IET Electric Power Applications

Research Article

Effect of voltage unbalance and distortion on ISSN 1751-8660

Received on 28th July 2017
Revised 10th October 2017
the loss characteristics of three-phase cage Accepted on 16th October 2017
E-First on 27th November 2017
induction motor doi: 10.1049/iet-epa.2017.0464
www.ietdl.org

Dongdong Zhang1 , Ruichi An1, Thomas Wu1,2

1School of Electrical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
2Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
E-mail: dongdongzhang@yeah.net

Abstract: Voltage unbalance and distortion become one of the most common power quality problems in industrial utilities, which
cause significant increase of the electromagnetic losses in induction motors. For energy saving of the induction motor system,
there is a need for a detailed research of the loss characteristics of induction motor under unbalanced and distorted supply
voltage. For accurate and fast prediction of the induction motor losses, this study proposes a method to identify rotor harmonics
using the data from one supply cycle. The slip-frequency rotor harmonics are determined by using the space-time symmetrical
characteristics of the induction motor. And based on a numerical method, the higher order harmonics of rotor flux density or
current density are determined from data within one supply cycle. The electromagnetic losses are then calculated from those
harmonics. With this method, the electromagnetic losses of a 5.5 kW induction motor under unbalanced and distorted supply
voltage are calculated and analyzed. The proposed method and the analysis results are validated by comparing the predicted
and measured motor losses of the 5.5 kW induction motor under different supply conditions.

1 Introduction analysis of the loss characteristics of induction motor and drive

With the increase of non-linear and unbalanced loads at the
consumer side, voltage unbalance and distortion become one of the
most common power quality problems in industrial utilities. Such
voltage disturbances have severe impacts on the efficiency of an
induction motor. When the terminal voltage is unbalanced and
distorted, the loss characteristic of the induction motor will become
more complex. And the accurate analysis of motor losses is
essential for the countermeasures of reducing loss and improving
motor efficiency.
Various methods for definition and classification of power
quality problems related to unbalanced and distorted voltage have
been reported [1]. Voltage unbalance implies that the three vectors
of a three-phase system are not of the same magnitude, or phase
displacement among them is not 120° or a combination of both
situations, and the complex voltage unbalance factor (CVUF) is
used to measure the magnitude of the voltage unbalance [2].
According to symmetric component theory, the equivalent circuit
of induction motor under unbalanced voltage conditions can be
separated into positive- and negative-sequence equivalent circuits.
Because of the existence of negative-sequence equivalent circuit,
negative-sequence stator current and magnetic fields are produced.
The total harmonic distortion (THD) is used to measure the ‘purity’
of the original sine wave and is defined as the ratio of the sum of
the powers of all harmonic components to the power of the
fundamental frequency. The distorted voltage waveform has
enormous harmonics components, which distort the waveforms of
the currents and flux densities in the induction motor. Thus,
efficiency will be compromised and the loss characteristics will be
more complex under unbalanced and distorted voltage condition.
The available simulation data are essential to help find some
measures that reduce losses of the motor-drive systems, and the
simulation tools must be capable of handling numerous supply and
load conditions in a reasonable time frame [3–5]. There are two
difficulties in induction motor loss analysis. Firstly, the
identification of rotor electromagnetic quantity harmonics. When
an induction motor works at partial-load condition, the rotor
fundamental frequency (slip frequency) may be less than 1 Hz.
This low-frequency signal contains dozens of power supply cycles
of simulation data, which incurs high calculation cost. Thus, fast
systems becomes extremely difficult. Secondly, the prediction of
iron losses in induction motors is very complex because of non-
linear characteristics of the magnetic materials. For the linear
magnetisation region of laminated steel in induction motors, the
classical iron loss models could accurately calculate the iron losses
[6]. With an appropriate FEM model, this loss model can be
applied to many different types of motor. In recent years, the
classical model has been improved enormously [7–18]. And these
iron loss models are root from the classical iron loss method, which
also can be applied to many different types of motor. And there are
also a lot of works which related to the loss properties and loss
minimisation of electrical motor [19–23]. Nevertheless, the
theoretical study of the effect of voltage unbalance and distortion
on the loss properties of induction motor was relatively
insufficient.
In order to study the electromagnetic loss properties of the
induction motor under unbalanced and distorted supply voltage,
this paper firstly presents a new method to identify rotor harmonics
with data from a single supply cycle of the induction motor's finite
element model (FEM). This method will be detailed in Section 3.
Then the paper discussed the copper and iron loss calculation
method, which will be detailed in Section 4. The experimental
validation is introduced in Section 5. Finally, the loss properties of
the induction motor under unbalanced and distorted supply voltage
are studied in Sections 2 and 6.
2 Selected power supplies and induction motor
According to the NEMA standards [24], it is not recommended that
induction motors operate under more than 5% unbalanced supply
voltage. In addition, in practical applications, there are very little
induction motors operating under a supply voltage with more than
5% unbalance. In this paper, the harmonic orders of the selected
power supplies are up to 20 (1 kHz), which play a critical influence
on the copper and iron losses. For inverter supply, most of
harmonic components are around the switching frequency that is
generally larger than 3 kHz. Ignoring the high-order harmonic
components (frequency >1 kHz), the THDs of the inverter supplies
are generally less than 15%. Considering inverter supply condition
(ignoring the high-order harmonic components), the harmonic

