Associate Professor.

Dr. Heba Mahmoud Afify

Common Units for Kinetic Quantities
Kinematics & Kinetics
Kinematics
describing movements with
respect to time and space
Kinetics
examines the forces that produce
the movement and result from
the movement
 Types of motion
 Linear (translation)
 all parts travel the same
distance in the same time
along the same path
 Angular motion
 parts rotate around an
axis of rotation
General Motion
Most movements are
likely a combination of
both linear and
angular motion
What might we measure?
Kinematics: Spatial and temporal components
 Speed
 distance / time (m/s)
 Velocity
 displacement / time (m/s)
 Acceleration
 velocity / time (m/s2)
What might we measure?
Kinetics
 Inertia
 a body’s resistance to being moved
 Force
 a push or pulling action on the body (lbs, N)
(nb: 1 lb = 4.45N)
 Velocity : Speed and direction of the body
 Acceleration :Change in velocity involving the speed or
direction
 Angular velocity : Angle that is rotated in a given unit of time
 Angular acceleration: Change of angular velocity for a unit of
time
 Force: Any action that changes or tends to change the motion
of an object
 Pressure: Ratio of force to the area over which force is applied
 Gravity: Natural force that pulls all objects toward the center
of the earth
 Center of gravity
 Friction :Force that occurs when surfaces come in contact and
results from the sliding of one surface on the other
 Work
 Force that is applied to a body through a distance and in
direction of the force
 Power
 Amount of work accomplished in one unit of time

 Energy
 Capacity of the body to perform work
 Kinetic energy
 Potential energy
 Torque
 Twisting, turning, or rotary force related to the
production of angular acceleration
Kinematics:
 Distance versus Displacement
 distance = length travelled
along a path, a scalar quantity
 displacement = vector
connecting a point to the origin
or from one point to another
point later in time
(in SI, abbreviation for
displacement is s).

Displacement: is the straight line distance and direction

Distance: the length of the path traversed
 What might we measure?
 Angular displacement
 change in location of rotating body
 Angular distance
 angle between initial and final positions when
measured by following the path of the body
 angular motion consider in degrees, revolutions, or
radians
 1 radian = 57.3 degrees
 1 revolution = 360 degrees
 1 revolution = 6.28 radians
 Angular Velocity: angular displacement / time (degree/s)
 Angular Acceleration: angular velocity / time (degrees/s2)
What might we measure?
Angular Kinetics
 Torque
 turning effect on a body measured as the product of
force and moment arm length (e.g., changing tires)
 Moment of inertia
 resistance to rotary motion that results from
combination of mass and distribution of the mass of an
object
 minimize resistance to angular rotation must move
mass closer to axis of rotation (e.g., choking-up
in baseball, spinning in skating or gymnastics)
Examples of linear speed or velocity
 Tennis: 125 mph (56 m/s) serve
 Pitching: 90 mph (40 m/s) fastball
 Running:
• Marathon: 26.2 mi in 2 hr 10 min
– v = 12.1 mph = 5.4 m/s
• Sprinting: 100 m in 9.80 s
– v = 10.20 m/s = 22.95 mph
• Football: “4.4 speed” (40 yd in 4.4 s)
– v = 9.09 m/s = 20.45 mph
 Typical units: m/s, km/hr, ft/s, mph
 Examples of angular speed/velocity
 Cycling cadence: 90 rpm
 Body joint angular velocities:
• Kicking: soccer player’s peak knee extension
ω = 2400 deg/s = 6.7 rev/s
• Throwing: pitcher’s peak elbow extension
ω = 1225 deg/s = 3.4 rev/s
• Jumping: volleyball player’s peak knee extension
ω = 974 deg/s = 2.7 rev/s
 Typical units: deg/s, rad/s, rpm
 Acceleration
 Acceleration:
– Describes rate of change of linear and angular velocity
with respect to time.
– Vector only - no scalar equivalent
 Example – angular acceleration
 Throwing a baseball
• Ball velocity correlates quite strongly (r = .75) with
shoulder internal rotation speed at release
• Angular speed of shoulder internal rotation increases
from zero to 1800 deg/s in 26 ms just prior to release...

 Typical units:
• Linear: m/s2, ft/s2
• Angular: deg/s2, rad/s2
Instantaneous vs. average velocity
Average velocity may not be meaningful in
actions where many changes in direction
occur.
 Instantaneous velocity is usually more
important
– specifies how fast and in what direction one is
moving at one particular point in time
– magnitude of instantaneous velocity is exactly
the same as instantaneous speed
 Instantaneous measures
 Distance running: split times
– Decreasing time over which we examine kinematic
information gives us more detail about performance.

