drives and energy
systems (PEDES) & 2010 Power India, 2010 Joint International Conference on ,
vol., no., 20-23 Dec; 2010, pp.1-8.
[186] Tan Wen. Unified tuning of pid load frequency controller for power systems via
IMC, in Power systems, IEEE transactions on , vol.25, no.1, Feb; 2010 pp. 341–
350.
[187] Daneshfar F, Bevrani H, Mansoori F. Bayesian networks design of load-frequency
control based on GA," in control, Instrumentation and Automation (ICCIA) In:
Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on , vol., no., Dec; 2011. pp.
315–319, 27-29.
[188] Yazdizadeh Alireza, Ramezani Mohammad Hossein, Hamedrahmat Ehsan.
Decentralized load frequency control using a new robust optimal MISO PID
controller. Electr Power Energy Syst 2012;35:57–65.
[189] Farahani M, Ganjefar S, Alizadeh M. PID controller adjustment using chaotic
optimization algorithm for multi-area load frequency control. IET Control Theory
Appl 2012;6(Iss. 13):1984–92, [2012].
[190] Sahu Rabindra Kumar, Panda Sidhartha, Rout Umesh Kumar. DE optimized
parallel 2-DOF PID controller for load frequency control of power system with
governor dead-band nonlinearity. Electr Power Energy Syst 2013;49:19–33,
[2013].
[191] Debbarma, S.; Saikia, L.C.; Sinha, N.. Automatic generation control of multi-area
system using two degree of freedom fractional order PID controller: A preliminary
study," in power and energy engineering conference (APPEEC), 2013 IEEE PES
Asia-Pacific , vol., no., Dec; 2013 pp. 1–6, 8-11.
[192] Soheilirad M, Farzan P, Othman ML, Karami K, Hojabri M. PID controller
adjustment for MA-LFC by using imperialist competitive algorithm, in power
engineering and optimization conference (PEOCO). Proceedings of the IEEE 7th
international, vol., no., June; 2013, pp. 507–512.
[193] Kouba NEY, Menaa M, Hasni M, Boussahoua B, Boudour M. Optimal load
frequency control in interconnected power system using PID controller based on
particle swarm optimization," in electrical sciences and technologies in Maghreb
(CISTEM). In: Proceedings of the international conference on , vol., no., Non;
2014, pp. 1–8.
[194] Dash, P.; Saikia, L.C.; Sinha, N., AGC of a multi-area interconnected system with
FACTS and firefly optimized 2DOF PID controller," in control, instrumentation,
energy and communication (CIEC). In: Proceedings of the 2014 international
conference on , vol., no., Jan. 31 2014-Feb. 2 2014, pp. 397–401.
[195] Naidu K, Mokhlis a,b H, Bakar AHA. Multiobjective optimization using weighted
sum Artificial Bee Colony algorithm for Load Frequency Control. Electr Power
Energy Syst 2014;55:657–67, [2014].
[196] Mosaad Mohamed I, Salem Fawzan. LFC based adaptive PID controller using
ANN and ANFIS techniques. J Electr Syst Inf Technol 2014;1:212–22, [2014].
[197] Agnihotri SP, Waghmare LM. Regression model for tuning the PID Controller
with fractional order time delay system. Ain Shams Eng J 2014;5:1071–81,
[2014].
[198] Sondhi Swati, Hote Yogesh V. Fractional order PID controller for load frequency
control. Energy Convers Manag 2014;85:343–53.
[199] Anwar Md Nishat, Pan Somnath. A new PID load frequency controller design
method in frequency domain through direct synthesis approach. Electr Power
Energy Syst 2015;67:560–9.
[200] Sahu Rabindra Kumar, Panda Sidhartha, Padhan Saroj. A novel hybrid gravita-
tional search and pattern search algorithm forload frequency control of nonlinear
power system. Appl Soft Comput 2015;29:310–27.
1200
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 76 (2017) 1185–1207
[201] Oliveira ⇑ Edimar J, Honório Leonardo M, Anzai Alexandre H, Oliveira Leonardo
W, Costa Exuperry B. Optimal transient droop compensator and PID tuning for
load frequency control in hydropower system. Electr Power Energy Syst
2015;68:345–55, [2015].
[202] [1] El Yakine Kouba, N. Menaa, M. Hasni, M. Boudour, M., Optimal control of
frequency and voltage variations using PID controller based on particle swarm
optimization, in Systems and Control (ICSC), 2015 4th International Conference
on , vol., no., 28-30 April 2015, pp.424–429.
[203] Dhillona SukhwinderSingh, Latherb JagdeepSingh, Marwahac Sanjay; Multi area
load frequency control using particle swarm optimization and fuzzy rules. In:
Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on recent trends in computing
2015(ICRTC-2015), Procedia Computer Science 57, 2015 , pp. 460–472.
[204] Saikia LC, Das SK, Dash P, Raju M. Multi — Area AGC with AC/DC link and BES
and Cuckoo search optimized pid controller, in computer, communication, control
and information technology (C3IT). In: Proceedings of the third international
conference on vol., no., 7–8 Feb. 2015, pp. 1–6.
[205] Thirunavukarasu R, Chidambaram IA. PI2 controller based coordinated control
with Redox Flow Battery and Unified Power Flow Controller for improved
Restoration Indices in a deregulated power system. Ain Shams Eng J 2015.
[206] Saikia LC, Debbarma S, Pathak M, Borah DJ, Kumar KK, Kumar M. Automatic
generation control of an interconnected thermal system using a new classical
controller: A preliminary study," in power and energy in NERIST (ICPEN). In:
Proceedings of the 1st international conference on, vol.no. 28-29, Dec; 2012, pp.
1–6.
[207] Bensenouci A, Abdel Ghany AM. Step-wise optimum adaptive variable-structure
load-frequency control design using simulated annealing, in industrial electronics,
ISIE. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international symposium on, vol., no., 4-7 June
2007,pp. 318–323.
[208] Vijaya Chandrakala KRM, Balamurugan a a, S, Sankaranarayanan K. Variable
structure fuzzy gain scheduling based load frequency controller for multi-source
multi area hydro thermal system. Electr Power Energy Syst 2013;53:375–81.
[209] Birch, A.P.; Sapeluk, A.T.; Ozveren, C.S.. An enhanced neural network load
frequency control technique," in Control. Control '94. In: Proceedings of the
international conference on, vol.1, no., 21-24 March 1994,pp. 409–15.
[210] Kyoungsoo Ro , Rahman S. Two-loop controller for maximizing performance of a
grid-connected photovoltaic-fuel cell hybrid power plant, in energy conversion
[Sep]. IEEE Trans on 1998;13(3):276–81, [Sep].
[211] Rashidi, M.; Rashidi, F.; Arjomand, A.S.; Sahragard, J.. Design of a robust and
adaptive load frequency controller for multi-area power networks with system
parametric uncertainties using TDMLP neural network, in Systems, Man and
Cybernetics: In: Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on , vol.4, no.,
10-13 Oct; 2004, pp. 3698–3703.
[212] Shayeghi H, Shayanfar HA. Application of ANN technique based on μ-synthesis to
load frequency control of interconnected power system. Electr Power Energy Syst
2006;28:503–11.
[213] Ansarian, M.; Shakouri, G.H.; Nazarzadeh, J.; Sadeghzadeh, S.M.. A Novel Neuro-
Optimal Approach for Decentralized LFC Design in multi-area power system, in
Power and energy conference. PECon '06. IEEE international, vol., no., 28-29
Nov. 2006, pp. 167–172.
[214] [1] Jaleel J.A. Ahammed T.P.I. Simulation of artificial neural network controller
for automatic generation control of hydroelectric power system, in TENCON 2008
- 2008 IEEE Region 10 Conference , vol., no., , 19-21 Nov. 2008, pp.1–4.
[215] Padhy BP, Tyagi B. Artificial neural network based multi area automatic
generation control scheme for a competitive electricity market environment, in
power Systems. ICPS '09. International Conference on , vol., no., , 27-29 Dec.
2009., pp. 1–6.
[216] Mallesham, G.; Mishra, S.; Jha, A.N.. Automatic generation control of microgrid
using artificial intelligence techniques, in Power and Energy Society General
meeting IEEE , vol., no.,22-26 July; 2012, pp. 1–8.
[217] Prakash, S.; Bhardwaj, A.K.; Sinha, S.K.. Neuro fuzzy hybrid intelligent approach
for four -area load frequency control of interconnected power system," in power,
control and embedded systems (ICPCES). In: Proceedings of the 2nd international
conference on , vol., no., 17-19 Dec; 2012, pp. 1–7.
[218] Hassan Lokman H, Moghavvemi M, Almurib Haider AF, Steinmayer Otto. Current
state of neural networks applications in power system monitoring and control.
Electr Power Energy Syst 2013;51:134–44.
[219] Verma, R.; Pal, S.; Sathans, S.. "Intelligent Automatic Generation Control of Two-
Area Hydrothermal Power System Using ANN and Fuzzy Logic," in
Communication Systems and Network Technologies (CSNT) International
Conference on , vol., no., pp. 552–556, 6-8 April 2013; 2013.
[220] Pal, A.K.; Bera, P.; Chakraborty, K., "AGC in two-area deregulated power system
using reinforced learning neural network controller," in Automation, Control,
Energy and Systems (ACES), 2014 First International Conference on , vol., no.,
pp. 1–6, 1-2 Feb. 2014.
[221] Baghya Shree S, Kamaraj N. Hybrid Neuro Fuzzy approach for automatic
generation control in restructured power system.”. Electr Power Energy Syst
2016;74:274–85.
[222] Chown GA, Hartman RC. "Design and experience with a fuzzy logic controller for
automatic generation control (AGC)," in Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on,
vol.13, no.3, pp. 965–970, Aug; 1998.
[223] Kocaarslan lhan, Ertug˘rul Cam. Fuzzy logic controller in interconnected electrical
power systems for load-frequency control. Electr Power Energy Syst
2005;27:542–9.
[224] Tayeb, E.B.M.. "Automation of interconnected power system using fuzzy con-
troller," in Utility Exhibition on Power and Energy Systems: Issues & Prospects
for Asia (ICUE) International Conference and , vol., no., pp. 1–5, 28-30 Sept.
R. Shankar et al.
2011; 2011.
[225] Talaq J. Al-Basri F. Adaptive fuzzy gain scheduling for load frequency control, in
power systems, IEEE transactions on, vol.14, no.1, , Feb; 1999, pp.145–150.
[226] Sheikh, M.R.I.; Muyeen, S.M.; Takahashi, R.; Murata, T.; Tamura, J..
"Improvement of load frequency control with fuzzy gain scheduled supercon-
ducting magnetic energy storage unit," in Electrical Machines, 2008. ICEM 2008.
In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on , vol., no., pp. 1–6, 6-9
Sept; 2008.
[227] Masiala, M.; Ghribi, M.; Kaddouri, A.. "An adaptive fuzzy controller gain
scheduling for power system load-frequency control," in Industrial Technology,
2004. IEEE ICIT '04. 2004 IEEE International Conference on, vol.3, no., pp.
1515–1520 Vol. 3, 8-10 Dec; 2004.
[228] Ghoshal SP, Goswami SK. Application of GA based optimal integral gains in fuzzy
based active power-frequency control of non-reheat and reheat thermal generat-
ing systems. Electr Power Syst Res 2003;67:79–88.
[229] Hiyama T, Koga S, Yoshimuta Y. "Fuzzy logic based multi-functional load
frequency control," in Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, 2000. IEEE,
vol.2, no., pp. 921–926; 2000.
[230] Castro JR, Oscar Castillo. "Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Logic for Intelligent Control
Applications," in Fuzzy Information Processing Society. NAFIPS '07. Annual
Meeting of the North American, vol., no., pp. 592–597, 24-27 June 2007; 2007.
[231] Sheikh, M.R.I.; Muyeen, S.M.; Takahashi, R.; Murata, T.; Tamura, J.. "Application
of self-tuning FPIC to AGC for load frequency control in multi-area power system,
" in PowerTech, 2009 IEEE Bucharest , vol., no., pp. 1–7, June 28, 2009-July 2
2009.