IET Electr. Power Appl., 2018, Vol. 12 Iss. 2, pp. 264-270 264
© The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2017
Fig. 1  2D FEM of the 5.5 kW induction motor with some typical areas highlighted
Fig. 2  Voltage waveform of the selected nine different supply voltages
components of the supply voltage are relatively higher than those
fed by the power grid. Therefore, power supplies with nine
different combinations (as listed in Table 1) of the CVUF and THD
are chosen. It should be noted that only the contribution of the
unbalanced magnitude of the supply voltage is considered,
therefore the phase angle of the selected nine different three-phase
voltages are balanced. In this paper, a 5.5 kW induction motor,
Table 1 THD and CVUF of the selected nine different
supply voltages
CVUF, % THD, %
10 15 20
0 S1 S4 S7
3 S2 S5 S8
5 S3 S6 S9
IET Electr. Power Appl., 2018, Vol. 12 Iss. 2, pp. 264-270
© The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2017
whose 2D FEM is shown in Fig. 1, is used to study the effect of
unbalanced and distorted voltage on the loss characteristics of
induction motor. And the combinations are listed in Table 1 and
their waveforms are shown in Fig. 2.
3 Rotor electromagnetic quantity harmonics
identification method
3.1 Solution for slip-frequency components
This section discusses the proposed method in detail, using the flux
density at the top of rotor teeth as an example (see Fig. 3). The flux
density waveform of E1 in a slip cycle and flux density waveforms
of the symmetric points (E1, E2, E3 etc.) in a supply cycle are
shown in Fig. 4. It can be seen that the time domain waveform of
flux density at E1 (or E2, E3 etc.) is similar to the time-domain
waveform of any symmetric point, which means the fundamental
265
Fig. 3  Rotor section of the 5.5 kW induction motor, with the 16 symmetric points
Fig. 4  Flux density waveform of E1 in a slip cycle and the flux density
waveform of the symmetric points (E1, E2, E3 etc.) in one supply cycle
Fig. 5  Separation between the slip-frequency component and the high-
frequency harmonics
magnitude of the spatial waveform from the symmetric points in a
moment is equal to the slip-frequency magnitude from one-slip-
cycle time waveform of any symmetric point. Therefore, the slip-
frequency component of E1 (or E2, E3 etc.) can be solved by
T 16
¯ 1
N DT t∑ ∑ B E m e− j((2πu ⋅ m)/K)
B̄ u = (1)
=0m=1
Bm u = BR2 u + BI2 u (2)
BI
θ u = arctan (3)
BR
¯
where B̄ u is the μth slip harmonic of the flux density in E1 in
complex form, where BR is the real part and BI is the imaginary
part; K is the number of the symmetric points; Bm(μ) is the
magnitude of the μth slip harmonic of the flux density in E1; NDT is
the number of data in one supply cycle; θ(μ) is the phase angle of
the μth slip harmonic of the flux density in E1.
3.2 Separation of the high-frequency components
The slip cycle of the induction motor under no-load condition is
about 10 s, therefore the rotor slip-frequency component can be
regarded as a constant throughout a power supply cycle (0.02 s). S-
t DFT can be directly used to calculate the rotor flux density
harmonics with the data of only one supply cycle. However, under
rated load condition, the rotor speed is 1440 r/min, the fundamental
266
period of rotor flux density is only 0.5 s. Therefore, within a supply
cycle, the rotor slip-frequency component cannot be regarded as a
constant anymore, as shown in Fig. 4. Due to the influence of the
slip-frequency component, the S-t DFT is unable to accurately
calculate the rotor harmonic components within one supply cycle
of data. With the proposed method, the rotor flux density is divided
into the high-frequency harmonic part, g(t), and the rotor slip-
frequency component, f(t), which can be expressed as polynomial
function, as shown in Fig. 5.
And the high-frequency harmonics of the rotor flux density can
be calculated by the flowing formulas:
Bt =gt + f t (4)
where
gt = ∑ Bncos nω t + φn 1 (5)
n
and
f t = aktk + ak − 1tk − 1 + ⋯ + a1t + a0 (6)
where k = 1, 3, 5…. The influence of the slip-frequency component
can be eliminated by taking (k + 1)th differential operation of
formula (4)
d k + 1B t d k + 1g t
dt k+1
=
dtk + 1
= −1 k+1 /2
∑ nk +1
w1k + 1Bncos
n
(7)
nw1t + φn
so the relationship between the nth harmonic, H(n), in the function,
g(t), and its (n + 1)th derivative, Hk+1(n), is
(k + 1)/2 k+1
H n = −1 H k + 1 n / nw1 (8)
where n is the harmonic order, and w1 is the angular frequency. The
high-order harmonic components can be obtained based on (8).
3.3 Flux density and current density harmonics of the 5.5 kW
induction motor under different power supplies
Accurate calculation of the copper and iron loss of electric motor
requires the harmonic of the current density and flux density.
However, most of the literatures only give the distribution
characteristics of the losses, rather than the information of
harmonics. In this paper, based on the T-S FEM, we first have
studied the influence of the CVUF and THD on the main harmonic
components (including the third harmonic) of induction motor;
then, we have studied the distribution characteristics of the copper
and iron losses. By using the proposed identification method, the
flux density and current density harmonics of selected points in the
motor, under the selected nine different supplies, are calculated,
respectively. The calculated flux densities and current densities are
shown in Fig. 6, where light-grey represents no-load condition, and
dark-grey represents rated load condition. It can be concluded from
these figures that
IET Electr. Power Appl., 2018, Vol. 12 Iss. 2, pp. 264-270
© The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2017
Fig. 6  Flux densities and rotor bar current densities of typical positions in the 5.5 kW induction motor
(a) Main harmonic components of flux density in the stator teeth, (b) Main harmonic components of flux density in the rotor teeth, (c) Main harmonic components of current density
at the top of the rotor bar, (d) Main harmonic components of current density in the middle of the rotor bar

