Hello and welcome my dear friends to the sixth lecture of Grammar 3

taught by Mr. Shbeeb.

In this lecture, the teacher is going to discuss the following points:
The ~ing and ~s forms
The past and the -ed participle
Doubling of consonant
The treatment of (Y):
Deletion of -e
The teacher's speech:
Good morning everyone. The lecture of last week stopped at page 27. We
said that many English verbs have five forms: the BASE, the -s FORM,
the PAST, the -ING PARTICIPLE, and the -ED PARTICIPLE.
1. The base form: the simplest form of the verb without adding any
elements to it, such as 'go', 'swim', 'eat'. It is used in all the present
tense except 3rd person singular (I/we/they go), in the imperative
(Go away!), subjunctive (She demanded that he go) and bare
infinitives (after modal auxiliaries, He may go)).
2. The -s FORM: this means the base form of the verb with an 's' at
the end, as in "plays" or "writes".
3. The PAST form: the past form of the verb has (ed) at its end if the
verb is regular (played) or (worked), or it may have different forms
such as (wrote/ drank/ let/ put/went/ate, etc.).
4. The -ING PARTICIPLE: this form means (Verb +ing). So, in this
form, we add "ing" to the base form of the verb. We use this form
in progressive aspect (He is studying).
5. The -ED PARTICIPLE: this what some students call V3, or the
past participle form of the verb, such as (Regular: played/
worked/painted. Irregular: broken/ gone/ put/ swum/ eaten, etc.).
We use it in the perfect tenses and passive voice, etc.
Concerning the -ING PARTICIPLE and the -ED PARTICIPLE, we took
these two examples:
1. Calling early, I found her at home
2. Called early, he had a quick breakfast
What is the difference between ''calling early'' and ''called early''?
In the first example, we have two actions happening at the same time. In
other words, the action of calling early happens at the same time of
finding her at home. Moreover, the one who called early is the same one
who found her at home .i.e. both clauses have the same subject 'I'.
In the second example, the one who called early is different from that one
who had a quick breakfast .i.e. someone called him, and then he had to
eat quickly. Thus, the subject of the first clause is different from the
subject of the second one. Another thing about the second example is that
the two actions do not happen at the same time. First, someone called;
after that, someone else ate quickly. Thus, the action of calling and eating
do not happen simultaneously.
It must be borne in mind that the two clauses 'calling early' and 'called
early' are non-finite clauses.
If you go back to page 17, you will notice that we dealt with similar
examples:
 Carefully searching the room, John found a ring.
In this example, the subject of the non-finite clause (carefully searching
the room) is the same one of the finite clause (john found a ring).i.e. the
one who searched the room is John, and the one who found a ring is John
as well. Moreover, the action of searching the room and the action of
finding a ring happened at the same time.
 Made the chairman every year, he was very busy
In this example, the subject of the non-finite clause (made the chairman
every year) is different from the subject of the finite clause (he was very
busy).i.e. those who made him the chairman are different from the one
who is the chairman. Moreover, the action of making him a chairman and
the action of being a chairman do not happen at the same time. In other
words, at first, they elected him, and then he became a chairman.
We will start our discussion with section 3.4 on page 28 in out textbook.
Section 3.4 Page 28
Regular lexical verbs
Regular lexical verbs have the following forms:
 Base form (work/ play)
 V+s form (works / plays)
 V+ing present participle (working/ playing)
 V-ed past form (worked / played)
  V-ed past participle (V3) (worked / played)
This section is very easy, and we talked about this a lot…
3.5
The ~ing and ~s forms
In this section, we will learn how to add '~ing' and '~s' to the base form of
the verb.
You just need to insert the '~ing' form to the base, as in the following
examples:
 Push ----pushing
 Sleep----sleeping
We will talk about the process of adding '~s' to the base. This process
sounds a piece of cake; however, it is somehow tricky when it comes to
pronouncing the final '~s'.
The -s form has three spoken realizations (we pronounce it in three
different ways): /iz/, /z/ and /s/, and two spellings, -s and -es.
The letter 's' at the end a verb has three different pronunciation. It might
be pronounced as /iz/, /z/ and /s/. It depends on the sound that precedes it
whether it is a vowel, a consonant, a voiceless sound, or a voiced sound.
1. Pronounced /iz/ after bases ending in voiced or voiceless
sibilants and spelled ~es unless the base already ends in ~e:
pass passes budge- budges
buzz—buzzes push—pushes
catch - catches camouflage -camouflages
The sibilant sound is produced by forcing air out toward your teeth. It is
characterized by a hissing sound (sssss), a buzzing sound (zzzzz) or the
sound teachers make when they want you to be quiet (shhhh!).