[232] Chao-HuiHuangChao‐Hui Zhang, Xiao‐GangYaoXin‐li. "A method for micro-gird
automatic generation control," in Electronics, Communications and Control
(ICECC) International Conference on , vol., no., pp. 1224–1227, 9-11 Sept. 2011;
2011.
[233] Chidambaram, I.A.; Francis, R.. "Automatic generation control of a two area
reheat interconnected power system based on CPS using fuzzy neural network," in
Emerging Trends in Electrical and Computer Technology (ICETECT)
International Conference on , vol., no., pp. 200–205, 23-24 March 2011; 2011.
[234] GauravPratap Rana GauravRahul Umrao, ChaturvedeD.K.Chaturvede. Automatic
Generation Control with Polar Fuzzy Controller Considering Generation Rate
Constraint in Deregulated Power System. In IEEE - International Conference on
Advances in Engineering, Science and Management (ICAESM -2012) March 30,
31; 2012.
[235] Bevrani H, Daneshmand PR. Fuzzy Logic-Based Load-Frequency Control
Concerning High Penetration of Wind Turbines [March]. Syst J, IEEE
2012;6(1):173–80, [March].
[236] Sudha KR, Butchi Raju Y, Sekhar A Chandra. Fuzzy C-Means clustering for robust
decentralized load frequency control of interconnected power system with
Generation Rate Constraint. Electr Power Energy Syst 2012;37:58–66.
[237] Srinivasa Rao, C.. "Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy based Load Frequency Control of multi
area system under open market scenario," in Advances in Engineering, Science
and Management (ICAESM) International Conference on , vol., no., pp. 5–10, 30-
31 March 2012; 2012.
[238] Datta, M.; Senjyu, T.. "Fuzzy Control of Distributed PV Inverters/Energy Storage
Systems/Electric Vehicles for Frequency Regulation in a Large Power System," in
Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on , vol.4, no.1, pp. 479–488, March; 2013.
[239] Verma, R.; Pal, S.; Sathans, S.. "Fuzzy gain scheduled automatic generation
control of two area multi-unit power system," in Engineering and Systems (SCES)
Students Conference on , vol., no., pp. 1–6, 12-14 April 2013; 2013.
[240] Sabahi Kamel, Ghaemi Sehraneh, Pezeshki Saeed. Application of type-2 fuzzy logic
system for load frequency control using feedback error learning approaches. Appl
Soft Comput 2014;21:1–11.
[241] Sahu Rabindra Kumar, Panda Sidhartha, Yegireddy Narendra Kumar. A novel
hybrid DEPS optimized fuzzy PIPID controller for load frequency control of multi-
area interconnected power systems. J Process Control 2014;24:1596–608.
[242] Suman, M.Rao, M.V.G.; Kumar, G.R.S.N.; Sekhar, O.C.. "Load frequency control
of three unit interconnected multimachine power system with PI and fuzzy
controllers," in Advances in Electrical Engineering (ICAEE) International
Conference on , vol., no., pp. 1–5, 9-11 Jan. 2014; 2014.
[243] Yousef HA, AL-Kharusi K, Albadi MH, Hosseinzadeh N. "Load Frequency Control
of a Multi-Area Power System: An Adaptive Fuzzy Logic Approach," in Power
Systems, IEEE Transactions on, vol.29, no.4, pp. 1822–1830, July; 2014.
[244] ZhouHuiZhou Ya, FuRongCong, "Fuzzy-based load frequency controller for
interconnected power system with wind power integration," in Electrical and
Computer Engineering (CCECE) IEEE In: Proceedings of the 27th Canadian
Conference on , vol., no., pp. 1–6, 4-7 May 2014; 2014.
[245] Chaturvedi DK, Umrao Rahul, Malik OP. Adaptive Polar Fuzzy logic based Load
Frequency Controller. Electr Power Energy Syst 2015;66:154–9.
[246] Sahu Rabindra Kumar, Panda Sidhartha, Pradhan Pratap Chandra. Design and
analysis of hybrid firefly algorithm-pattern search based fuzzy PID controller for
LFC of multi area power systems. Electr Power Energy Syst 2015;69:200–12.
[247] Karun, D.; Sindhu, T.K.. "Fuzzy logic based load frequency control of grid
connected distributed generators," in Advancements in Power and Energy (TAP
Energy) International Conference on, vol., no., pp. 432–437, 24-26 June 2015;
2015.
[248] Meng Xiangping, Gong Qingxian, Feng Lei, Zheng Wen, Zhang Weijun. "PI fuzzy
sliding mode load frequency control of multiarea interconnected power systems,"
in Intelligent Control IEEE International Symposium on, vol., no., pp. 1023–
1027, 8-8 Oct. 2003; 2003.
[249] JuangChia‐Feng, JuangChun‐FengLu. "Power system load frequency control by
evolutionary fuzzy PI controller," in Fuzzy Systems, 2004. Proceedings. 2004 IEEE
1201
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 76 (2017) 1185–1207
International Conference on , vol.2, no., pp. 715–719 vol.2, 25-29 July; 2004.
[250] Sheikh MRI, Takahashi R, Tamura J. Robust Stabilizing Controllers to Automatic
Generation Control for Load Frequency Control Application. J Sci Res
2010;2(2):285–93.
[251] Sahu Rabindra Kumar, Panda Sidhartha, Sekhar GT Chandra. A novel hybrid
PSO-PS optimized fuzzy PI controller for AGC in multi area interconnected power
systems. Electr Power Energy Syst 2015;64:880–93.
[252] Yesil E, Guzelkaya M, Eksin I. Self tuning fuzzy PID type load and frequency
controller. Energy Convers Manag 2004;45:377–90.
[253] Másloa Karel, Kolcunb Michal. Load–frequency control management in island
operation. Electr Power Syst Res 2014;114:10–20.
[254] Sahu Binod K, Pati Tridipta K, Nayak Jyoti R, Panda Sidhatrha, Kar SK. “A novel
hybrid LUS–TLBO optimized fuzzy-PID controller for load frequency control of
multi-source power system.”. Electr Power Energy Syst 2016;74:58–69.
[255] Kumar, D.M.V.. "Intelligent controllers for automatic generation control," in
TENCON '98. 1998 IEEE Region 10 International Conference on Global
Connectivity in Energy, Computer, Communication and Control, vol.2, no., pp.
557–574 vol.2; 1998.
[256] Saikia LC, Bharali A, Dixit O, Malakar T, Sharma B, Kouli S. "Automatic
generation control of multi-area hydro system using classical controllers," in
Power and Energy in NERIST (ICPEN) In: Proceedings of the 1st International
Conference on , vol., no., pp. 1–6, 28-29 Dec. 2012; 2012.
[257] Saikia LC, Paul A, Dash P, Dev Choudhury NB, "AGC of an interconnected multi-
area hydrothermal system using a neuro-fuzzy controller," in Control,
Instrumentation, Energy and Communication (CIEC), 2014 International
Conference on , vol., no., pp. 407–411, Jan. 31 2014-Feb.2,2014.
[258] Fosha CE, Elgerd OI. The megawatt frequency control problem: a new approach
via optimal control theory. IEEE Trans Power Appar Syst 1970(4):563–77.
[259] Calovic Milan. Linear regulator design for a load and frequency control. IEEE
Trans Power Appar Syst 1972;91(6):2271–85, [PAS-vol].
[260] Barcelo Wayne R. Effect of power plant response on optimum load frequency
control system design. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems;
92(1):254–258 PAS-vol; 1973.
[261] Kwatny HG, Kalnitsky KC, Bhatt A. An optimal tracking approach to load
frequency control. IEEE Trans Power Appar Syst 1975;94(5):1635–43.
[262] Moorthi VR, Aggarwal RP. "Suboptimal and near-optimal control of a load-
frequency-control system," in Electrical Engineers, Proceedings of the Institution
of , vol.119, no.11, pp. 1653–1660, November; 1972.
[263] Moorthi VR, Aggarwal RP. "Damping effects of excitation control in load-
frequency control system," in Electrical Engineers, Proceedings of the Institution
of , vol.121, no.11, pp. 1409–1416, November; 1974.
[264] Davison EJ, Tripathi NK. "The optimal decentralized control of a large power
system: Load and frequency control,"in Decision and Control including In:
Proceedings of the 15th Symposium on Adaptive Processes IEEE Conference on ,
vol., no., pp. 523–530, 1-3 Dec. 1976; 1976.
[265] Bengiamin NN, Chan WC. "Multilevel load-frequency control of interconnected
power systems," in Electrical Engineers, Proceedings of the Institution of , vol.
125, no.6, pp. 521–526, June; 1978.
[266] abdel-magid Yl, dawoud mm. Optimal AGC tuning with genetic algorithms. Electr
Power Syst Res 1997;38:231–8.
[267] Parmar KPS, Majhi S, Kothari DP. "Multi-area load frequency control in a power
system using optimal output feedback method," in Power Electronics, Drives and
Energy Systems (PEDES) & 2010 Power India, 2010 Joint International
Conference on , vol., no., pp. 1–5, 20-23 Dec; 2010.
[268] Ross CW. Error adaptive control computer for interconnected power system. IEEE
Trans Power Appar Syst 1966;85:749.
[269] Pan CT, Liaw CM. An adaptive controller for power system and load frequency
control. IEEE Trans Power Syst 1989;4(1):122–8.
[270] Kanniah Jagannathan, Tripathy SC, Malik OP.; Hope GS. "Microprocessor-based
adaptive load-frequency control," in Generation, Transmission and Distribution,
IEE Proceedings C , vol.131, no.4, pp. 121–128, July; 1984.
[271] Tripathy SC, Balasubramanian R, Nair PSC. "Adaptive automatic generation
control with superconducting magnetic energy storage in power systems," in
Energy Conversion, IEEE Transactions on, vol.7, no.3, pp. 434–441, Sep; 1992.
[272] Shoults, R.R. Jativa Ibarra, J.A. Multi-area adaptive LFC developed for a
comprehensive AGC simulator,in Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on , vol.8,
no.2, , May; 1993, pp.541-547.
[273] Liaw CM. Design of a reduced-order adaptive LFC for an interconnected
hydrothermal power system. Int J Control 1994;60(6):1051–63.
[274] Rubaai A, Udo V. "Self-tuning load frequency control: multilevel adaptive
approach," in Generation, Transmission and Distribution, IEE Proceedings- , vol.
141, no.4, pp. 285–290, Jul; 1994.
[275] Talaq J, Al-Basri F. "Adaptive fuzzy gain scheduling for load frequency control," in
Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on , vol.14, no.1, pp. 145–150, Feb; 1999.
[276] Siraj SF, Muin MZA, Nor KM, Rahim SR, Mohamad MF, Mid EC. "A robust
adaptive predictive load frequency controller to compensate for model mismatch,"
in Power Engineering and Optimization Conference (PEOCO) 4th International,
vol., no., pp. 33–37, 23-24 June 2010; 2010.
[277] Hassan Yousef. Adaptive fuzzy logic load frequency control of multi-area power
system. Electr Power Energy Syst 2015;68:384–95.
[278] Srinivasa Rao C, "Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy based Load Frequency Control of multi
area system under open market scenario," in Advances in Engineering, Science
and Management (ICAESM), 2012 International Conference on , vol., no., pp. 5–
10, 30-31 March 2012.
[279] Yousef HA, AL-Kharusi K, Albadi MH, Hosseinzadeh N. "Load Frequency Control
of a Multi-Area Power System: An Adaptive Fuzzy Logic Approach," in Power
R. Shankar et al.
Systems, IEEE Transactions on, vol.29, no.4, pp. 1822–1830, July; 2014.
[280] Quazza G. Noninteracting controls of interconnected electric power systems, IEEE
Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems; 7:727–41 PAS-85; 1966.
[281] Aldeen M, Trinh H. Load frequency control of interconnected power systems via
constrained feedback control schemes. Int J Comput Electron Eng
1994;20(1):71–88.
[282] Bensenouci A, Ghany AMA. "Mixed H∞/H2 with pole-placement design of robust
LMI-based output feedback controllers for multi-area load frequency control," in
EUROCON. The International Conference on "Computer as a Tool, vol., no., pp.
1561–1566, 9-12 Sept. 2007; 2007.
[283] K.VenkateswarluA.K.Mahalanabis. Design of decentralised load -frequency reg-
ulators. In PROC. IEE, Vol. 124, No. 9, SEPTEMBER 1977.