t1 + T
∫
(i) As shown in Fig. 6a, the fundamental component in the stator
core decreases as the CVUF and THD increase. And the impact of PScu = f 1 ∑ 2
Rs inA 2
+ inB 2
+ inC dt (9)
n t1
CVUF is much more pronounced than the influence of THD.
Under no-load condition, the influence of the CVUF and the THD
on the magnitudes of the third harmonics are not obvious; under where PScu is the total stator copper loss, Rs is the stator resistance,
rated load condition, the CVUF has significant influence on the inA, inB and inC are the nth harmonics of the stator phase currents.
magnitudes of the third harmonics, however the THD still have Owing to the skin effect, the distribution of current in the rotor
little influence on the magnitudes of the third harmonics. bar is extremely uneven. The finite element method divides the
(ii) As shown in Fig. 6b, the (2-s)th harmonic increases apparently rotor bar into many small elements, and the rotor copper loss is
as the CVUF increases, however, it decreases as the THD calculated by adding up the copper losses in the elements. Thus,
increases. And the impact of CVUF is much more pronounced than the FEM of rotor bars can take the skin effect into account
the influence of THD. Because of the negative-sequence equivalent effectively. And the formula of the rotor copper loss is [25]
circuit caused by the unbalanced voltage supply, a large (2-s)th
harmonic is generated in the rotor core. Moreover, we can see that
the slot harmonics under no-load condition are obviously higher
PRcu = ∑ ∑ σ1 LefS jJ jn 2
(10)
j n
than those under rated load condition.
where PRcu is the total rotor copper loss, Sj is the area of the jth
The current density harmonics in the rotor bar are similar in element, σ is the electric resistivity of the rotor bar, Jjn is the nth
many respects to the flux density harmonics in the rotor core, such
rotor harmonic current of the jth element, Lef is the effective length
as the (2-s)th harmonic increases apparently as the CVUF
increases. And the slot harmonics under no-load condition are of the rotor bar.
obviously greater than those under the rated load condition.
4.2 Iron loss estimation method
4 Loss estimation method considering harmonic For the flux density Bm > 1.2 T and frequency f > 400 Hz,
fields conventional iron loss models proposed in [6] normally
4.1 Copper loss estimation method underestimate iron loss value of the induction motor, due to
ignoring ferromagnetic material's nonlinear characteristics [21, 26,
Due to the factors of saturation and winding pattern, the stator 27]. The variable-parameter models are proposed for the cases of
current contains numerous harmonics. The total stator copper loss larger magnitude and frequency [15]. And the formula of hysteresis
can be calculated by adding up the ohmic losses caused by the loss in such a model is
corresponding harmonic currents. Thus, the formula of stator
copper loss can be given as

