Analytical study of roughness on tilted pad thrust slider bearing

improved by the boundary slippage

Kalavathi G K , M Somashekhar 2, b, Vasundhara M G3, c, Yogesha K K4, d
1, a

1
Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, Malnad College of Engineering, Hassan, India.
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, Rajeev Institute of Technology, Hassan, India.
3
Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Malnad College of Engineering,
Hassan, India.
4
Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering,National Institute of Engineering,
Mysore, India
a
kala.kgowda@gmail.com
b
somashekharmaths@rediffmail.com
c
vasundharamg@gmail.com
d
yogeshakk@gmail.com

Keywords: Bearing, Boundary slippage, Interfacial shears strength, Load-carrying capacity,

Roughness.

Abstract: Influence of roughness on conventional hydrodynamic lubrication of tilted pad thrust

slider bearing is studied. Roughness effect is studied using Christensen stochastic process. To study
the effect of roughness, bearing characteristics like load carrying capacity is analyzed.
Nomenclature
h = fluid film thickness x= coordinate.
h m=¿smooth part of film thickness x 1= x coordinate at the boundary between A
h0 = fluid film thickness at outlet and B subzones.
h1= fluid film thickness at inlet x 2= x coordinate at the inlet.
h s=deviation of film height from the nominal τ sa= fluid contact interfacial shear strength at
level the stationary contact surface in the
hi = fluid film thickness at inlet inlet zone.
h η a = fluid viscosity at ambient pressure.
H=
h0 τ = shear stress.
k = tan θ
h1 X =¿ Dimensionless coordinate,
H 1=
h0 x

hi
[ ( l1+ l2) cosθ ]
H i=
h0 x1
X1= , Dimensionless
h1= fluid film thickness at x=x 1 [ ( l1 +l2 ) cosθ ]
p=¿ fluid film pressure coordinate,
p1= fluid film pressure at x=x 1
q v = fluid volume flow rate per unit contact l 1 ,l 2= width of slippage zone and no slippage
length zone of bearing
u=¿moving speed of the lower contact
surface of bearing figure 1. C = nondimentional roughness parameter

Introduction
In the past two decades, a considerable amount of Tribology research has been developed to study
the effect of surface roughness or geometric imperfection on hydrodynamic lubrication, mainly
because the bearing surface. The surface roughness affects the performance of bearing. As it cannot
carry heavier load, the present paper proposes a new type of hydrodynamic lubricated tilted pad
thrust. The design of bearing is of purpose to reduce the friction coefficient but to increase the load
carrying capacity of bearing. This method has been explored widely to achieve such aims by
conventional hydrodynamic lubrication theory. The theoretical analysis is presented for this kind of
bearing to explore the performance. Bearing performances are described by conventional
hydrodynamic lubrication theory [1]. The effect of surface roughness on the performance of
hydrodynamic slider bearings is studied by [2]. Salant and Fortier [3] suggested that the load
carrying capacity increases by considering slip/no-slip bearing surfaces numerically. Authors [4-8]
have shown that pressure and load carrying capacity increases with increase in surface roughness
for the bearing with slip/no-slip surface. Yangbin Zhang [9-12] suggested that the fluid film
slippage at the stationary contact surface in the bearing inlet zone can significantly increase the load
carrying capacity and reduce the friction coefficient of slider bearing by considering smooth bearing
surface but it is unrealistic. Hence, in this paper authors considered the asperity of bearing surface
and studied the effect of asperity using Christensen stochastic model. The effect of shear strength,
roughness parameter and the variations of coordinates between the sub zones on bearing load
carrying capacity is studied.

Analysis:
Consider a tilted pad slider bearing as shown in Fig. 1. Assumptions of basic lubrication theory are
considered. Fluid is assumed as isothermal, isoviscous, incompressible, effect of inertia is neglected
and flow is in laminar direction. Fig. 1(a) shows the bearing configuration and Fig. 1(b) gives
boundary slippage at the interface. In Fig. 1(a) the upper surface is stationary and the lower surface
is moving with the speed of velocity, u and the lubrication region of the bearing is divided into two
zones ‘A’ and ‘B’. Zone-A is inlet region of bearing and zone-B is outlet region of bearing.

(a) Configuration of the bearing

(b) An infinitesimal fluid film element nearby the boundary slippage interface in (a)

Fig. 1 The analyzed hydrodynamic lubricated tilted pad thrust bearing [9]

The boundary slippage is augmented to the stationary surface in A-sub zone with low interfacial
shear strength τ sa. θ is the angle of tilted thrust bearing by the momentum of equilibrium, τ a , A is
the fluid film shear stress in x-direction and is given by
 τ sa
τ a, A= (1)
cos 2θ
The mathematical formulation of film thickness of the fluid is given by
h(x )=(h¿¿ m+ xK )+ hs ¿
x
where h m=h0 [h1 + ( 1−h1 ) ] is the smooth part of film thickness at x=x 1 and h s is the measure of
L
roughness from the nominal level and is randomly varying quantity governed by probability density
function f ( hs ), −c ≤ hs ≤c , where c is the maximum deviation from the mean film thickness.