[284] Geromel JC, Peres PLD. "Decentralised load-frequency control," in Control
Theory and Applications, IEE Proceedings D , vol.132, no.5, pp. 225–230,
September; 1985.
[285] Calovic MS. Automatic generation control: decentralized area-wise optimal
solution. Electr Power Syst Res 1984;7(2):115–39.
[286] Aldeen M, Marsh JF. Observability, controllability and decentralized control of
interconnected power systems. Int J Comput Electr Eng 1990;16(4):207–20.
[287] Decentralized proportional-plus-integral control design method for inter-con-
nected power systems. in: Proceedings of Institute of Electrical Engineering, 138,
4, 263–274, 1991.
[288] DavisonE.J., DavisonN.K. Tripathi, decentralized tuning regulators, an applica-
tion to solve the load and frequency control problem for a large power system..
[289] [1] Davison E.J. Tripathi, N.K. The optimal decentralized control of a large power
system: Load and frequency control, in decision and control including the 15th
symposium on adaptive processes, 1976 IEEE Conference on , vol., no., 1-3 Dec;
1976, pp.523-530.
[290] Mahmoud, Magdi S.; Ismail, A.. "A decentralized reliable automatic generation
control," in Electric Power and Energy Conversion Systems, 2009. EPECS '09.
International Conference on, vol., no., pp. 1–6, 10-12 Nov. 2009.
[291] Xi Lei, Yu Tao, Yang Bo, Zhang Xiaoshun. A novel multi-agent decentralized win
or learn fast policy hill-climbing with eligibility trace algorithm for smart
generation control of interconnected complex power grids. Energy Convers Manag
2015;103:82–93.
[292] Yang TC, Ding ZT, Yu H. Decentralised power system load frequency control
beyond the limit of diagonal dominance. Electr Power Energy Syst
2002;24:173–84.
[293] Aldeen M, Marsh JF. "Decentralised proportional-plus-integral design method for
interconnected power systems," in Generation, Transmission and Distribution,
IEE Proceedings C , vol.138, no.4, pp. 263–274, Jul; 1991.
[294] Yadaiah, N.; Srinivas, P.S.. "Intelligent Decentralized Controllers for Multi Area
Power Systems," in Industrial Electronics and Applications, 2006 In: Proceedings
of the 1ST IEEE Conference on , vol., no., pp. 1–6, 24-26 May 2006.
[295] Pandey, S.K.; Mohanty, S.R.; Kishor, N.; Payasi, R.P.. "Iterative linear matrix
inequality algorithm based decentralized controller for load frequency control of
two-area thermal power systems," in Power, Energy and Control (ICPEC), 2013
International Conference on , vol., no., pp. 431–436, 6-8 Feb. 2013.
[296] Shirai G. "Load frequency control using a governor and voltage controls vis a new
approach," in Proceedings of the IEEE , vol.66, no.10, pp. 1293–1295, Oct; 1978.
[297] Rezvantalab, J.; Kazemi, M.H.; Seddigh, AK. "Multi-area robust decentralized
Load Frequency Controller design in a restructured power system using
Quantitative Feedback Theory," in Electric Power and Energy Conversion
Systems, 2009. EPECS '09. International Conference on , vol., no., pp. 1–6, 10-12
Nov. 2009.
[298] Bevrani H, Hiyama T. "On Load–Frequency Regulation With Time Delays: Design
and Real-Time Implementation," in Energy Conversion, IEEE Transactions on ,
vol.24, no.1, pp. 292–300, March; 2009.
[299] Ansarian, M. > ; Shakouri, G.H.; Nazarzadeh, J.; Sadeghzadeh, S.M.. "A Novel
Neuro-Optimal Approach for Decentralized LFC Design in Multi-Area Power
System," in Power and Energy Conference, 2006. PECon'06. IEEE International,
vol., no., pp. 167–172, 28-29 Nov. 2006.
[300] Feliachi A, Optimal decentralized load frequency control," in power systems, ieee
transactions on , vol.2, no.2, May; 1987, pp. 379–385.
[301] Zhou Hong, Hao Yuchun, Tan Wen, Partially decentralized load frequency control
of multi-area power systems in deregulated environments, in intelligent control
and automation (WCICA), 2014 11th World Congress on , vol., no., June 29,
2014-July 4; 2014, pp. 4704–4709.
[302] Toulabi MR, Shiroei M, Ranjbar AM. Robust analysis and design of power system
load frequency control using the Kharitonov’s theorem. Electr Power Energy Syst
2014;55:51–8.
[303] Tan Wen, Zhou Hong. Robust analysis of decentralized load frequency control for
multi-area power system. Electr Power Energy Syst 2012;43:996–1005.
[304] [1] Bevrani H. Mitani Y. Tsuji K. Robust decentralised load-frequency control
using an iterative linear matrix inequalities algorithm, in Generation,
Transmission And Distribution, IEE Proceedings- , vol.151, no.3, , May; 2004, pp.
347–354.
[305] Sudha KR, Santhi RVijaya. Robust decentralized load frequency control of
interconnected power system with Generation Rate Constraint using Type-2 fuzzy
approach. In Electrical Power and Energy Systems 33 ; 2011, 699–707.
[306] Mola SM, Jahed-Motlagh MR. Robust decentralized load frequency control of
multi-area power system via performance limitations using LMIs," in intelligent
control and information processing (ICICIP). In: Proceedings of the Fifth
International Conference on , vol., no., , 18-20 Aug. 2014, pp. 108–114.
[307] Tan Wen. "Unified tuning of pid load frequency controller for power systems via
imc," in power systems, ieee transactions on , vol.25, no.1, Feb; 2010, pp. 341–
1202
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 76 (2017) 1185–1207
350.
[308] Mi Yang, Fu Yang, Wang Chengshan, Wang PengDecentralized sliding mode load
frequency control for multi-area power systems, in power systems, ieee transac-
tions on , vol.28, no.4, Nov; 2013, pp. 4301–4309.
[309] Ming‐ShengYang. Decentralized sliding mode stabilizer design for multi-area
interconnected power systems," in industrial electronics, 2000. ISIE 2000.
Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE International Symposium on , vol.1, no., pp. 185–
190 vol.1; 2000.
[310] Kumar TA, Ramana NVDesign of optimal sliding mode controller for load
frequency control in multi-area deregulated thermal system," in emerging trends
in electrical engineering and energy management (ICETEEEM) international
conference on , vol., no., 13-15 Dec. 2012, pp. 44–51.
[311] Rittenhouse, B.D.; Sinha, A.. Optimal sliding mode Gaussian controller for a
hydropower plant, in american control conference (ACC) , vol., no., 17-19 June
2013, pp. 6535–6540.
[312] GuoXuejiaoGuoXiangjieLiu. Particle swarm optimization sliding mode control on
interconnected power system, in control conference (CCC) 33rd Chinese , vol., no.,
, 28-30 July 2014, pp. 93–97.
[313] MengXiangpingMengQingxianGongLeiFeng Wen, ZhengWeijunZhang. PI fuzzy
sliding mode load frequency control of multiarea interconnected power systems,"
in Intelligent Control IEEE International Symposium on, vol., no., 8-8 Oct. 2003,
pp. 1023–1027,
[314] Mi Yang, Yang Yang, Zhang Han, Aiqing Yu, Wang Limin, Ren Lufei. Sliding mode
based load frequency control for multi-area interconnected power system
containing renewable energy," in transportation electrification asia-pacific (ITEC
Asia-Pacific), 2014 IEEE conference and expo , vol., no., Aug. 31 2014-Sept. 3;
2014, pp. 1–6,
[315] Yang Ming-Sheng, Lu Hung-Ching. Sliding mode load-frequency controller design
for dynamic stability enhancement of large-scale interconnected power systems,in
industrial electronics, 1999. ISIE '99. proceedings of the ieee international
symposium on , vol.3, no., 1999, pp. 1316–1321.
[316] Mi Yang, Fu Yang, Li Dongdong, Wang Chengshan, Chiang Loh Poh, Wang Peng.
The sliding mode load frequency control for hybrid power system based On
disturbance observer. Electr Power Energy Syst 2016;74:446–52.
[317] Kondo, H.; Suzuki, Y.; Iwamoto, S.. A Load Frequency Control design using the
sliding mode control theory and disturbance observer, in IPEC conference
proceedings , vol., no., 27-29 Oct. 2010, pp. 159–164,
[318] Anil Kumar, T.; Ramana, N.V.. Tuning of Sliding mode observer optimal
parameters for load frequency control in coordination with frequency controllable
HVDC link in multi area deregulated power system, in electrical, electronics,
signals, communication and optimization (EESCO) international conference on ,
vol., no., 24-25 Jan. 2015, pp. 1–6.
[319] Xiaofeng Yu, Tomsovic K. Application of linear matrix inequalities for load
frequency control with communication delays, in power systems, IEEE transac-
tions on , vol.19, no.3, Aug; 2004, pp. 1508–1515.
[320] Koisap, C.; Kaitwanidvilai, S.. A novel robust load frequency controller for a two
area interconnected power system using LMI and compact genetic algorithms, in
TENCON 2009 - 2009 IEEE Region 10 conference , vol., no., 23-26 Jan. 2009pp.
1–6. .
[321] Rerkpreedapong, D.; Feliachi, A.. Decentralized H∞ load frequency control using
LMI control toolbox," in circuits and systems, 2003. ISCAS '03. In: Proceedings of
the 2003 international symposium on , vol.3, no., pp.III-411-III-414, 25-28 May
2003.
[322] Bevrani H, Mitani Y, Tsuji K. "Robust decentralised load-frequency control using
an iterative linear matrix inequalities algorithm," in Generation, Transmission
and Distribution, IEE Proceedings- , vol.151, no.3, pp. 347–354, May; 2004.
[323] Mola, S.M.; Jahed‐Motlagh, M.R.. "Robust decentralized load frequency control of
multi-area power system via performance limitations using LMIs," in Intelligent
Control and Information Processing (ICICIP) In: Proceedings of the Fifth
International Conference on , vol., no., pp. 108–114, 18-20 Aug. 2014;2014.
[324] Rerkpreedapong D, Hasanovic A, Feliachi A, Robust load frequency control using
genetic algorithms and linear matrix inequalities," in Power Systems, IEEE
Transactions on , vol.18, no.2, May; 2003, pp. 855–861.
[325] Zhu D, Hug-Glanzmann G. "Coordination of storage and generation in power
system frequency control using an H-infinity approach," in Generation,
Transmission & Distribution, IET , vol.7, no.11, pp. 1263–1271,
November; 2013.
[326] Dey Rajeeb, Ghosh Sandip, Ray G, Rakshit A. H-infinity load frequency control of
interconnected power systems with communication delays. Electr Power Energy
Syst 2012;42:672–84.
[327] Singh Vijay P, Mohanty Soumya R, Kishor Nand, Ray Prakash K. H-infinity
Robust Load Frequency Control In Hybrid Distributed Generation System. Electr
Power Energy Syst 2013;46:294–305.
[328] Maher Rami A, Mohammed Ismail A, Kasim Ibraheem Ibraheem. Polynomial
based H infinity robust governor for load frequency control in steam turbine
power systems. Electr Power Energy Syst 2014;57:311–7.
[329] Goshaidas Ray, Prasad AN, Prasad GD. A new approach to the design of robust
load-frequency controller for large scale power systems. Electr Power Syst Res
1999;51:13–22.
[330] Hasanvand Hamed, Mozafari Babak, Aavan MohamadR, Amraee Turaj.
Application of polynomial control to design a robust oscillation-damping con-
troller in a multimachine power system. ISA Trans 2015.
[331] Gupta, M.; Srivastava, S.. "A GMM-GFM Based Controller for LFC and AVR of a
Single Area Power System," in Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology
(ICETET), 2012 In: Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on , vol.,
no., pp. 216–219, 5-7 Nov. 2012.
R. Shankar et al.
[332] Dechang Yang, Rehtanz C, Li Yong, Deyou. Yang, "A hybrid method and its
applications to analyse the low frequency oscillations in the interconnected power
system," in Generation, Transmission & Distribution, IET , vol.7, no.8, pp. 874–
884, Aug; 2013.