IET Electr. Power Appl., 2018, Vol. 12 Iss. 2, pp. 264-270 267
© The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2017
Fig. 7  Test bench of 5.5 kW induction motor
Fig. 8  Comparison of the predicted and measured motor losses under different power supplies
(a) No-load, (b) Rated-load
PH = kh ρLef ∑ Avkrv ∑ k1(v, n)Bm1(v,
β
n) α
(v, n)B v, n f v, n
v n
where v stands for the vth element in the FEM of the stator and
rotor iron cores; Av is the vth element's area; kr is the rotating
magnetising coefficient; and the values of k1n, and β1n are varied
with f n and Bn.
And the formula of eddy current losses in such a model is
PE = ke ρLm ∑ Av ∑ 1 + k2 v, n B v2, nv, n Bm2 v, n f 2v, n
β
v n
where k2n and β2n are varied with f n and Bn.
5 Experimental validation
The experiment is performed on the 5.5 kW induction motor
mentioned before, and the test bench is given in Fig. 7. Chroma
18,600 programmable power source with 60 kVA rated power is
used to generate voltage waveform. The temperature sensor is
placed at the end of stator winding, and temperature meter is used
to record the winding temperature and the real-time resistance
under different operating conditions. Considering the low power
factor under no-load condition, a high-precision power analyser is
adopted to measure the total losses at different voltages. The
precision of the power analyser in phase measurement reaches
0.0025°, therefore the accuracy of the input power measurement at
low power factor can be ensured. And it is reasonable to assume
the mechanical loss remain constant under same load condition,
because the rotational speed of an induction motor is mainly
determined by the load.
The comparison of the predicted and the measured copper and
iron losses under different power supplies is shown in Fig. 8. It can
be seen that
i. Under the majority of supply conditions, the predicted loss is
slightly smaller than the measured one, especially in the case
of rated load. The reason is that accurate calculations of some
stray losses, such as end winding losses and interbar current
losses, need more complex and meticulous 3D FEM.
ii. The proposed loss prediction method has a relatively high
accuracy. And the actual variation pattern of the induction
motor loss under these supply conditions can be accurately
reflected by the calculated results.
268
(11)
6 Fine analysis of the copper loss and the iron
loss of the 5.5 kW induction motor
Analysis of the calculated copper and iron losses under the selected
9 power supplies indicate that
i. Under the no-load condition, both the CVUF and the THD
contribute to the increase of stator and rotor copper losses, and
the impact of CVUF is much more pronounced than the
influence of THD. For example, as shown in Figs. 9a and c,
(12) the stator and rotor copper losses of the induction motor fed by
S2 are 16.2 and 135% greater than those fed by S1,
respectively; and the stator and rotor copper losses of the
induction motor fed by S4 are 1.6 and 46% greater than those
fed by S1, respectively.
ii. Under rated load condition, both the CVUF and the THD
contribute to the increase of stator and rotor copper losses. And
compared with that under a no-load condition, the relative
increases are many minors. For example, as shown in Figs. 9b
and d, the stator and rotor copper losses of the induction motor
fed by S2 are 3.4 and 9.2% greater than the those fed by S1,
respectively; and the stator and rotor copper losses of the
induction motor fed by S4 are 0.4 and 3.2% greater than those
fed by S1, respectively.
iii. Both the CVUF and the THD contribute to the increase of iron
losses. And compared with the increase of copper loss, the
increase of iron loss is relatively smaller. For example, as
shown in Figs. 9e and f, the no-load and the rated load iron
losses of the induction motor fed by S2 are 2.0 and 3.6%
greater than those fed by S1, respectively; and those losses of
the induction motor fed by S4 are 1.7 and 3.4% greater than
those fed by S1.
Due to the space limit, only the loss distribution characteristics
under S9 are compared to those under sinusoidal supply. The
distribution of the copper loss and iron loss are shown in Fig. 10.
These figures indicate that:
i. The copper loss density (LD) and the iron LD of the induction
motor under S9 are obviously larger than those under
sinusoidal supply.
ii. Due to the skin effect, the copper LD at the top of rotor bar is
obviously larger than that at the bottom and in the middle of
the rotor bars, especially in the case of S9. For example, as
IET Electr. Power Appl., 2018, Vol. 12 Iss. 2, pp. 264-270
© The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2017
 Fig. 9  Stator copper losses, rotor copper losses and iron losses of the 5.5 kW induction motor under different power supplies
(a) Stator copper losses of the 5.5 kW induction motor under no-load condition, (b) Stator copper losses of the 5.5 kW induction motor under rated load condition, (c) Rotor
copper losses of the 5.5 kW induction motor under no-load condition, (d) Rotor copper losses of the 5.5 kW induction motor under rated load condition, (e) Iron losses of the
5.5 kW induction motor under no-load condition, (f) Iron losses of the 5.5 kW induction motor under rated load condition

