the TET system is composed of the following distinguished parts:

1. DC Power Supply outside the body, which could be a battery;

2. Switching control circuit outside the body, which converts the DC voltage from the battery into
alternating current (AC) to be magnetically induced;

3. Transformer (magnetic transfer device) with the primary coil outside the body to transmit power to a
secondary coil inside the body. The coils form a weakly coupled transformer as they usually are not
connected by a common ferromagnetic core and they could be misaligned during the movement of the
patient. For this reason, in this research, the association of the primary and secondary coils and their
respective cores is called transformer;

4. Rectifier inside the body, which converts the AC voltage back to DC so that it can feed an internal
battery and power the artificial organ (AO). This rectifier may also be connected to a converter to assure
constant DC voltage on the internal battery and the AO;

5. Rechargeable battery inside the body, which is used to energize the AO when the transmitting primary
coil is not positioned at the place of transmission;

6. Information Feedback system to convey useful information about the functioning of the internal
device to the user. This portion is considered optional since it is not used in many TET systems. But
considering that the device is inside the body of a patient, direct access is difficult. Thus, it is

important to convey information about the operating condition, among other details An ideal inductor
would have no losses regardless of the amount of current through the winding. However, real inductors
have winding resistance depending on the length and cross section of the wire forming the coils. Since
the winding resistance appears as a resistance in series with the inductor, it is often called the series

resistance and it represents the Joule loss effect of the coil. Thus, one alternative way to model the
parameters of the TET transformer is by using the equivalent circuit model of a regular transformer, a
simple circuit composed of resistive elements (r1 and r2) representing the Joule loss effect of the coils
and other reactive elements (x1, x2 and xm) describing the losses of the magnetic flux, as shown in
Figure 2.4.

Figure 2.4 – Equivalent circuit of a TET transformer.

In Figure 2.4, x1 and x2 depend on the frequency and the primary and secondary self-inductances,
respectively, and xm depends on the frequency, the mutual inductance and the relation between turns.
For frequencies of the order of hundreds of kilohertz, the capacitive effects could be neglected, but the
proximity, skin and eddy currents effects should be considered (FAIZ; ASHTIANI; BYAT, 1997). The skin
and proximity effects are considered in the values of the frequency dependent parameters r1, r2, x1 and
x2. In the case where the coils have magnetic cores, Rp represents the losses in the core. In case of
coreless coils, Rp may be required to represent eddy currents depending on the gauge of the wire.

In this case, even though coreless coils have no magnetic losses in the cores, the equivalent circuit of the
TET transformer could be represented by Figure 2.4. This model is very useful to calculate voltage,
current and power with any load without the need to make a time-consuming simulation or implement
a physical device. Nevertheless, the values of the elements (parameters) must be accurate or the
equivalent circuit model will be unreliable.