[333] Rakhshani, E.; Rouzbehi, K.; Sadeh, S.. "A New Combined Model for Simulation of
Mutual Effects between LFC and AVR Loops," in Power and Energy Engineering
Conference, 2009. APPEEC 2009. Asia-Pacific, vol., no., pp. 1–5, 27-31 March
2003.
[334] Ali Raheel, Mohamed Tarek Hassan, Soliman Qudaih Yaser, Mitani Y. A new load
frequency control approach in an isolated small power systems using coefficient
diagram method. Electr Power Energy Syst 2014;56:110–6.
[335] LianfangKong; Lei. Xiao, "A New Model Predictive Control Scheme-Based Load-
Frequency Control," in Control and Automation, 2007. ICCA 2007. IEEE
International Conference on, vol., no., pp. 2514–2518, May 30, 2007-June 1
2007.
[336] Wu JiekangHanJunfengJiang Cheng; Jiang Cheng; Lu Wenling, "A New Strategy
for Tie-Line Power Regulation of Hydro-Thermal Interconnected Power System
Based on Benefit Analysis," in Power and Energy Engineering Conference, 2009.
APPEEC 2009. Asia-Pacific, vol., no., pp. 1–4, 27-31 March 2009.
[337] Xi Lei, Yu Tao, Yang Bo, Zhang Xiaoshun. A novel multi-agent decentralized win
or learn fast policy hill-climbing with eligibility trace algorithm for smart
generation control of interconnected complex power grids. Energy Convers Manag
2015;103:82–93.
[338] Ye Yuan Guojie, Li Lin, Cheng Yuanzhang, Sun Jianyun, Zhang Peng. Wang, “A
phase compensator for SVC supplementary control to eliminate time delay by
wide area signal input.”. Electr Power Energy Syst 2010;32:163–9.
[339] Izadkhast, S.; Garcia‐Gonzalez, P.; Frias, P.; Ramirez‐Elizondo, L.; Bauer, P..
"Aggregation of plug-in electric vehicles in distribution networks for primary
frequency control," in Electric Vehicle Conference (IEVC), 2014 IEEE
International , vol., no., pp. 1–7, 17-19 Dec. 2014.
[340] Jiang, L.; Yao, W.; Wen, J.Y.; Cheng, S.J.; Wu, Q.H.. "Delay-dependent stability
for load frequency control with constant and time-varying delays," in Power &
Energy Society General Meeting, 2009. PES '09. IEEE, vol., no., pp. 1–6, 26-30
July; 2009.
[341] Zhang Fang, Hu Zechun, Liu Hui, Song Yonghua. "Design of H2-optimal
structured state feedback controller for energy storage systems in power system
frequency regulation," in Power and Energy Society General Meeting (PES), 2013
IEEE , vol., no., pp. 1–5, 21-25 July; 2013.
[342] Kumar T.A. Ramana, N.V. Design of observer based optimal controller in co-
ordination with frequency controllable HVDC link in a multi area deregulated
power system, in Electrical, Electronics, Signals, Communication and
Optimization (EESCO), 2015 International Conference on , vol., no., pp.1-5, 24-
25 Jan. 2015.
[343] Kothari ML, Nanda J, Kothari DP, Das D. "Discrete-mode automatic generation
control of a two-area reheat thermal system with new area control error," in Power
Systems, IEEE Transactions on , vol.4, no.2, May; 1989. pp. 730–738,
[344] Barcelo WR. "Effect of Power Plant Response on Optimum Load Frequency
Control System Design," in Power Apparatus and Systems, IEEE Transactions on ,
vol.PAS-92, no.1, Jan; 1973, p. 254–258.
[345] Kumari N, Jha AN. "Frequency control of multi-area power system network using
PSO based LQR," in Power India International Conference (PIICON) 6th IEEE,
vol., no., , 5-7Dec.2014., pp. 1–6.
[346] Kusuma G, Jyothsna TR, "Improved performance of multi area load frequency
control in power systems via MOR," in Electrical, Electronics, Signals,
Communication and Optimization (EESCO), 2015 International Conference on ,
vol., no., pp. 1–8, 24-25 Jan. 2015.
[347] Paradkar Aniruddha, Davari Asad, *Feliachi Ali, Biswas Tamal. Integration of a
fuel cell into the power system using an optimal controller based on disturbance
accommodation control theory. J Power Sources 2004;128:218–30.
[348] Bevrani H, Daneshfar F, Daneshmand PR. "Intelligent automatic generation
control: Multi-agent Bayesian networks approach," in Intelligent Control (ISIC),
2010 IEEE International Symposium on, vol., no., pp. 773–778, 8-10 Sept; 2010.
[349] Rasolomampionona Desire, Anwar Sohail. Interaction between phase shifting
transformers installed in the tie-lines of interconnected power systems and
automatic frequency controllers. Electr Power Energy Syst 2011;33:1351–60.
[350] Nagarjuna K, Krishnarayalu DrMS. ADRC for Two-Area LFC [November]. Int J
Eng Res Technol (IJERT) 2014;3(11).
[351] Sreedhar Madichetty A, Dasgupta LV Suresh. Kumar, “Application of modular
multilevel converter for AGC in an interconnected power system.”. Electr Power
Energy Syst 2016;74:293–300.
[352] Hasanvand Hamed, Mozafari Babak, Aavan MohamadR, Amraee Turaj,
Application of polynomial control to design a robust oscillation-damping con-
troller in a multimachine power system. In ISA Transactions.
[353] Chen Haoyong, Ye Rong, Wang Xiaodong, Lu Runge. "Cooperative Control of
Power System Load and Frequency by Using Differential Games," in Control
Systems Technology, IEEE Transactions on , vol.23, no.3, pp. 882–897,
May; 2015.
[354] Tan Wen, Hao Yuchun, Li Donghai. Load frequency control in deregulated
environments via active disturbance rejection. Electr Power Energy Syst
2015;66:166–77.
[355] Farhangi Reza, Boroushaki Mehrdad, Hosseini Seyed Hamid. Load–frequency
control of interconnected power system using emotional learning-based intelligent
controller. Electr Power Energy Syst 2012;36:76–83.
[356] Kanniah Jagannathan, Tripathy SC, Malik OP, Hope GS. "Microprocessor-based
adaptive load-frequency control," in Generation, Transmission and Distribution,
IEE Proceedings C , vol.131, no.4, pp. 121–128, July; 1984.
1203
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 76 (2017) 1185–1207
[357] Liu Shichao, Liu XiaopingP, ElSaddik Abdulmotaleb. Modeling and distributed
gain scheduling strategy for load frequency control in smart grids with commu-
nication topology changes. ISA Trans 2014;53:454–61.
[358] Dong Lili, Zhang Yao. "On design of a robust load frequency controller for
interconnected power systems," in American Control Conference (ACC), 2010 ,
vol., no., pp. 1731–1736, June 30, 2010-July 2; 2010.
[359] Yang Jin-Shyr, Chen Nanming. Short term hydrothermal coordination using
multi-pass dynamic programming [August]. IEEE Trans Power Syst
1989;4(3):1050–6.
[360] de Haan JES, Gibescu M, Klaar DAM, Kling WL. Sizing and allocation of
frequency restoration reserves for LFC Block cooperation. Electr Power Syst Res
2015;128:60–5.
[361] Chen Dingguo, Kumar S, York M, Wang Lu, "Smart Automatic Generation
Control," in Power and Energy Society General Meeting, 2012 IEEE , vol., no., pp.
1–7, 22-26 July 2012.
[362] Pingkang Li, Yongzhen Ma. "Some new concepts in modern automatic generation
control realization," in Power System Technology, 1998. Proceedings.
POWERCON '98. 1998 International Conference on, vol.2, no., pp. 1232–1236
vol.2, 18-21 Aug; 1998.
[363] El-Shimy M. Stability-based minimization of load shedding in weakly intercon-
nected systems for real-time applications. Electr Power Energy Syst
2015;70:99–107.
[364] Foord TR. "Step response of a governed hydrogenerator," in Electrical Engineers,
Proceedings of the Institution of , vol.125, no.11, pp. 1247–1248,
November; 1978.
[365] Tan Wen. "Unified Tuning of PID Load Frequency Controller for Power Systems
via IMC," in Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on , vol.25, no.1, pp. 341–350,
Feb; 2010.
[366] Hoan WayneT, Chow Mark. "Transient Stability Analysis for Sohio Prudhoe Bay
Emergency Power System," in Industry Applications, IEEE Transactions on , vol.
IA-22, no.3, pp. 430–434, May; 1986.
[367] Zheng Gang, Craven R. "Multiclass support vector machines for power system
disturbances classification based on wide-area frequency measurements," in
Southeastcon, 2011 Proceedings of IEEE , vol., no., pp. 68–72, 17-20 March;
2011.
[368] Premakumaran N, Parthasarathy K, Khincha HP, Chidambara MR. "Multilevel
load frequency control (a perturbational approach)," in Proceedings of the IEEE,
vol.69, no.6, pp. 762–764, June; 1981.
[369] Quazza G. "Noninteracting Controls of Interconnected Electric Power Systems," in
Power Apparatus and Systems [vol.PAS-85, no.7]. IEEE Trans on
1966(July):727–41.
[370] Hojo, M.; Ohnishi, T.; Mitani, Y.; Saeki, O.; Ukai, H.. "Observation of frequency
oscillation in western Japan 60 Hz power system based on multiple synchronized
phasor measurements," in Power Tech Conference Proceedings, 2003 IEEE
Bologna, vol.2, no., pp.6 pp. Vol.2-, 23-26 June 2003.
[371] Han Zhong‐xuHuangHuan‐paoZhi ZhangSunYing"OptimizationYing DesignSun.
Optimization design on boiler-turbine coordinated control system with automatic
generation control, in power system technology and ieee power india conference,
2008. POWERCON 2008. joint international conference on, vol., no., 12-15 Oct.
2008pp. 1–6.
[372] Guo Wencheng, Yang Jiandong, Yang Weijia, Chen Jieping, Teng Yi. Regulation
quality for frequency response of turbine regulating system of isolated hydro-
electric power plant with surge tank. Electr Power Energy Syst 2015;73:528–38.
[373] Muzhikyan Aramazd, Farid Amro M, Youcef-Toumi Kamal. Relative merits of load
following reserves & energy storage market integration towards power system
imbalances. Electr Power Energy Syst 2016;74:222–9.
[374] El-Emary AA, El-Shibina MA. Application of static VAR compensation for load
frequency control. Electr Mach Power Syst 1997;25(9):1009–22.
[375] Shankar Ravi, Chatterjee Kalyan, Chatterjee TK. FACTS based controller for
interconnected hydrothermal poweR system [April]. Int J Eng Sci Technol
(IJEST) 2012;4(04), [April].
[376] Bhongade, S.; Eappen, G.; Gupta, H.O.. Coordination control scheme by SSSC and
TCPS with redox flow battery for optimized automatic generation control," in
renewable energy and sustainable energy (ICRESE) international conference on ,
vol., no., 5-6 Dec. 2013, pp. 145–150.
[377] Hagh, M.Tarafdar; Morsali, J.; Zare, K.; Muttaqi, K.M.. "Introducing FOPLC
based TCSC in coordination with AGC to improve frequency stability of
interconnected multi-source power system," in power engineering conference
(AUPEC) Australasian Universities , vol., no., 27-30 Sept. 2015, pp. 1–6,
[378] Panda Sidhartha, Swain Sarat Chandra, Mahapatra Srikanta. A hybrid BFOA–
MOL approach for FACTS-based damping controller design using modified local
input signal. Electr Power Energy Syst 2015;67:238–51.
[379] Eskandar Gholipour Seyyed Mostafa Nosratabadi. A new coordination strategy of
SSSC and PSS controllers in power system using SOA algorithm based on Pareto
method. Electr Power Energy Syst 2015;67:462–71.
[380] Deepak M, Abraham Rajesh Joseph. Load following in a deregulated power
system with thyristor controlled series compensator. Electr Power Energy Syst
2015;65:136–45.
[381] Shayeghi H, Shayanfar HA, Jalili A. LFC-Design-of-a-Deregulated-Power-System-
with-TCPS-Using-PSO. Int J Electr Comput Energ Electron Commun Eng
2009;Vol:3(No:4).
