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Ohanian 03 PDF
Ohanian 03 PDF
Ohanian 03 PDF
Select odd-numbered solutions, marked with a dagger (†), appear in the Student Solutions
Manual, available for purchase. Answers to all solutions below are underscored.
= 10.2 x̂ + 5.9 ŷ
= 11.8 km
5.9
θ = tan−1 = 30°N of E
10.2
| OB | = (373.4) 2 + (481.4) 2
= 609.2 m
⎛ 481.4 ⎞
θ = tan−1 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 373.4 ⎠
= 52.2° N of W
34
CHAPTER 3
†3-5.
35
CHAPTER 3
The graph is drawn with a scale of 1 cm = 20 m. Measuring the distance from South Bay to
Mosquito Rock, we get: r ≈ −0.6 cm i − 3.0 cm j on the graph = −120 m i − 600 m j.
120
The distance between them is (−120) 2 + (−600) 2 = 612 m at an angle θ = tan −1 =
600
11.3° west of south.
3-6. r1 = 2.5 km j,
r2 = (1.5 km) sin 30° i + (1.5 km) cos 30° j = 0.75 km i + 1.30 km j 1.5 km
30°
r = r1 + r2 = 0.75 km i + 3.80 km j.
|r| = 0.752 + 3.802 = 3.87 km
3.80
The angle of this vector with the x axis: θ = tan −1 = 2.5 km
0.75
78.8° north of east.
36
CHAPTER 3
†3-9. The resultant displacement vector, R = (5 m). The given displacement vector, A = (2.2 m) sin
35° i + (2.2 m) cos 35° j = (1.26 m) i + (1.8 m)j. Let the other displacement vector be B = Bxi +
Byj. Therefore, R = A + B = (1.26 m + Bx) i + (1.8 m + By) j = 5 mj. Comparing i and j
components gives
1.26 m + Bx = 0 or Bx = −1.26 m
1.8 m + By = 5 or By = 3.2 m
Thus, B = (−1.26 m)i + (3.2 m) j.
3-10. Graphs were drawn at actual size. Reduced copies are shown.
A + B + C = 13.7 cm @ 8.0° E of N
A + B − C = 7.7 cm @ 14.0° E of N
†3-11. The easiest method is to write the vectors in component form, with ĵ as N and î as E.
Then R = 1.2 ĵ + (sin 38° î cos 38° ĵ )6.1 + (sin 59° î − cos 59° ĵ )2.9 +
(sin 89° î + cos 89º ĵ ) 4.0 + (sin 31° î − cos 31° ĵ )6.5
= 1.2 ĵ + 3.76 î − 4.81 ĵ + 2.49 î − 1.49 ĵ + 4.00 î + 0.07 ĵ + 3.35 î + 5.57 ĵ
= 13.6 î + 0.54 ĵ
This translates into a vector of length13.6 nmi at 88° E of N.
3-12. (a) (b)
(b) (cont.) The radius of the earth is 1.49 × 1011 m, so using the Pythagorean theorem, we get for
the displacement vector
d = (1.49 × 1011 ) 2 + (1.49 × 1011 ) 2 = 2.1 × 1011 m
37
CHAPTER 3
38
CHAPTER 3
†3-19. Place the x axis along the sloping line as shown. Then: x y
component = − (4.0 m) sin(25°) = − 1.7 m.
x
25°
4m
25°
39
CHAPTER 3
40
CHAPTER 3
The bearing is
5.5
θ = tan−1 = 23° W of S
13.1
Altitude difference = 1000 m = 1 km
3-33. Let the directions of i, j and k be as shown at the
right, where GM is the Greenwich meridian. New
York will have a position vector:
41
CHAPTER 3
42
CHAPTER 3
3-42. AiB = − 4 + 6 + 2 = 4
A × B = −1i − 6 j + 11k
†3-43. A i B = | A || B | cos θ
A × B = | A || B | sin θ
If A × B = A • B, then A B cos θ = |A| |B| sinθ ⇒ cos θ = sin θ
ο
which gives: θ = 45
3-44. A = 50 sin 30° i + 50 cos 30° j = 25 i + 43.3 j
B = −35 sin 70° i + 35 cos 70° j = −32.9 i + 12 j
A × B = (25)(12) i × j − (43.3)(32.9) j × i
= 1725 k (magnitude 1725 m 2 ; direction along the z -axis)
B × A = −1725 k (the same magnitude as A × B; direction along the − z − axis)
†3-45. Take north to be j and east to be i. Then
A × B = (2180i ) × ( − 1790j) km 2 = −3.90 × 106 (i × j) km 2 = −3.90 × 106 k km 2
3-46. See Eqs. (3.31) through (3.33). (2i − 5 j + 3k ) × (i + 0 j − 2k ) =
[(−5)(−2) − (3)(0)]i + [(3)(1) − (2)(−2)]j + [(2)(0) − (−5)(1)]k = 10i − 5 j + 3k
3-47. A = cos ω t i + sin ω t j
dA
= −ω sin ω t i + ω cos ω t j
dt
dA
A• = −ω sin ωt cos ωt + ω sin ωt cos ωt = 0
dt
dA
Since both A and are nonzero, they must be perpendicular to each other.
dt
43
CHAPTER 3
3-48.
