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6/24/2015

University of Central Florida


Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering

Instructor: Dr. RICARDO ZAURIN

Today’s Lecture
• Permeability (Chapter 7)

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What is permeability?
A measure of how easily a fluid (e.g., water) 
can pass through a porous medium (e.g., 
soils) 

water

Loose soil Dense soil


- easy to flow - difficult to flow
- high permeability - low permeability

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Bernoulli’s Equation
From fluid mechanics, according Bernoulli’s
equation, The energy (head) of a fluid particle
is made of:
1. Kinetic energy fluid particle
‐ due to velocity

z
2. Strain energy
‐ due to pressure

datum
3. Potential energy
‐ due to elevation (z) with respect to a datum

Bernoulli’s Equation

Expressing energy in unit of length:

2 fluid particle
Velocity head 
2g
+ z
Total
head (h) = Pressure head  u
w
+ datum

Elevation head  z
2 u
h  z
2g w
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Bernoulli’s Equation
For flow through soils, velocity (and thus velocity head) is
very small. Therefore,

0
fluid particle
Velocity head 
+
z

Total head = Pressure head 
+ datum
Elevation head 
Total head = Pressure head + Elevation head
u
h7  z
w

Some Notes
If flow is from A to B, total head is higher at A 
than at B. 

Energy is dissipated in  water
overcoming the soil 
resistance and hence  B
A
is the head loss.

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Some Notes
At any point within the flow regime: 

Pressure head = pore water pressure/w

Elevation head = height above the selected datum 

Piezometrics= standpipes installed at points to 
measure the pressure of the water.

Piezometric A piezometer tip 


containing a 
porous element is 
connected via rigid 
tubing to ground 
level. Piezometric
pressure at the tip 
is indicated by the 
head of water 
which develops 
inside the 
standpipe tubing. 
This water level is 
normally 
determined by 
lowering a 
dipmeter probe 
from ground level, 
but remote 
reading systems 
can also be 
supplied.

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h  hA  hB
Loss of Head
u  u 
h   A  z A    B  z B 
w  w 

Some Notes
The head loss can also be expressed in a nondimensional
for as 
Hydraulic gradient (i) between A and B is the total head 
loss per unit length. 
water

hA  hB h
i  A
B
l AB l AB

length AB, along the 
stream line 12

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Variation of the velocity with 
the hydraulic gradient

•Fractured rocks, gravels and very coarse sand, 
turbulent conditions may apply

•For  most soils,  the flow of water through the 
void spaces is considered laminar.

v i

Darcy’s Law

Darcy’s Law
Velocity (v) of flow  is proportional to the 
hydraulic gradient (i) – Darcy (1856)

v i
v k i
Coeficient of Permeability
• or hydraulic conductivity
• unit of velocity (cm/s)

The amount of water flowing through the 
soil in unit time (seepage q) can be 
determined as: Where A is the cross 
q  vA 14
sectional area of the soil

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Permeability Importance?
Soil permeability and infiltration rates influence: 
• irrigation strategies
• fertilizing strategies
• pesticide applications. 
• Water Quality
• Ponds
• Slope stability
• Soil strength
• Quick sands?
• Dikes, Dams…..

TYPICAL PERMEABILITIES

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Permeability Importance?

Permeability Importance?

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Permeability Importance?
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iVldbCIY8
os
• http://www.ebaumsworld.com/video/watch/
646784/
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bWEWVw
7TGk4&feature=related

Permeability – Hydraulic Conductivity

Depends on several factors:
• Fluid Viscosity
• Grain‐size distribution
• Void Ratio
• Degree of Saturation
• Others

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Viscosity?
• Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance 
to flow. 

Viscosity?
• Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to 
flow.

– It describes the internal friction of a moving fluid.

– A fluid with large viscosity resists motion because its 
molecular makeup gives it a lot of internal friction. 

– A fluid with low viscosity flows easily because its 
molecular makeup results in very little friction when it 
is in motion.

– It is affected by Temperature

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Viscosity?

Variation of Viscosity with 
Temperature

Viscosity?
Permeability varies with viscosity, then  depending on 
the temperature k should be adjusted accordingly.  It is 
conventional to express k at 20oC.    
k 20o C   T C k o
o

 o  TC
 20 C 

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Measuring Permeability
[A] Laboratory
• Constant head test
• Falling head test

[B] Field
• Pumping tests
• Borehole infiltration 
tests

Measuring Permeability
[A] Laboratory

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Test Apparatus
Permeameters

Ruler

Vacuum Source

Balance

Watch (or Stopwatch)

Thermometer

Filter

Constant Head Permeameter
Suitable for clean sands 
and fine gravels

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Constant Head Permeameter
Q  Avt
Q  A(ki)t
h
i
L
 h
Q  A k t
 L
QL
k
Aht
Correct based on Temperature

Constant Head Permeameter:  Example
Table 7.2
Temp=22oC
i=75/100=0.75

D=75.694 mm q=1000cm3/min= 16.7x10‐6 m3/sec =Q/t

A=(75.69/2)2=4500mm2=4.5x10‐3m2

75 mm QL  Q  L  1
k    
Aht  t  h  A

k
q 
(i ) A
Outflow 
100 mm
is 1 liter  k  4.95 x10 3 m / s
every 
minute Temperature Correction?

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Correction by Temperature
Permeability varies with viscosity, then  depending on 
the temperature k should be adjusted accordingly.  It is 
conventional to express k at 20oC.    
k 20o C   T C k o
o

 o  TC
 20 C 

Constant Head Permeameter:  Example
Table 7.2   Factor=0.953
Temp=22oC
i=75/100=0.75

D=75.694 mm q=1000cm3/min= 16.7x10‐6 m3/sec =Q/t

A=(75.69/2)2=4500mm2=4.5x10‐3m2

75 mm QL  Q  L  1
k    
Aht  t  h  A

k
q 
(i ) A
Outflow 
100 mm
is 1 liter  k  4.95 x10 3 m / s
every 
minute k  0.953 x 4.95 x10 3 m / s
k  4.72 x10 3 m / s

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Falling head permeameter

Suited to low 
permeability 
materials ‐ silts 
and clays

Falling head permeameter


h For the soil 
q  kiA  k   A specimen
L
dh
q a At any instant in 
the standpipe
dt
h  dh  The flow is the 
q  k   A    a same for both
L  dt 
aL  dh  Integrating 
dt    between h1 and 
Ak  h  h2

aL  h1 
t ln  aL  h1 
Ak  h2  k ln 
At  h2 

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Field testing – drawdown test

Field testing – drawdown test
Pumping well

q r1
Water
r2 table

h1
h2

Impermeable boundary
Drawdown -
phreatic line

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