[382] [1] Bhatt, P. Ghoshal, S.P. Roy, R. Ghosal, S. Load frequency control of
interconnected restructured power system along with DFIG and coordinated
operation of TCPS-SMES," in power electronics, drives and energy systems
(PEDES) & 2010 power india, 2010 joint international conference on , vol., no., ,
20-23 Dec. 2010, pp.1-6.
R. Shankar et al.
[383] Sheikh1 MRI, Takahashi R, Tamura J. Robust stabilizing controllers to automatic
generation control for load frequency control application. J Sci Res J Sci Res
2010;2(2):285–93.
[384] Ray, P.K.; Mohanty, S.R.; Kishor, N.; , "Small‐SignalMohanty A. "Small-signal
analysis of hybrid distributed generation system with hvdc-link and energy
storage elements," in emerging trends in engineering and technology (ICETET).
In: Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on , vol., no., 16-18 Dec.
2009pp. 1–6..
[385] Shankar Ravi, Bhushan Ravi, Chatterjee Kalyan. Small-signal stability analysis for
two-area interconnected power system with load frequency controller in coordi-
nation with FACTS and energy storage device [June]. Ain Shams Eng J
2016;7(2):603–12, [June].
[386] Chaudhuri B, Pal BC, Zolotas AC, Jaimoukha IM, Green TC. Mixed-sensitivity
approach to H∞ control of power system oscillations employing multiple FACTS
devices, in power systems [Aug]. IEEE Trans on 2003;18(3):1149–56, [Aug].
[387] Kunisch HJ, Kramer KG, Dominik H. Battery Energy Storage: another option for
load-frequency-control and instantaneous reserve, in power engineering review
[Sept]. IEEE, Vol PER 1986;6(9):24–5, [Sept].
[388] Lu Chun-Feng, Liu Chun-Chang, Wu Chi-Jui. Effect of battery energy storage
system on load frequency control considering governor deadband and generation
rate constraint, in energy conversion [Sep]. IEEE Trans on 1995;10(3):555–61,
[Sep].
[389] Banerjee S, Chatterjee JK, Tripathy SC. Application of magnetic energy storage
unit as load-frequency stabilizer, in energy conversion [Mar]. IEEE Trans on
1990;5(1):46–51, [Mar].
[390] Nomura S, Tsutsui H, Tsuji-Iio S, Shimada R. "Flexible Power Interconnection
With SMES," in Applied Superconductivity [June]. IEEE Trans on
2006;16(2):616–9, [June].
[391] Sasaki T, Kadoya T, Enomoto K. Study on load frequency control using redox flow
batteries,in power systems [Feb]. IEEE Trans on 2004;19(1):660–7, [Feb].
[392] Aditya SK, Das D. Battery energy storage for load frequency control of an
interconnected power system. Electr Power Syst Res 2001;58:179–85.
[393] Tripathy SC, Balasubramanian R, Nair PSC. Adaptive automatic generation
control with superconducting magnetic energy storage in power systems in energy
conversion [Sep]. IEEE Trans on 1992;7(3):434–41, [Sep].
[394] Sundaram, V.S.; Jayabarathi, T.. An effect of SMES using automatic generation
control in a multi area power system," in recent advancements in electrical,
electronics and control engineering (ICONRAEeCE) international conference on ,
vol., no., 15-17 Dec. 2011, pp. 182–186,
[395] Deepak, M.. "Analysis of TCPS-SMES coordination in a multi area thermal system
with automatic generation control," in circuit, power and computing technologies
(ICCPCT) international conference on , vol., no., 20-21 March 2014, pp. 612–615,
[396] Ngamroo I, Mitani Y, Tsuji K. Application of SMES coordinated with solid-state
phase shifter to load frequency control, in applied superconductivity [June]. IEEE
Trans on 1999;9(2):322–5, [June].
[397] Chidambaram, I.A.; Francis, R.. "Automatic generation control of a two area
reheat interconnected power system based on CPS using fuzzy neural network," in
emerging trends in electrical and computer technology (ICETECT) international
conference on , vol., no., 23-24 March 2011pp. 200–205. .
[398] LuoWeihua, LuoYibinShiAutomatic generation control strategies under cps based
on particle swarm optimization algorithm,(ICECE). In: Proceedings of
theInternational conference on electrical and control engineering vol., no., pp.
3400‐3403, 25‐27 Junepp. 3400–3403.
[399] Padhan Saroj, Sahu Rabindra Kumar, Panda Sidhartha. Automatic generation
control with thyristor controlled series compensator including superconducting
magnetic energy storage units. Ain Shams Eng J 2014;5:759–74.
[400] Praghnesh Bhatt Ranjit Roy, Ghoshal SP. Comparative performance evaluation of
SMES–SMES, TCPS–SMES and SSSC–SMES controllers in automatic generation
control for a two-area hydro–hydro system. Electr Power Energy Syst
2011;33:1585–97.
[401] Prasun Sanki1,Soumyadeep Ray,Rakesh RajanRakeshRajanShukla,Debapriya
DasDebapriya, effect of diff controllers & capacitive energy storage on two area
interconected power system model using matlab. In.
[402] Rajaguru V, Sathya R. Effect of SMES unit in a restructured power system
considering gdb non – linearity [February]. Int J Eng Res Technol (IJERT)
2015;4(02), [February].
[403] Hsu Cheng-Ting. Enhancement of transient stability of an industrial cogeneration
system with superconducting magnetic energy storage unit, in energy conversion
[Dec]. IEEE Trans on 2002;17(4):445–52.
[404] Kalyani, S.; Nagalakshmi, S.; Marisha, R."Load frequency control using battery
energy storage system in interconnected power system," in computing commu-
nication & networking technologies (ICCCNT). In: Proceedings of the third
international conference on , vol no, 26-28 July; 2012 pp. 1–6.
[405] Sudha KR, Santhi R Vijaya. Load Frequency control of an interconnected reheat
thermal system using type-2 fuzzy system including smes units. Electr Power
Energy Syst 2012;43:1383–92.
[406] Guha, D.; Roy, P.K.; Banerjee, S.. Optimal Design of Superconducting Magnetic
Energy Storage Based Multi-area Hydro-Thermal System Using Biogeography
Based Optimization, in Emerging Applications of Information Technology (EAIT).
In: Proceedings of the fourth international conference of, vol no, 19-21 Dec; 2014
p. 52–57..
[407] Tada M, Mitani Y, Tsuji K. Power control by superconducting magnetic energy
storage for load change compensation and power system stabilization in inter-
connected power system, in Applied Superconductivity [June]. IEEE Trans on
1995;5(2):250–3.
[408] Tripathy SC, Juengst K-P. Sampled data automatic generation control with
1204
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 76 (2017) 1185–1207
superconducting magnetic energy storage in power systems," in energy conversion
[Jun]. IEEE Trans on 1997;12(2):187–92.
[409] Gholinezhad, J.; Tirtashi, M.R.S.; , "SMES and CESSMES and CES controllers
design for load frequency stabilization in two-area interconnected system," in
Electrical Engineering (ICEE). In: Proceedings of the 19th Iranian Conference on ,
vol., no., , 17-19 May; 2011 pp. 1–1.
[410] VShanmuga Sundaram V, JayabarathiT.. SMES Based multi area LFC. In
international conference on recent advancements in electrical, electronics and
Control Engineering,.2011.
[411] Chatterjee, K.; Sankar, R.; Chatterjee, T.K.. SMES Coordinated with SSSC of an
interconnected thermal system for load frequency control, in power and energy
engineering conference (APPEEC) Asia-Pacific, vol, no, , 27-29 March; 2012 pp.
1–4.
[412] Antonishen, M.P.; Hai YueHan; Brekken, T.K.A.; von Jouanne, A.; Yokochi, A.;
Halamay, D.A.; SongJiajiaSong; DBNaviaux, D.B.Davidson, J.D.; Bistrika, A.. A
methodology to enable wind farm participation in automatic generation control
using energy storage devices, in power and energy society general meeting IEEE,
vol, no, 22-26 July; 2012, pp. 1–7.
[413] Amano, H.; Ohshiro, Y.; Kawakami, T.; Inoue, T.. Utilization of battery energy
storage system for load frequency control toward large-scale renewable energy
penetration, in Innovative smart grid technologies (ISGT Europe). In: Proceedings
of the 3rd IEEE PES international conference and exhibition on, vol no, 14-17
Oct. 2012,p. 1–7.
[414] Ngamroo, I.. A stabilization of frequency oscillations using a power modulation
control of HVDC link in a parallel AC-DC interconnected system, in power
conversion conference, 2002. PCC-Osaka 2002. In: Proceedings of the, vol.3, no;
2002 p. 1405–10.
[415] Panda Sidhartha, Yegireddy Narendra Kumar. Automatic generation control for
dc-link power system. Electr Power Energy Syst 2013;53:54–63.
[416] Ibraheem Nizamuddin, Bhatti TS. AGC of two area power system interconnected
by ACDC links with diverse sources in each area. Electr Power Energy Syst
2014;55:297–304.
[417] Chandrashekar, M.J.; Jayapal, R.. Design and comparison of I, PI, PID and Fuzzy
logic controller on AGC deregulated power system with HVDC link, in circuits,
controls and communications (CCUBE). In: Proceedings of the 2013 international
conference on, vol no, 27-28 Dec p. 1–6.
[418] Shanmukharao, L.; Ramana, N.V.. LFC scheme for multi area deregulated power
system connected with HVDC link, in power electronics, drives and energy
systems (PEDES). In: Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on, vol,
no, 16-19 Dec; 2012 pp. 1–6.
[419] Arioua, L.; Marinescu, B.. "Large-scale implementation and validation of multi-
variable control with grid objectives of an HVDC link," in power systems
computation conference (PSCC) , vol no, 18-22 Aug; 2014 p. 1–7.
[420] Mahdavian, M.; Wattanapongsakorn, N.; Azadeh, M.Ayati, A.; Poudeh, M.Bayati;
Jabbari, M.; Bahadory, S.. Load frequency control for a two-area HVAC/HVDC
power system using hybrid genetic algorithm controller, in electrical engineering/
electronics, computer, telecommunications and information technology (ECTI-
CON). In: Proceedings of the 9th international conference on, vol no, 16-18 May
2012 pp. 1–4.
[421] Asano H, Yajima K, Kaya Y. Influence of photovoltaic power generation on
required capacity for load frequency control. IEEE Trans Energy Convers
1996;11(1):188–93.
[422] Datta M, Senjyu T, Yona A, Funabashi T, Kim CH. A frequency-control approach
by photovoltaic generator in a PV-diesel hybrid power system. IEEE Trans Energy
Convers 2011;26(2):559–70.
[423] Datta M, Senjyu T, Yona A, Funabashi T, Kim CH. A coordinated control method
for leveling PV output power fluctuations of PV-diesel hybrid systems connected
to isolated power utility. IEEE Trans Energy Convers 2009;24(1):153–62.
[424] Datta M, Senjyu T, Yona A, Funabashi T. Minimal-order observer-based coordi-
nated control method for isolated power utility connected multiple photovoltaic
systems to reduce frequency deviations. IET Renew Power Gener
2010;4(2):153–64.
[425] Schlueter RA, et al. Modification of power system operation for significant wind
generation penetration. IEEE Trans Power Appar Syst 1983;102(1):153–61.
[426] Curtice DH, Reddoch TW. An assessment of load frequency control impacts
caused by small wind turbines. IEEE Trans Power Syst 1983;102(1):162–70.
[427] Amenedo JLR, Arnalte S, Burgos JC. Automatic generation control of a wind farm
with variable speed wind turbines. IEEE Trans Energy Convers
2002;17(2):279–84.
[428] Bhatti TS, Kothari DP. Variable structure load-frequency control of isolated wind–
diesel–micro-hydro hybrid power systems. J Inst Eng 2002;83:52–6.
[429] Lingling Fan, Zhixin Miao, Dale Osborn. Wind farms with HVDC delivery in load
frequency control. IEEE Trans Power Syst 2009;24(4):1894–5.