N N
B B y
20°
x 20°
20º
20º
20° E E
20°
A
A
(a) (b)
Define B to be the y axis as shown in (a). The x axis is shown perpendicular to B. The angle
between A and B is 130° measured from the y axis, so A = 30sin130°i + 30cos130°j
= 23.0i – 19.3j. The component of A along B is −19.3 m.
Next, define A to be the x axis as shown in (b). The y axis is shown perpendicular to A. Now the
angle between A and B is 130° measured from the x axis, so B = 40cos130°i + 40sin130°j
= –25.7i + 30.6j. The component of B along A is −25.7 m.
†3-49. A × B = ( Ay Bz − Az By )i + ( Az Bx − Ax By ) j + ( Ax By − Ay Bx )k
A × B = (5.0i − 2.0 j + 3.0k ) × ( Bx i + 3.0 j + Bz k ) = (−2 Bz − 9)i + (3Bx − 5Bz ) j + (15 + 2 Bx )k
A × B = C = 2.0 j + C z k.
(A × B) x = Ay Bz − Az By = C x ⇒ –2 Bz − 9 = 0 ⇒ Bz = −4.5
1
( A × B) y = Az Bx − Ax Bz = C y ⇒ 3Bx − 5Bz = 2 ⇒ Bx = (2 + 5Bz )
3
1
= [2 + 5 × (−4.5)] = −6.83.
3
( A × B) z = Ax By − Ay Bx = C z ⇒ 15 + 2 Bx = C z ⇒ C z = 15 + 2(−6.83) = 1.34
3-50. A = Ax i + Ay j, B = Bx i + By j
A i B = | A || B | cos θ = Ax Bx + Ay By (1)
A × B = | A || B | sin θ = Ax By − Ay Bx (2)
Ax By − Ay Bx
(2) ÷ (1) ⇒ tan θ =
Ax Bx + Ay By
3-51. A = 2i − j − 4k
A= 22 + 12 + 42 = 21
1
unit vector is ( 2i − j − 4k ) = 0.44i − 0.22 j − 0.87k
21
i + 2j
3-52. Let A = j + 2k and B = 3i − j + k. Let the unit vector along A be u A = and the unit vector
5
3i − j + k
along B be u B = .
5
44
CHAPTER 3
45
CHAPTER 3
Az B A B A B
(c) If A || B, = z, x = x, x = x
Ay By Ay By Az Bz
⇒ Ax By − Ay Bx = 0
Ax By − Ay Bx = 0
Az Bx − Ax Bz = 0
⇒ A× B =0
3-57.
i j k
Ay Az Ax Az Ax Ay
Ax Ay Az = i– j+ k
By Bz Bx Bz Bx By
Bx By Bz
= (AyBz − AzBy) i + (AzBx − AxBz) j + (AxBy − AyBx) k
3-58. [(i × j) × i ] × i = (k × i ) × i = j × i = − k
[(i × j) × j] × j = (k × j) × j = − i × j = − k
†3-59. A = 2i − 3 j + 2k. B = −3i + 4k. A × B = (2i − 3 j + 2k ) × (−3i + 0 j + 4k )
= ( Ay Bz − Az By )i + ( Az Bx − Ax Bz ) j + ( Ax By − Ay Bx )k
= [( −3)(4) − (2)(0)]i + [(2)(−3) − (2)(4)]j + [(2)(0) − (−3)(−3)]k = −12i − 14 j − 9k.
3-60. (a) A • (B + C) = (3ˆi − 2ˆj + 2kˆ ) • (2ˆi − 3ˆj + 4kˆ )
(b) A × (B + C) = (3ˆi − 2ˆj + 2kˆ ) × (2ˆi − 3ˆj + 4kˆ )
i j k
= 3 −2 2 = (−8 + 6)i− (12 − 4)j + (−9 + 4) k = 2i − 8 j − 5k
2 −3 4
Ax Ay Az 3 −2 2
(c) A • (B × C) = Bx By Bz = 0 0 4 = 3(12) + 2(−8) + 2(0) = 20
Cx Cy Cz 2 −3 0
i j k
(d) B × C = 0 0 4 = 12 î + 8 ĵ
2 −3 0
i j k
A × (B × C) = 3 −2 2 = −16i + 24 j + 48k
12 8 0
3-61. The cross product of the two vectors will give a vector perpendicular to both.
i j k
( 4i + 3 j ) × (−i − 3j + 2k ) = 4 3 0 = 6i − 8j − 9k
−1 −3 2
46
CHAPTER 3
47
CHAPTER 3
30°
30°
S
48
CHAPTER 3
†3-77. If φ is the angle between A and B, then the component of A along B is A cos ø. But cos ø =
⎛ AiB ⎞ AiB
(A • B)/(AB). Therefore A cos ø = A ⎜ ⎟= . B = 12 + 32 + 22 = 14 = 3.74.
⎝ AB ⎠ B
15
A • B = (3)(1) + (4)(3) + (0) (−2) = 15. Then A cos ø = = 4.0.
3.74
AiB
Similarly, the component of B along A is with A = 32 + 42 = 5. Thus, B cos ø
A
15
= = 3.0.
5
3-78. (a) A + B = 5i + j − k
(b) A − B = − i + 3j − k
(c) A i B = 6 − 2 + 0 = 4
(d) A × B = [(2)(0) − ( −1)(−1)]i + [(−1)(3) − (0)(2)]j + [(2)( −1) − (2)(3)]k = −i − 3j − 8k
49