• Sprinting:
Difference: Δt = 0.100 s.
But, where was the race won or lost?
 IMPORTANT
Association between position, velocity, and
acceleration:
– Velocity: rate of change of position w.r.t. time
– Acceleration: rate of change of velocity w.r.t. time
– Instantaneous velocity is reflected by the slope of
the position curve at some instant in time.
– Instantaneous acceleration is reflected by the slope
of the velocity curve at some instant in time.
 Review
 Kinematics  Kinetics
 linear motion  linear motion
 displacement,  mass,inertia
velocity..  Angular Motion
 Angular Motion  torque, moment
 angular of inertia
displacement…
Work & Power
 Mechanical Work
 W= F ·d (Joules)
 W= F ·d·cos ()
d
 Power: rate of work
 P = W/t (Watts)
W
 P = F ·v
 P = F ·(d/t)
Moments of Force (Torque)
 Effect of a force that
tends to cause rotation
about an axis
 M = F ·d (Nm)
 If F and d are 
 Force through axis
Equilibrium
 Sum of forces and the sum of moments must equal
zero
 F=0
 M=0
 Dynamic Equilibrium
 Must follow equations of motions
 F=mxa
 T=Ix
Vector analysis
Scalar: magnitude alone
 Described by magnitude (Size or amount)
 Ex. Speed of 8 km/hr
Vector: magnitude and direction (minimally)
 Described by magnitude and direction
 Ex. Velocity of 8 km/hr heading northwest
Vectors may be combined:
addition, subtraction, or multiplication
Resolution of Vectors
What is the vertical
velocity (A)?
What is the horizontal
velocity (B)?
A & B are components of
resultant (R)
 Levers
 What do levers have to do with human movement?
 EVERYTHING!
 Levers are rigid bars (in the body, bones) that move
around an axis of rotation (a joint) or fulcrum
 Forces (supplied by muscles) cause the movement to
occur
Lever Functions
 Magnify a force
 A simple crow bar
 Increase speed and range-of-motion (ROM)
 Small amount of muscular contraction proximally can
produce lots of movement distally
Lever Functions
 Balance torques
 A triple beam scale
 Change direction of force
 A seesaw or a pulley of a weight machine
Lever Types
 First, second, and third class
 Arrangement of the applied force, the fulcrum, and
the resistance determines the classification
 Classification determines the lever’s strengths and
weaknesses
First Class
 FAR
 When axis close to force, produces speed
and ROM, when close to resistance,
produces power
 About 25% of the muscles in your body
operate as first class levers

Force
Resist.

Axis
R
F

Axis
R
F

Axis
 Force

Resist.

Example: Neck
Axis
extension
Second Class
 ARF
 Very few occurrences in the body
 Gain resultant force (you can lift more), lose distance

Force
Force

Resist. Axis
Third Class
 RFA
 As much as 85% of the muscles in the body
function as third class levers
 Usually produce speed at the expense of force
 Greater lever length = greater speed (ex.)

Force
 Example
What is the Biceps muscle force needed to
maintain this position?
Free body diagram assuming
parallel forces Unknowns:
Muscle force
Joint reaction force
 Example
A baseball player hits a triple to deep center field. As he is approaching
third base, he notices that the incoming throw to the catcher is wild, and
he decides to break for home plate. The catcher retrieves the ball 10 m
from the plate and runs back toward the plate at a speed of 5 m/s. As the
catcher starts running, the base runner, who is traveling at a speed of 9
m/s, is 15 m from the plate. who will reach the plate first?
 Example
For the two positions of the upper limb shown below,
compare the deltoid muscle force D and the shoulder joint
reaction force. Assume the deltoid is the only muscle
which acts to keep the humerus in the horizontal position.
The deltoid makes an angle of with the horizontal.
W1 = 1.4 kg, W2 = 1.1 kg, W3 = 0.5 kg, d1 = 10 cm, d2 =
13 cm, d3 = 25 cm, d4 = 22 cm
 Assignment #2
 Virtual Rehabilitation
 Telerehabilitation
• Types of Electrogoniometer
• Adv. And disadv. of Electrogoniometer
• limb prosthetics: Upper Limb
• Compare between Prosthesis and Orthosis
• Considerations when choosing a prosthesis
• Characteristics of a successful prosthesis
Submit your assignment at 11-3-2020
Thank you for your kind
attention!