[430] Javid SH, Hauth RL, Younkins TD, Reddoch TW, Barnes PR. "A Method for
Determining How to Operate and Control Wind Turbine Arrays in Utility
Systems," in Power Apparatus and Systems [June]. IEEE Trans , Vol PAS
1985;104(6):1335–41, [June].
[431] Matsushita S, Yukita K, Goto Y, Ichiyanagi K, Aoki H, Mizutani Y. Automatic
generation control using GA considering distributed generation,in ieee; 2002.
[432] Antonishen, M.P.; HaiYue Han; Brekken, T.K.A.von Jouanne, A.; Yokochi, A.;
Halamay, D.A.. D.A.; Jiajia Song; Naviaux, D.B.; Davidson, J.D.; Bistrika, A., "A
methodology to enable wind farm participation in automatic generation control
using energy storage devices," in Power and Energy Society General Meeting,
2012 IEEE , vol, no, 22-26 July; 2012, pp. 1–7,.
[433] Senjyu, T.; Tokudome, M.; Uehara, A.; Kaneko, T.; Yona, A.; Sekine, H.. Chul-
Hwan Kim, A new control methodology of wind farm using short-term ahead wind
R. Shankar et al.
speed prediction for load frequency control of power system," in Power and
Energy Conference, 2008. PECon 2008. IEEE 2nd International, vol no, 1-3 Dec;
2008,pp. 425–430..
[434] Hilloowala RM, Sharaf AM. A rule-based fuzzy logic controller for a PWM inverter
in a standalone wind energy conversion scheme, in Industry Applications [Jan/
Feb]. IEEE Trans on 1996;32(1):57–65.
[435] Variani MH, Tomsovic K. "Distributed automatic generation control using
flatness-based approach for high penetration of wind generation," in power
systems [Aug]. IEEE Trans on 2013;28(3):3002–9.
[436] Ma Miaomiao, Chen Hong, Liu Xiangjie, Allgöwer Frank. Distributed model
predictive load frequency control of multi-area interconnected power system.
Electr Power Energy Syst 2014;62:289–98.
[437] YanYujiaYan Yi, ZhangXiangjie Liu, Distributed MPC strategy with application to
AGC in the presence of variable speed wind turbine," in control conference (CCC),
2015 34th Chinese , vol no, 28-30 July; 2015 p. 4151–55.
[438] Chien LRC, LinWT , Yin YC. Enhancing frequency response control by DFIGs in
the high wind penetrated power systems. IEEE Trans Power Syst
2011;26(2):710–8.
[439] Manickavasagam K. Load Frequency control of DFIG - Isolated and grid
connected mODE [No. 1, April]. Int J Appl Power Eng (IJAPE) 2012;1(pp.
29~36).
[440] Tang Yanmei, Bai Yan, Huang Congzhi, Du Bin. Linear active disturbance
rejection-based load frequency control concerning high penetration of wind
energy. Energy Convers Manag 2015;95:259–71.
[441] Dianwei Qian,ShiwenTongHongLiu, Load frequency control by neural-network-
based integral sliding mode for nonlinear power systems with wind turbines.
Neuro-computing; 2017, (In press).
[442] Mohamed Tarek Hassan, Morel Jorge, Bevrani Hassan, Hiyama Takashi. Model
predictive based load frequency control design concerning wind turbines. Electr
Power Energy Syst 2012;43:859–67.
[443] Uctug Y, Demirekler M. Modelling, analysis and control of a wind-turbine driven
self-excited induction generator, in generation, transmission and distribution
[Jul]. IEE Proc C 1988;135(4):268–75, [Jul].
[444] Chaine S, Tripathy M, Satpathy S. NSGA-II based optimal control scheme of wind
thermal power system for improvement of frequency regulation characteristics.
Ain Shams Eng J 2015.
[445] de Almeida RG, Castronuovo ED, Peas Lopes JA. Optimum generation control in
wind parks when carrying out system operator requests, in Power Systems [May].
IEEE Trans on 2006;21(2):718–25, [May].
[446] Pandey, G.; Bhongade, S.. Participation of DFIG based wind turbine generator in
Load Frequency Control with linear quadratic regulator, in India Conference
(INDICON). In: Proceedings of the annual IEEE, vol no, 11-13 Dec; 2014pp. 1–6.
[447] de Almeida RG, Peas Lopes JA. Participation of doubly fed induction wind
generators in system frequency regulation, in power systems [Aug]. IEEE Trans
on 2007;22(3):944–50, [Aug].
[448] de Almeida RG, Peas Lopes JA. Participation of doubly fed induction wind
generators in system frequency regulation, in power systems [Aug]. IEEE Trans
on 2007;22(3):944–50, [Aug].
[449] LiYunLiDelinWang Cheng, GuoYiboLi. Research on DFIGs' participation in
frequency regulation and penetration ratio of wind power integration, in power
system technology (POWERCON). In: Proceedings of the international conference
on, vol no, 20-22 Oct; 2014 p. 2700–2705.
[450] Morren J, de Haan SWH, Kling WL, Ferreira JA. Wind turbines emulating inertia
and supporting primary frequency control,in power systems [Feb]. IEEE Trans on
2006;21(1):433–4, [Feb].
[451] Castro LM, Fuerte-Esquivel CR, Tovar-Hernandez JH. Solution of power flow with
automatic load-frequency control devices including wind farms, in power systems
[Nov]. IEEE Trans on 2012;27(4):2186–95, [Nov].
[452] Chang-Chien Le-Ren, Yin Yao-Ching. Strategies for operating wind power in a
similar manner of conventional power plant, in energy conversion [Dec]. IEEE
Trans on 2009;24(4):926–34, [Dec].
[453] Singh B, Kasal GK. Voltage and frequency controller for a three-phase four-wire
autonomous wind energy conversion system, in energy conversion [June]. IEEE
Trans on 2008;23(2):509–18, [June].
[454] Bleijs JAM. Wind turbine dynamic response difference between connection to
large utility network and isolated diesel micro-grid, in renewable power genera-
tion [June]. IET 2007;1(2):95–106, [June].
[455] Mallesham G, Mishra S, Jha AN. Automatic generation control of microgrid using
artificial intelligence techniques," in power and energy society general meeting
IEEE, vol no, 22-26 July; 2012 p. 1–8.
[456] Chao-HuiHuangChao‐Hui Zhang, Xiao‐GangYaoYao. A method for micro-gird
automatic generation control, in electronics, communications and control
(ICECC) international Conference on , vol., no., 9-11 Sept; 2011 p. 1224–27.
[457] ZhaoHongZhao Guiping, ZhuChengXu. A novel frequency control strategy of
micro-source based on. In: Proceedings of the secondary frequency regulation of
power system,in electricity distribution (CICED) China international conference
on, vol., no., 10-14 Sept; 2012pp. 1–6.
[458] Tanaka Kenichi , et al. Balancing control method by dispersed generators based on
H∞ control theory in DC power feeding system. Renew Energy 2011;36:163–8.
[459] Scott GW, Wilreker VF, Shaltens RK. Wind turbine generator interaction with
diesel generators on an isolated power system, in power apparatus and systems
[May]. IEEE Trans , Vol PAS 1984;103(5):933–7, [May].
[460] Masuta T, Yokoyama A. Supplementary load frequency control by use of a number
of both electric vehicles and heat pump water heaters. IEEE Trans Smart Grid
2012;3(3):1253–62.
[461] Izadkhast, S.; Garcia‐Gonzalez, P.; Frias, P.; Ramirez‐Elizondo, L.; Bauer, P..
1205
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 76 (2017) 1185–1207
Aggregation of plug-in electric vehicles in distribution networks for primary
frequency control," in electric vehicle conference (IEVC), 2014 IEEE International
, vol no, 17-19 Dec; 2014 p. 1–7.
[462] Tang Yufei, Yang Jun, Yan Jun, He Haibo. Intelligent load frequency controller
using GrADP for island smartgrid with electric vehicles and renewable resources.
Neurocomputing 2015;170:406–16.
[463] Moon Young-Hyun, Ryu Heon-Su, Park Jong-Keun, A new paradigm of automatic
generation control under the deregulated environments, in power engineering
society winter meeting IEEE, vol.1, no; 2000, pp. 21–25.
[464] Donde V, Pai MA, Hiskens IA. Simulation and optimization in an AGC system
after deregulation, in power industry computer applications, 2001. pica 2001.
innovative computing for power - electric energy meets the market. In:
Proceedings of the 22nd IEEE power engineering society international conference
on , vol., no; 2001, pp. 104–105.
[465] Rakhshani E, Sadeh J. Simulation of two-area AGC system in a competitive
environment using reduced-order observer method," in Electricity Market, 2008.
EEM 2008. In: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on European ,
vol., no; 28-30 May; 2008, p. 1–6.
[466] Pal, A.K.; Bera, P.; Chakraborty, K.. AGC in two-area deregulated power system
using reinforced learning neural network controller, in automation, control,
energy and systems (ACES). In: Proceedings of the First International Conference
on , vol., no, , 1-2 Feb; 2014, pp. 1–6.
[467] Sekhar, K.Chandra; Vaisakh, K.. Application of VSC/SMC controllers for auto-
matic generation control in deregulated environment, in intelligent systems and
control (ISCO) In: Proceedings of the 7th international conference on , vol., no., 4-
5 Jan; 2013, p. 210–18.
[468] Padhy, B.P.; Tyagi, B.. Artificial neural network based multi area automatic
generation control scheme for a competitive electricity market environment, in
power systems. ICPS '09. International Conference on, vol., no., 27-29 Dec;
2009pp. 1–6.
[469] Bakken BH, Grande OS. Automatic generation control in a deregulated power
system," in power systems, ieee transactions on, vol.13, no.4, Nov; 1998, pp.
1401–1406.
[470] Parida, M. Nanda, J. Automatic generation control of a hydro-thermal system in
deregulated environment," in electrical machines and systems, 2005. ICEMS
2005. Proceedings of the eighth international conference on , vol.2, no., Vol. 2, 29-
29 Sept; 2005, pp. 942–47.
[471] Nain Pardeep, Parmar KP Singh, Singh AK. Automatic Generation Control of an
Interconnected Power System before and After Deregulation [January]. Int J
Comput Appl (0975 – 8887) 2013;61–(15), [January].
[472] Kothari, M.L.; Sinha, N.; Rafi, M.. "Automatic generation control of an inter-
connected power system under deregulated environment," in power quality '98 ,
vol., no., , 18 Jun; 1998, pp. 95–102..
[473] Ram, P.; Jha, A.N.. "Automatic generation control of interconnected hydro-
thermal system in deregulated environment considering generation rate con-
straints," in Industrial Electronics, Control & Robotics (IECR), 2010
International Conference on , vol., no., pp. 148–159, 27-29 Dec. 2010 in
Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exhibition 2002: Asia Pacific.
IEEE/PES, vol.3, no., pp. 1579–1583 vol.3, 6-10 Oct; 2002.
[474] Gaurav PratapGauravPratapRana,Rahul Umrao, ChaturvedeD.K.. automatic gen-
eration control with polar fuzzy controller considering generation rate constraint
in deregulated power system. In IEEE - International Conference on Advances in
Engineering, Science and Management (ICAESM -2012) March 30, 31, 2012.
[475] Morattab A, Shafiee Q, Bevrani H. Decentralized model predictive load-frequency
control for deregulated power systems in a tough situation, in powertech [19-23
June]. 2011 IEEE Trondheim 2011(vol., no):1–5.
[476] Kumar, T.A.; Ramana, N.V.. "Design of optimal sliding mode controller for load
frequency control in multi-area deregulated thermal system," in emerging trends
in electrical engineering and energy management (iceteeem). In: Proceedings of
the 2012 international conference on , vol., no., 13-15 Dec. 2012, pp. 44–51..
[477] Sinha, N.; Lei LaiLoi, Lei LaiRao, V.G.. "GA optimized PID controllers for
automatic generation control of two area reheat thermal systems under deregu-
lated environment," in electric utility deregulation and restructuring and power
technologies, 2008. DRPT 2008. In: Proceedings of the third international
conference on , vol., no., 6-9 April; 2008, pp. 1186–1191..
[478] Singh Parmar KP, Majhi S, Kothari DP. LFC of an interconnected power system
with multi-source power generation in deregulated power environment. Electr
Power Energy Syst 2014;57:277–86.