shown in Figs. 10a and b, under S9 supply condition, the no- domain and space-domain and current density distributions
load and the rated load copper loss densities in some points at related to phase angles. Based on a numerical method, high
the top of the rotor bars are higher than 6.05 × 107 and 10 ×  frequency current density harmonics are extracted to provide a
107 W/m3, respectively, however those in the bottom and more accurate representation of flux density's distribution.
middle of rotor bars are less than 0.05 × 106 and 0.2 × 106  ii. Analysis of the electromagnetic loss properties of induction
motors under unbalanced and distorted supply voltage, by
W/m3, respectively.
using the proposed method. Compared with THD, the stator
iii. The iron loss densities in the stator and rotor tooth areas, and rotor copper losses are significantly affected by the CVUF.
especially at the top of the teeth, are obviously higher than And both the CVUF and the THD contribute to the increase of
those in the yoke areas. For example, as shown in Figs. 10c iron losses.
and d, under S9 supply condition, the no-load and the rated-
load iron loss densities in some points at the top of the teeth are Due to the space limit, the paper mainly discusses the
higher than 220 and 250 W/kg, respectively, however both the electromagnetic loss properties of induction motors itself. Since
no-load and the rated-load iron loss densities are less than 20  induction motor and its driving system are becoming integrated,
W/kg in majority of the yoke. therefore further studies have to be performed to obtain the
influence of the voltage unbalance and distortion on the loss
7 Conclusion properties of both the motor and inverter.
The loss characteristics of induction motor under unbalanced and
distorted supply voltage are studied in this paper. The research
work mainly includes that

