Chapter 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary, conclusions, and

recommendations of the study.

Summary of Findings

This study investigated the phytochemicals present and the bio-

efficacy of the crude ethanolic extract of Makabuhay plant (Tinosporarumphii)

as stored grain protectant against rice weevils (Sitophilusoryzae L.).

Specifically, this study sought to answer the following questions: the

phytochemicals present in the crude ethanolic extract of Makabuhay

(Tinosporarhumpii) stem, roots, and leaves; the repellency and mortality

effects of the crude ethanolic extract of Makabuhay (Tinosporarhumpii) stem,

roots and leaves on rice weevils (Sitophilusoryzae L.); the bio-efficacy of

crude ethanolic extract of Makabuhay plant (Tinosporarhumpii) as stored

grain protectant against rice weevil (Sitophilusoryzae L.); and the orientation

program that can be developed based on the findings. Further, the study

used descriptive-experimental research design. The data and materials used

were collected at Lala Proper, Lala, Lanao del Norte and the extraction of the

needed ethanolic extract took

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place at the Chemistry Laboratory of North Central Mindanao Colllege at

Maranding, Lala, Lanao del Norte for the school year 2018-2019.

The following are the findings of the study.

1. Heavy presence of alkaloids and steroids is observed in all plant

parts. Flavonoids are also heavily present in the stem and roots but

it is present in medium amount in the leaf parts. Saponins on the

other hand is heavily present on the leaves but is present in turbid

amount in both stem and roots. Tannins, cyanogenic glycosides and

anthraquinones are not observed in all plant parts;

2. The commercial insecticide concentrations are mostly repelled by

the rice weevils. However, in terms of crude ethanolic extract of

Makabuhay (Tinospora rhumpii) plant, the roots at 15%

concentration level are mostly repelled by the rice weevils;

3. The use of commercial insecticide has the most mortality effect with

a ratio of 96%. This is followed of the crude ethanolic extract of

Makabuhay (Tinospora rhumpii) roots part. Distilled water proved no

effect to the life of rice weevils (Sitophilus oryzae L.) while ethanol

solution concentration has shown little effect to the mortality of rice

weevils (Sitophilus oryzae L.).;

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4. The higher the concentration of the plant extract, the higher

mortality and repellency effect to rive weevils (Sitophilus oryzae L.);

and

5. An orientation program was developed based on the findings to

orient the participants about the use of Makabuhay (Tinospora

rhumpii) plant extract as grain protectant against rice weevils

(Sitophilus oryzae L.).

Conclusions

The findings conclude that Makabuhay (Tinospora rhumpii) plant

extract is efficient and effective stored grain protectant against rice weevils.

Although the results have revealed that commercial insecticides have the

highest mortality and repellency effect to rice weevils (Sitophilus oryzae L.), it

can be said that Makabuhay (Tinospora rhumpii) plant extracta at higher

concentration can be comparable to the positive control.

In addition, the Theory of Metabolic Inhibition by Enan (2001) has

supported the results since it was believed that crude ethanolic extract of

Makabuhay plant when applied against rice weevil would make them

suffocated by its toxicity. Hence, the rice weevils would eventually die.

Also, the Theory of Trophobiosis by Paull (2005) has supported the

results of the study. It shows that the phytochemical composition of

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Makabuhay plant was natural however, it could affect less harmful to the

environment.

Finally, the Theory of Phytocheminal Analysis of Makabuhay

(Tinospora rhumpii) Plant by Teng (2019) has supported the results of the

study. It describes the chemical composition or phytochemical analysis

performed by the current study.

Recommendations

The following were the recommendations of the researchers based on

the results of the study.

1. That, National Food Authority should try an alternative pesticides and

grain protectant such as Makabuhay(Tinosporarhumpii) Plant against

rice weevils Sitophilus oryzae L.) in order to provide consumers safer

rice products;

2. That, local government should raise awareness to the people on the

use of non-synthetic/natural pesticides and its effects which would

provide a good quality of the stored agricultural products;

3. That, farmers should use eco-friendly pesticides and grain protectant

such as Makabuhay(Tinosporarhumpii) Plant;

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4. That, future researchers should conduct similar studies about bio-

efficacy of the crude ethanolic extract of Makabuhay plant

(Tinosporarumphii) as stored grain protectant against rice weevils

(Sitophilusoryzae L.);

5. That, future researchers should extend the study to a wider study to

further identify the other uses of Makabuhay (Tinosporarhumpii) plant

and its benefits in other fields;

6. That, according to Nerio, Olivero-Verbel, & Stashenko (2006) that

bioactive extracts from different plants were reported as repellents

against different insects of economically stored products;

7. That, according to Dagcuta (2016) that Makabuhay (Tinospora rhumpii)

plant possess toxic properties that can help protect grains from pests;

and

8. That, an orientation program should be employed.