[479] Deepak M, Abraham Rajesh Joseph. Load following in a deregulated power
system with Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator. Electr Power Energy Syst
2015;65:136–45.
[480] HaoYuchunHao Wen, TanDonghaiLi. Decentralized active disturbance rejection
Control for LFC in deregulated environments," in control conference (CCC), 2014
33rd Chinese , vol., no., 28-30 July; 2014, pp. 3719–3724..
[481] Christie RD, Bose A. Load frequency control issues in power system operations
after deregulation," in power industry computer application conference, 1995.
conference proceedings, 1995 IEEE , vol., no., , 7-12 May; 1995, pp. 18–23..
[482] Gandhi, N.F.; Mohan, Y.K.; Rao, A.V.. Load frequency control of interconnected
power system in deregulated environment considering generation rate con-
straints, in advances in engineering, science and management (ICAESM) inter-
national conference on , vol., no., 30-31 March; 2012, pp. 22–25.
[483] Rakhshani E, Sadeh J, Load frequency control of multi-area restructured power
system," in power system technology and ieee power india conference, 2008.
POWERCON 2008. joint international conference on , vol., no.,12-15 Oct; 2008,
pp. 1–7.
[484] Chandra Sekhar GT, Sahu Rabindra Kumar, Baliarsingh AK, Panda Sidhartha.
R. Shankar et al.
Load frequency control of power system under deregulated environment using
optimal firefly algorithm. Electr Power Energy Syst 2016;74:195–211.
[485] Chandra Sekhar GT, Sahu RK, Panda S. "Load frequency control with fuzzy-pid
controller under restructured environment," in control, instrumentation, com-
munication and computational technologies (ICCICCT). In: Proceedings of the
international conference on , vol., no., , 10-11 July 2014, pp. 112–117.
[486] Kumar N, Tyagi B, Kumar V. Multiarea automatic generation control using model
predictive based control in deregulated environment in Energy Economics and
Environment (ICEEE). In: Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on ,
vol., no., 27-28 March; 2015, pp. 1–6.
[487] Thirunavukarasu R, Chidambaram IA. PI2 controller based coordinated control
with Redox Flow Battery and Unified Power Flow Controller for improved
Restoration Indices in a deregulated power system. Ain Shams Eng J 2015.
[488] ShanmukhaRao1 L, Ramana NVenkata. Recent philosophies of AGC of a hydro-
thermal system in deregulated environment. In International Journal of Advances
in Engineering & Technology, Jan; 2012.
[489] Kumar N, Tyagi B, Kumar V. Variable structure system control for automatic
generation control scheme in deregulated environment," in electrical, electronics,
signals, communication and optimization (EESCO) international conference on ,
vol., no., 24–25 Jan; 2015, pp. 1–6.
[490] Anil Kumar, T.; Ramana, N.V.. Tuning of sliding mode observer optimal
parameters for load frequency control in coordination with frequency controllable
HVDC link in multi area deregulated power system, in electrical, electronics,
signals, communication and optimization (EESCO) International Conference on ,
vol., no, 24-25 Jan.2015 pp. 1–6.
[491] Abdel‐Magid, Y.L.; Dawoud, M.M., Genetic algorithms applications in load
frequency control, in genetic algorithms in engineering systems: innovations and
applications, 1995. GALESIA. In: Proceedings of the First International
Conference on (Conference Publ. No. 414), vol., no, 12-14 Sep; 1995. pp. 207–
213.
[492] Wrate CA, Wozniak L. "Hydrogenerator system identification using a simple
genetic algorithm," in Energy Conversion [Mar]. IEEE Trans on 1997;12(1):60–5,
[Mar].
[493] Al-Hamouz ZM, Al-Duwaish HN. A new load frequency variable structure
controller using genetic algorithms. Electr Power Syst Res 2000;55:1–6.
[494] PingkangLiPingkang Zhu, HengjunLiYuyun. Genetic algorithm optimization for
AGC of multi-area power systems, in TENCON '02. Proceedings IEEE region 10
conference on computers, communications, control and power engineering, vol.3,
no., 28-31 Oct; 2002, p. 1818–21 .
[495] Joshi, G.K.. Automatic generation control of power using genetic algorithm," in
computer research and development. In: Proceedings of the second international
conference on , vol., no, 7-10 May; 2010, pp. 876–880.
[496] Saxena A, Gupta M, Gupta V. Automatic generation control of two area
interconnected power system using Genetic algorithm, in computational intelli-
gence & computing research (ICCIC) IEEE international conference on, vol., no;
18-20 Dec. 2012 pp. 1–5.
[497] Rani Poonam, Avtar Mr Ram. Automatic load frequency control of two area power
system using genetic algorithm [August]. Int J Eng Res Technol (IJERT)
2013;2(8), [August].
[498] Juang Chia-Feng, Lu Chun-Feng. Power system load frequency control with fuzzy
gain scheduling designed by new genetic algorithms,in Fuzzy Systems, 2002.
FUZZ-IEEE'02. In: Proceedings of the 2002 IEEE international conference on,
vol.1, no; 2002, pp. 64–68.
[499] Ghoshal SP, Goswami SK. Application of GA based optimal integral gains in fuzzy
based active power-frequency control of non-reheat and reheat thermal generat-
ing systems. Electr Power Syst Res 2003;67:79–88.
[500] Shankar, R.; Chatterjee, K.; Chatterjee, T.K.. "Genetic algorithm based controller
for Load-Frequency Control of interconnected systems," in Recent Advances in
Information Technology (RAIT) In: Proceedings of the 1st International
Conference on , vol., no., pp. 392–397, 15-17 March 2012;2012.
[501] Sidhartha Panda Narendra Kumar Yegireddy. Automatic generation control of
multi-area power system using multi-objective non-dominated sorting genetic
algorithm-II. Electr Power Energy Syst 2013;53:54–63.
[502] Swathi Nair M, Sathish Kumar R, Prasanth B Venkata. New control strategy for
improvement of transient behaviour in multi area interconnected power system
with emphasis on robust genetic algorithm [October]. Int J Eng Res Technol
(IJERT) 2013;2(10), [October].
[503] Fatemeh Daneshfar Hassan Bevrani. Multi objective design of load frequency
control using genetic algorithms. Electr Power Energy Syst 2012;42:257–63.
[504] Daneshfar F, Bevrani H. Load-frequency control: a GA-based multi-agent
reinforcement learning, in Generation [January]. Transm Distrib, IET
2010;4(1):13–26, [January].
[505] Matsushita, S.; Yukita, K.; Goto, Y.; Ichiyanagi, K.; Aoki, H.; Mizutani, Y,
"Automatic generation control using GA considering distributed generation," in
Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exhibition 2002: Asia Pacific.
IEEE/PES, vol.3, no, 6-10 Oct; 2002 p. 1579–83.
[506] Chaine S, Tripathy M, Satpathy S. NSGA-II based optimal control scheme of wind
thermal power system for improvement of frequency regulation characteristics.
Ain Shams Eng J 2015.
[507] LuoWeihua, LuoYibinShi. Automatic generation control strategies under cps
based on particle swarm optimization algorithm," in electrical and control
engineering (ICECE). In: Proceedings of the international conference on, vol no,
25-27 June; 2010, pp. 3400–03.
[508] Mostafa Hossam E, El-Sharkawy Metwally A, Emary Adel A, Yassin Kamel. Design
and allocation of power system stabilizers using the particle swarm optimization
technique for an interconnected power system. Electr Power Energy Syst
1206
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 76 (2017) 1185–1207
2012;34:57–65.
[509] Kumari, N.; Jha, A.N.. Frequency control of multi-area power system network
using PSO based LQR," in power india international conference (PIICON) 6th
IEEE, vol, no, Dec; 2014, p. 1–6, 5-7.
[510] Gautam, S.K.; Goyal, N.. "Improved particle swarm optimization based load
frequency control in a single area power system," in India Conference (INDICON).
In: Proceedings of the annual IEEE, vol no, 17-19 Dec; 2010, pp. 1–4,.
[511] Bhatt P, Ghoshal SP, Roy R. Load frequency stabilization by coordinated control
of Thyristor Controlled Phase Shifters and superconducting magnetic energy
storage for three types of interconnected two-area power systems. Electr Power
Energy Syst 2010;32:1111–24.
[512] Shayeghi H, Shayanfar HA, Jalili A. LFC-Design-of-a-Deregulated-Power-System-
with-TCPS-Using-PSO. Int J Electr Comput Energ Electron Commun Eng
2009;Vol: 3(No: 4).
[513] Rout UmeshKumar, Sahu RabindraKumar, Panda Sidhartha. Design and analysis
of differential evolution algorithm based automatic generation control for inter-
connected power system, in Ain Shams Engineering Journal 4; 2013, 409–421.
[514] Mohanty Banaja, Panda Sidhartha, Hota PK. Controller parameters tuning of
differential evolution algorithm and its application to load frequency control of
multi-source power system. Electr Power Energy Syst 2014;54:77–85, [2014].
[515] Sahu Rabindra Kumar, Panda Sidhartha, Rout Umesh Kumar. DE optimized
parallel 2-DOF PID controller for load frequency control of power system with
governor dead-band nonlinearity. Electr Power Energy Syst 2013;49:19–33.
[516] Sahu BK, Pati S, Panda S. Hybrid differential evolution particle swarm optimi-
sation optimised fuzzy proportional–integral derivative controller for automatic
generation control of interconnected power system [11]. Gener Transm Distrib
IET 2014;8(11):1789–800, [11].
[517] Sahu Rabindra Kumar, Sekhar GT Chandra, Panda Sidhartha. DE optimized fuzzy
PID controller with derivative filter for LFC of multi-source power system in
deregulated environment. Ain Shams Eng J 2015;6:511–30.
[518] Sahu Rabindra Kumar, Panda Sidhartha, Padhan Saroj. A hybrid firefly algorithm
and pattern search technique for automatic generation control of multi area power
systems. Electr Power Energy Syst 2015;64:9–23.
[519] Dash, P.; Saikia, L.C.; Sinha, N.. "AGC of a multi-area interconnected system with
FACTS and firefly optimized 2DOF PID controller," in control, instrumentation,
energy and communication (CIEC). In: Proceedings of the 2014 international
conference on, vol no, Jan. 31 2014-Feb; 2014 pp. 397–401.
[520] Chandra Saikia, L.; Chowdhury, A.; Shakya, N.; Shukla, S.; Soni, P.K.. AGC of a
multi area gas-thermal system using firefly optimized IDF controller, in India
Conference (INDICON). In: Proceedings of the annual IEEE vol no, 13-15 Dec.
2013 p. 1–6.
[521] Naidu K, Mokhlis H, Bakar AHA, Terzija V, Illias HA. Application of firefly
algorithm with online wavelet filter in automatic generation control of an
interconnected reheat thermal power system. Electr Power Energy Syst
2014;63:401–13.
[522] Panda Sidhartha, Chandra Swain Sarat, Mahapatra Srikanta. A hybrid BFOA–
MOL approach for FACTS-based damping controller design using modified local
input signal. Electr Power Energy Syst 2015;67:238–51.
[523] Ali ES, Abd-Elazim SM. BFOA based design of PID controller for two area Load
Frequency Control with nonlinearities. Electr Power Energy Syst
2013;51:224–31.
[524] Balasundaram Paramasivam, Akilandam Chidambaram Ilangi. ABC Algorithm
based Load- Frequency Controller for an interconnected Power System
Considering nonlinearities and Coordinated with UPFC and RFB [March]. Int J
Eng Innov Technol (IJEIT) 2012;1(3), [March].
[525] El-Fergany Attia A, Abdelaziz Almoataz Y. Capacitor placement for net saving
maximization and system stability enhancement in distribution networks using
artificial bee colony-based approach. Electr Power Energy Syst 2014;54:235–43.
[526] Naidu K, Mokhlis H, Bakar AHA. Multiobjective optimization using weighted sum
Artificial Bee Colony algorithm for Load Frequency Control. Electr Power Energy
Syst 2014;55:657–67.
[527] El Yakine Kouba, N.; Menaa, M.; Hasni, M.; Boudour, M.. Optimal load frequency
control based on artificial bee colony optimization applied to single, two and
multi-area interconnected power systems, in control, engineering & information
technology (CEIT). In: Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on, vol no,
25-27 May 2015,pp. 1–6.