i. A fast and precise method that identifies the rotor

electromagnetic quantity harmonics, using the data from a
single supply cycle. In the proposed method, the rotor flux
density and current density harmonics during one slip
frequency is obtained by taking advantage of machine's
circumferential symmetry and the relationship between time-

IET Electr. Power Appl., 2018, Vol. 12 Iss. 2, pp. 264-270 269
© The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2017
Fig. 10  Rotor copper LD and iron LD distributions of the 5.5 kW induction
(a) Rotor copper LD distribution of the 5.5 kW induction motor under no-load condition, (b) Rotor copper LD distribution of the 5.5 kW induction motor under rated load condition,
(c) Iron LD distribution of the 5.5 kW induction motor under no-load condition, (d) Iron LD distribution of the 5.5 kW induction motor under rated load condition
8 References
[1] Anwari, M., Hiendro, A.: ‘New unbalance factor for estimating performance
of a three-phase induction motor with under- and overvoltage unbalance’,
IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., 2010, 25, (3), pp. 619–625
[2] IEEE Recommended Practice for Electric Power Distribution for Industrial
Plants, ANSI/IEEE Standard 112, 1991
[3] Knight, A.M., Zhan, Y.: ‘Identification of flux density harmonics and
resulting iron losses in induction machines with nonsinusoidal supplies’,
IEEE Trans. Magn., 2008, 44, (6), pp. 1–4
[4] Materu, P., Krishnan, R.: ‘Estimation of switched reluctance motor losses’,
IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 1992, 28, (3), pp. 668–679
[5] Knight, A.M., Salmon, J.C., Ewanchuk, J.: ‘Integration of a first order eddy
current approximation with 2D FEA for prediction of PWM harmonic losses
in electrical machines’, IEEE Trans. Magn., 2013, 49, (5), pp. 1957–1960
[6] Steinmetz, C.P.: ‘On the law of hysteresis (originally published in 1892)’,
Proc. IEEE, 1984, 72, (2), pp. 197–221
[7] Bertotti, G.: ‘General properties of power losses in soft ferromagnetic
materials’, IEEE Trans. Magn., 1988, 24, (1), pp. 621–630
[8] Eggers, D., Steentjes, S., Hameyer, K.: ‘Advanced iron-loss estimation for
nonlinear material behavior’, IEEE Trans. Magn., 2012, 48, (11), pp. 3021–
3024
[9] Xue, S., Chu, W.Q., Zhu, Z.Q., et al.: ‘Iron loss calculation considering
temperature influence in non-oriented steel laminations’, IET Sci. Meas.
Technol., 2016, 10, (8), pp. 846–854
[10] Kowal, D., Sergeant, P., Dupré, L., et al.: ‘Comparison of iron loss models for
electrical machines with different frequency domain and time domain
methods for excess loss prediction’, IEEE Trans. Magn., 2015, 51, (1), pp. 1–
10
[11] Chen, L., Chen, H., Yan, W.: ‘A fast iron loss calculation model for switched
reluctance motors’, IET Electr. Power Appl., 2017, 11, (3), pp. 478–486
[12] Ibrahim, M., Pillay, P.: ‘Core loss prediction in electrical machine laminations
considering skin effect and minor hysteresis loops’, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl.,
2013, 49, (5), pp. 2061–2068
[13] Hussain, S., Lowther, D.A.: ‘The modified Jiles–Atherton model for the