At ‘A’ - zone, the Reynold’s equation is given by

dp 3 τ sa 3u μ a 3 qv μa
= - 2 -
dx 2 hcos 2θ h h3
(2)
dp 3 τ sa 3 u μa 3 q v ηa
= − −
dx 2 cos 2θ (h+ xK ) (h+ xK ) (h+ xK )3
2

(3)
Integrating w. r. t x between limits x 1 to x 2
3 τ sa h+ x 1 K 3 u ηa + 3 q v ηa 1 1
p=
2 Kcos 2θ
ln (
h+ x 2 K
+¿ ) 1
−
[1
k h+ x 1 K h+ x2 K
¿
2 K ] [ 2
−
( h+ x 1 K ) ( h+ x 2 K )
2
],

x1 ≤ x ≤ x2
(4)
Using Christensen stochastic model [13], we have
3 τ sa h+ x 1 K 3 u ηa
p=
2 Kcos 2θ
E ln
[(
h+ x 2 K
+¿
k )] [ ( ) (
E
1
h+ x 1 K
−E
1
h+ x2 K
¿
)]
+ 3 q v ηa 1 1
2K [(
E
( h+ x 1 K ) ) ((
2
−E
) )]
h+ x 2 K
2 (5)

At ‘B’ zone, the expression for pressure is given by

dp −6 u ηa 12q v ηa
= −
dx h2 h3
(6)

dp −6 u η a 12q v ηa
= − (7)
dx ( h+ xK )2 ( h+ xK )3
Integrating w.r.t x between the limits 0to x 1
6 u ηa 1 1 6q η 1 1
p=
[ −
k h+ x1 K hm +h s
+ v a
] 2
− 2 ,
K (h+ x1 K ) (h) [ ] 0 ≤ x ≤ x1 (8)

Using Christensen Stochastic process, we have

6 u ηa 1 1 6q η 1 1
p=
k
E
[(
h+ x 1 K
−E
) (
h m+ hs
+ v a E
K )]
(h+ x 1 K)2
−E
[(
(h)2 ) ( )] (9)

E( ) is the expectancy operator given by

 ∞
E( )= ∫ () f (hs )d h s (10)
−∞

where f (h s) is the probability density distribution function of the stochastic variable h s and is
defined as
35 2 3

{
f ( hs ) = 32 c 7 (
c −hs2 ) ,−c< hs <c

0 , elsewhere
. (11)

To solve the pressure equation, boundary condition used is p=0 at X =x 1 , x 2 ; x 1 , x 2=0 , 1.

Load carrying capacity of the bearing is given as

x1 x2

W =∫ pdx +∫ pdx (12)

0 x1
Substituting for p from equations (4) and (7), and integrating, and non dimensionalising, we get
6 6 6 1 6
W=
k 2
ln H 1− 2 X 1 ( H i−1 )− 2 Q v
k k H 1 [( ) ]
−1 − 2 Q v ( H i−1 )
k

( 1− X 1 ) ( H i−1 )
+ 3 τ́ sa
2k 2
[( )ln
H1
Hi {( ) }] [( )
H 3 H
−H i +1− X 1 ( H i−1 ) ln 1 −1 + 2 ln i −
Hi k H1 Hi ]
−3 Q v 1 ( 1−X 1 ) ( H i−1 )
k 2
−
1
Hi H1
+
[ ( )
H i2 ]
(13)
Adopting stochastic process,
6 6 6 1 6
W=
k 2
E(ln H 1 )− 2 X 1 ( H i−1 ) − 2 Qv E
k k H1 [( ) ]
−1 − 2 Q v ( H i−1 )
k

+ 3 τ sa
2k 2
[(
E ln
H1
Hi ) { ( ) }]
H
−H i +1−X 1 ( H i−1 ) E ln 1 −1
Hi

H ( 1−X 1 ) ( H i−1 ) 3 Q v 1 ( 1− X 1 )( H i−1 )

+3
k 2
[( )
E ln i −
H1 Hi ] [
− 2
k Hi
−E
1
H1 ( )
+
H i2 ]
(14)
hm hi x1 w qv
Where, H 1= , H i= , X 1 = , L=l 1 +l 2, k =tanθ, W = , Qv = ,
h0 h0 L cos 2 θ u ηa u ηa
τ sa h0 c
, C= .
¿
τ sa = (15)
u η a cos 2θ h0
The volumetric pressure is obtained by coupling the equations (4) and (7).
3 ¿ H 1 1

q v=
2 Hi ( ) [( )
τ sa E ln 1 −3 E + 2 −2
H 1 Hi ]
9 1 3
( )
E +
2 H 21 2 H 2i
−6

(16)
Various expectancy values involved in expressions are evaluated by using Simpson’s 1/3 rd rule.
In equation (13), C=0 corresponds to the equation (30) of [9].

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The values chosen for the various parameters are as follows: Roughness parameter C is ranging
from 0.1 to 1.0, τ sa = 0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, X 1 and X ranges from 0.1 to 1.0, H i=2.2. Fig. 2 and
¿

Fig. 3 shows the load carrying capacity (W ) with C for various values of X 1 andτ sa respectively.
¿

¿
Figures show that W increases with increasing values of C and the lower values ofτ sa. Fig. 4
represents W with X for different values ofC. Graph shows W increases with increasing values of
¿
X andC, and the lower values of τ sa. These results are in agreement with [4].

¿
Figure 2: Load carrying capacity verses C with different values of τ sa

Figure 3: Load carrying capacity verses C for various values of X 1 , with X =0 .5, τ sa =0.001
¿
 Figure 4: Load carrying capacity verses X for various values of C with τ sa =0.001, X 1 =0.5 .
¿

Conclusion:
In this study, the effect of roughness on hydrodynamic tilted pad trust slider bearing with boundary
slippage is analyzed for the stationary contact surface in the bearing inlet zone. Load performance is
improved by considering roughness parameter in the bearing surface.

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