[528] Mokhlis, H.; Naidu, K.; Bakar, A.H.A.; Terzija, V.. Performance investigation of
ABC algorithm for automatic generation control of a three area interconnected
power system, in engineering and technology (BICET,. In: Proceedings of the 5th
Brunei international conference on, vol no, Nov; 2014, p. 1–6..
[529] El Yakine Kouba, N.; Menaa, M.; Hasni, M.; Boudour, M.. A novel robust
automatic generation control in interconnected multi-area power system based on
bat inspired algorithm, in control, engineering & information technology (CEIT).
In: Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on, vol no, 25-27 May; 2015,
pp. 1–6.
[530] Sathya MR, Ansari M Mohamed Thameem. Load frequency control using Bat
inspired algorithm based dual mode gain scheduling of PI controllers for
interconnected power system. Electr Power Energy Syst 2015;64:365–74.
[531] Khooban Mohammad Hassan, Niknam Taher. A new intelligent online fuzzy
tuning approach for multi-area load frequency control Self Adaptive Modified Bat
Algorithm. Electr Power Energy Syst 2015;71:254–61.
[532] Sahu Rabindra Kumar, Panda Sidhartha, Sekhar GT Chandra. A novel hybrid
PSO-PS optimized fuzzy PI controller for AGC in multi area interconnected power
systems. Electr Power Energy Syst 2015;64:880–93.
[533] Shayeghi H, Shayanfar HA, Jalili A. LFC-Design-of-a-Deregulated-Power-System-
with-TCPS-Using-PSO. Int J Electr Comput Energ, Electron Commun Eng
R. Shankar et al.
2009;Vol:3(No:4).
[534] Singh Dhillon Sukhwinder, Singh Lather Jagdeep, Marwaha Sanjay. Multi area
load frequency control using particle swarm optimization and fuzzy rules.
Procedia Comput Sci 2015;57:460–72.
[535] El Yakine Kouba, N.; Menaa, M.; Hasni, M.; Boudour, M.. Optimal control of
frequency and voltage variations using PID controller based on particle swarm
optimization," in systems and control (ICSC) 2015. In: Proceedings of the 4th
international conference on, vol no, 28-30 April; 2015 p. 424–29.
[536] Kouba, N.E.Y.; Menaa, M.; Hasni, M.; Boussahoua, B.; Boudour, M.. Optimal load
frequency control in interconnected power system using PID controller based on
particle swarm optimization, in electrical sciences and technologies in maghreb
(CISTEM). In: Proceedings of the international conference on, vol no, 3-6 Nov;
2014,pp. 1–8.
[537] Kumari, N.; Jha, A.N.. "Particle swarm optimization and gradient descent
methods for optimization of pi controller for agc of multi-area thermal-wind-
hydro power plants," in computer modelling and simulation (UKSim) UKSim. In:
Proceedings of the 15th international conference on , vol no, 10-12 April; 2013 p.
536–41.
[538] GuoXuejiao, GuoXiangjieLiu. "Particle swarm optimization sliding mode control
on interconnected power system," in Control Conference (CCC). In: Proceedings of
the 33rd Chinese, vol no, 28-30 July; 2014,p. 93–97.
[539] Ghatuari, I.; Mishra, N.; Sahu, B.K.. Performance analysis of automatic generation
control of a two area interconnected thermal system with nonlinear governor
using PSO and DE algorithm, in energy efficient technologies for sustainability
(ICEETS). In: Proceedings of the international conference on, vol no, 10-12 April;
2013 p. 1262–1266.
[540] Shiva CK, Mukherjee V. A novel quasi-oppositional harmony search algorithm for
AGC optimization of three-area multi-unit power system after deregulation. Eng
Sci Technol Int J 2015.
[541] Shiva CK, Mukherjee V. A novel quasi-oppositional harmony search algorithm for
automaticgeneration control of power system. Appl Soft Comput 2015;35:749–65.
[542] Shiva Chandan Kumar, Mukherjee V. Automatic generation control of intercon-
nected power system for robust decentralized random load disturbances using a
novel quasi-oppositional harmony search algorithm. Electr Power Energy Syst
2015;73:991–1001.
[543] Shiva Chandan Kumar, Shankar G, Mukherjee V. Automatic generation control of
power system using a novel quasi-oppositional harmony search algorithm. Electr
Power Energy Syst 2015;73:787–804.
[544] Pati, T.K.; Nayak, J.R.; Sahu, B.K.. Application of TLBO algorithm to study the
performance of automatic generation control of a two-area multi-units inter-
connected power system, in signal processing, informatics, communication and
energy systems (SPICES). In: Proceedings of the IEEE international conference
on, vol no, 19-21 Feb; 2015, pp. 1–5.
[545] Sahu Rabindra Kumar, Gorripotu T Sekhar, Panda Sidhartha. Automatic gen-
eration control of multi-area power systems with diverse energy sources using
Teaching Learning Based Optimization algorithm. Eng Sci Technol, Int J 2015.
[546] Dash Puja, Saikia Lalit Chandra, Sinha Nidul. Comparison of performances of
several FACTS devices using Cuckoo search algorithm optimized 2DOF controllers
in multi-area AGC. Electr Power Energy Syst 2015;65:316–24.
[547] Abdel aziz AY, Ali ES. Cuckoo Search algorithm based load frequency controller
design for nonlinear interconnected power system. Electr Power Energy Syst
2015;73:632–43.
[548] Eskandar Gholipour Seyyed Mostafa Nosratabadi. A new coordination strategy of
SSSC and PSS controllers in power system using SOA algorithm based on Pareto
method. Electr Power Energy Syst 2015;67:462–71.
[549] Wang Ling, Yang Ruixin, Pardalos Panos M, Qian Lin, Fei Minrui. An adaptive
fuzzy controller based on harmony search and its application to power plant
control. Electr Power Energy Syst 2013;53:272–8.
[550] Sahu Rabindra Kumar, Panda Sidhartha, Padhan Saroj. A novel hybrid gravita-
tional search and pattern search algorithm for load frequency control of nonlinear
power system. Appl Soft Comput 2015;29:310–27.
[551] Sahu Binod Kumar, Pati Tridipta Kumar, Nayak Jyoti Ranjan, Panda Sidhatrha,
Kar Sanjeeb Kumar. A novel hybrid LUS–TLBO optimized fuzzy-PID controller
for load frequency control of multi-source power system. Electr Power Energy Syst
2016;74:58–69.
[552] Sharma Yatin, Saikia Lalit Chandra. Automatic generation control of a multi-area
ST – Thermal power system using Grey Wolf Optimizer algorithm based classical
controllers. Electr Power Energy Syst 2015;73:853–62.
[553] Khodabakhshian A, Ezatabadi Pour M, Hooshmand R. Design of a robust load
frequency control using sequential quadratic programming technique. Electr
Power Energy Syst 2012;40:1–8.
1207
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 76 (2017) 1185–1207
[554] Pothiya aravuth, Ngamroo Issarachai, Runggeratigul Suwan, Tantaswadi Prinya.
Design of optimal fuzzy logic based PI controller using multiple Tabu Search
Algorithm for Load Frequency Control [April]. Int J Control Autom Syst
2006;4(2):155–64, [April].
[555] Pothiya Saravuth, Ngamroo Issarachai, Runggeratigul Suwan, Tantaswadi Prinya.
Design of optimal fuzzy logic based PI controller using multiple Tabu Search
Algorithm for Load Frequency Control [April]. Int J Control, Autom, Syst
2006;4(2):155–64, [April].
[556] Abbas Taher Seyed, Hajiakbari Fini Masoud, Falahati Aliabadi Saber. Fractional
order PID controller design for LFC in electric power systems using imperialist
competitive algorithm. Ain Shams Eng J 2014;5:121–35.
[557] Yesil Engin. Interval type-2 fuzzy PID load frequency controller using BigBang Big
Crunch optimization. Appl Soft Comput 2014;15:100–12.
[558] Aggarwal RP, Bergseth FR. "Large signal dynamics of load-frequency control
systems and their optimization using nonlinear programming: ii," in power
apparatus and systems [Feb]. IEEE Trans on 1968;vol.PAS-87(2):532–8, [Feb].
[559] Pati, T.K.; Sahu, B.K.. Application of hybrid DEPSO algorithm to study the
performance of different PID controller structures for automatic generation
control of a two-area multi-units interconnected power system, in circuit, power
and computing technologies (ICCPCT). In: Proceedings of the international
conference on, vol, no, 20-21 March; 2014pp. 787–791.
[560] Eidson, D.B.; Ilic, M.D.. Advanced generation control with economic dispatch, in
Decision and Control. In: Proceedings of the 34th IEEE conference on , vol.4, no,
13-15 Dec; 1995, pp. 3450–58.
[561] Kwatny, H.G.; Athay, T.A.. Coordination of economic dispatch and load-frequency
control in electric power systems, in decision and control including the sympo-
sium on adaptive processes. In: Proceedings of the 18th IEEE conference on, vol.
2, no, 12-14 Dec. 1979p. 703–14.
[562] Brewer C, Charles GF, Parish CCM, Prewett JN, Salthouse DC, Terry BJ.
"Performance of a predictive automatic load-dispatching system," in Electrical
Engineers, Proceedings of the Institution of, vol.115, no.10, October; 1968, p.
1577–86.
[563] Chaturvedi DK, Sinha AP, Malik OP. Short term load forecast using fuzzy logic and
wavelet transform integrated generalized neural network. Electr Power Energy
Syst 2015;67:230–7.
[564] Sadaei Hossein Javedani, Enayatifar Rasul, Abdullah Abdul Hanan, Gani
Abdullah. Short-term load forecasting using a hybrid model with a refined
exponentially weighted fuzzy time series and an improved harmony search. Electr
Power Energy Syst 2014;62:118–29.
[565] Gopi, P.; Reddy, P.L.. A critical review on AGC strategies in interconnected power
system, in sustainable energy and intelligent systems (SEISCON, IET Chennai. In:
Proceedings of the fourth international conference on, vol no, 12-14 Dec; 2013,p.
85–92.
[566] Pandey Amit, Gupta Archana. A literature survey load frequency control of two
area power system [September]. Inte rnational J Eng Technol Manag Appl Sci
2015;3(9).
[567] Ibraheem I, Kumar P, Kothari DP. "Recent philosophies of automatic generation
control strategies in power systems," in Power Systems [Feb]. IEEE Trans on
2005;20(1):346–57, [Feb].
[568] Tanıdır O, Cebeci ME, Gencog˘lu C, Tor OB. A strategy to enhance AGC
performance of power systems that suffer inter-area oscillations and a case study
for Turkish power system. Electr Power Energy Syst 2012;43:941–53, [2012].
[569] ParkHyun‐Shin, ParkKern‐Joong Kim, "A study on AGC scheme based on real
time frequency characteristics," in universities power engineering conference,
2008. UPEC 2008. In: Proceedings of the 43rd international, vol no, 1-4 Sept;
2008. p. 1–5.
[570] Garcia, D.J.; Loreto, J.L., Automatic generation control of the caruachi hydro-
electric power plant," in transmission & distribution conference and exposition:
latin America, 2006. TDC '06. IEEE/PES , vol., no., 15-18 Aug; 2006, p. 1–6.
[571] Chan ML, Dunlop RD, Schweppe F. "Dynamic equivalents for average system
frequency behavior following major distribances," in power apparatus and
systems [July 19]. IEEE Trans on 2015;vol.PAS-91(4):1637–42, [July 19].
[572] Moghadam MF, Dunford WG, Vaahedi E, Metcalfe M. Evaluation of NERC’s BRD
frequency control standard in hydroelectric generation, in power & energy society
general meeting IEEE , vol., no., 26-30 July; 2015, pp. 1–5.
[573] Ozer B, Arikan O, Moral G, Altintas A. Extraction of primary and secondary
frequency control from active power generation data of power plants. Electr Power
Energy Syst 2015;73:16–22.
[574] Hammons TJ. Integrating renewable energy sources into european grids," in
universities power engineering conference. UPEC '06. In: Proceedings of the 41st
international , vol.1, 6-8 Sept; 2006. pp. 142–51.