accurate prediction of iron losses’, IEEE Trans. Magn., 2017, 53, (6), pp. 1–4
[14] Lim, M.S., Chai, S.H., Hong, J.P.: ‘Design and iron loss analysis of
sensorless-controlled interior permanent magnet synchronous motors with
concentrated winding’, IET Electr. Power Appl., 2014, 8, (9), pp. 349–356
[15] Haisen, Z., Yilong, W., Dongdong, Z., et al.: ‘Piecewise variable parameter
model for precise analysis of iron losses in induction motors’, IET Electr.
Power Appl., 2017, 11, (3), pp. 361–368
270
[16] Kowal, D., Sergeant, P., Dupré, L., et al.: ‘Comparison of frequency and time-
domain iron and magnet loss modeling including PWM harmonics in a PMSG
for a wind energy application’, IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., 2015, 30, (2),
pp. 476–485
[17] Ionel, D.M., Popescu, M., Dellinger, S.J., et al.: ‘On the variation with flux
and frequency of the core loss coefficients in electrical machines’, IEEE
Trans. Ind. Appl., 2006, 42, (3), pp. 658–667
[18] Popescu, M., Ionel, D.: ‘A best-fit model of power losses in cold rolled-motor
lamination steel operating in a wide range of frequency and magnetization’,
IEEE Trans. Magn., 2007, 43, (4), pp. 1753–1756
[19] Stumper, J.F., Dötlinger, A., Kennel, R.: ‘Loss minimization of induction
machines in dynamic operation’, IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., 2013, 28, (3),
pp. 726–735
[20] Santos, V.S., Felipe, P.R.V., Sarduy, J.R.G., et al.: ‘Procedure for determining
induction motor efficiency working under distorted grid voltages’, IEEE
Trans. Energy Convers., 2015, 30, (1), pp. 331–338
[21] Schmitz, D., Sadowski, N., Nau, S.L., et al.: ‘Three-phase electromagnetic
device for the evaluation of the magnetic losses in electric motors’ stators’,
IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., 2015, 30, (2), pp. 515–521
[22] Pillay, P., Al-Badri, M., Angers, P., et al.: ‘A new stray-load loss formula for
small and medium-sized induction motors’, IEEE Trans. Energy Convers.,
2016, 31, (3), pp. 1221–1227
[23] Zhang, F., Du, G., Wang, T., et al.: ‘Electromagnetic design and loss
calculations of a 1.12-MW high-speed permanent-magnet motor for
compressor applications’, IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., 2016, 31, (1), pp.
132–139
[24] Motor and Generators, Part 14.36: Effects of unbalanced voltages on the
performance of polyphase induction motors, NEMA Standard MG1-1998
(Revision 3, 2002), 2002
[25] Zhao, H., Liu, X.: ‘Stator slot optimal design of premium motors based on
time-stepping finite element method’, Proc. CSEE, 2010, 31, (33), pp. 115–
122
[26] Zhao, H., Zhang, D.: ‘No-load iron loss distribution characteristics and its fine
analysis for inverter-fed induction motors’, Proc. CSEE, 2016, 36, (8), pp.
2261–2269
[27] Zhang, D., Zhao, H., Wang, Y.: ‘A piecewise variable coefficient model for
precise analysis on iron losses of electrical machines’, Trans. CES, 2016, 31,
(15), pp. 16–24
IET Electr. Power Appl., 2018, Vol. 12 Iss. 2, pp. 264-270
© The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2017