 Z like the sound a bee makes... zzzzzz

 S like the sound a snake makes... sssssss
 SH like the sound a teacher makes when they want you to be
quiet... shhhhh

To make things clearer for you, if the verb ends with ss, ch, sh, ge, x, or z
and we want to add ~s to that verb, the final ~s is pronounced like /iz/.
Moreover, When a verb ends with s, ch, sh, x or z, we add the letter e,
and then we add the letter s as in catch=catches.
 2. Pronounced /z/ and spelled -s after bases ending in other voiced
sounds, as in the following:
 Call – calls
 Rob— robs
 Flow—flows
Again, after these letters b, d, g, l, m, n, j, r and v, the he final ~s is
pronounced like /z/.
3. Pronounced /s/ and spelled -s after bases ending in other
voiceless sounds, as in the following examples:
 Cut--- cuts
 Lock----locks
 Sap----saps
If the last consonant of the word is voiceless, then the ~s is pronounced as
/s/.
Section 3. 6 page 29
The past and the -ed participle (Past Participle)
The past and the past participle of regular verbs (spelled -ed unless the
base ends in -e) have three spoken realizations:
1. /id/ after bases ending in /d/ and /t/, as in:
 pad—padded
 pat __ patted
If the verb base ends in a “t” or “d” sound already, then the –ed ending
sounds like “/id/”.
2. /d/ after bases ending in voiced sounds other than /d/, as in:
 Mow __ mowed
 budge— budged
If the verb base ends in a voiced sound, then the –ed ending sounds like
“/d/”.
3. /t/ after bases ending in voiceless sounds other than /t/, as in:
 pass— passed
 pack __packed
If the verb base ends in a voiceless sound, then the –ed ending sounds
like “/t/”.
Doubling of consonant
Final base consonants are doubled before inflections beginning with a
vowel letter when the preceding vowel is stressed and spelled with a
single letter.
We add -ing to a verb to form its present participle, and -ed to regular
verbs to form the past simple. When doing this, we sometimes double the
last letter of the verb, as in these examples
 Bar = barring barred
 Permit= permitting permitted
We double the final letter when a one-syllable verb ends in consonant +
vowel + consonant as in the word 'bar=barring or barred'.
Moreover, we double the final letter when a word has more than one
syllable, and when the final syllable is stressed in speech, as in the word
'permit=permitting or permitted'.
There is no doubling when the vowel is unstressed or written with
two letters, as in:
 Enter entering entered
 Dread dreading dreaded
If the final syllable is not stressed, we do not double the final letter.
With the verb "enter", we do not double the final consonant (r) because
the stress is on the first syllable not the second one as in (permit). In
addition, in the verb (dread), we do not double the final consonant (d)
because before this consonant we have two vowels (e + a).
EXCEPTIONS:
Bases ending in certain consonants are doubled also after single
unstressed vowels –ggg –c ck-:
 humbug humbugging humbugged
 traffic trafficking trafficked
As it is usual to the English language, we have some exceptions to the
rule of doubling the final consonants. In the above examples, we doubled
the final consonants although the second syllables of these words are
unstressed. You just need to memorize these two exceptional cases.
The British English language, as distinct from the American one,
breaks the rule with respect to certain other consonants also: lll,
mmm, g gg, and ppp.
  signal signalling signalled (BrE)
 signal signaling signaled (AmE)
 travel travelling travelled (BrE)
 travel traveling traveled (AmE)
 program(me) programming programmed (BrE)
 program programing programed (ArnE)
worship worshipping worshipped (BrE)
worship worshiping worshiped (AmE)
In British English, verbs that end in l, m, and p preceded by a vowel
usually double the final l, m, and p when a suffix -ed/-ing is added.
In American English the final l, m, and p  is doubled only when
the last syllable is stressed.
Most verbs ending in ~p, however, have the regular spellings in both
AmE and BrE, as in develop, envelop, gallop and gossip.
Section 3.8 Page 30
The treatment of (Y):
a) In verbs ending in a consonant +y, we make the following
changes before inflections (-s/-ed) that do not begin with i. We
usually change the y into (i)
 Carry—carries carry—, carried
Thus, words ending in y preceded by a consonant, change the y to i and
add es or ed.
But carry— carrying (we keep the y because –ing starts with i)
The past form of the following verb, we change the y into i even
after a vowel:
 lay—laid
 Say----said
 Pay --- paid
The above words are exceptions to the rule.
a) In bases ending in -ie, the ie is changed into y before the -ing
ending:
 Die – dying
 Lie— lying
Deletion of -e
Final vowel -e is regularly omitted before the -ing and -ed :
 shave shaving shaved
Exceptions: Verbs ending in -ee, -ye, -oe, and often -ge are exceptions in
that they do not drop the -e before -ing; but they do drop it before -ed, as
do also forms in -ie (tie— tied):
 -ee: agree agreeing agreed
 -ye: dye dyeing dyed
 -oe: hoe hoeing hoed
 -ge: singe singeing singed
Irregular lexical verbs
Irregular lexical verbs differ from regular verbs in the following
ways:
a) Irregular verbs either do not have a /d/ or /t/ inflection such as
(drink—drank— drunk) or break the rule for a voiced
inflection. For example, the verb "burn"----- burnt /t/ in spite
of the fact it ends with a voiced sound, beside the regular
burned /d/.
b) Irregular verbs usually have variation in their base vowel:
find—found —found write,- wrote,- written
c) Irregular verbs have a varying number of distinct forms
especially the past and the past participle (V3) forms. Most
irregular verbs have, like regular verbs, only one common
form for the past and the past participle, but there is
considerable variation in this respect, as the table shows:
Base V1 V2 V3
1. All alike cut cut cut
V2=V3 meet met met
V1=V3 come came come
All different speak spoke spoken
In the first group, the three forms of the verb (cut) are the same
(cut/cut/cut).
In the second group, the past form (V2) is the same as the past participle
form (V3) as in the verb (meet/ met/met).
In the third group, the base form is the same as the past participle
(come/came/come).
In the fourth group, the three forms (V1/V2/V3) have different spellings
(speak /spoke/spoken).
Ok, you can read page 31, 32, 33 and 34 at home. That is everything for
today. See you next week.
MCQs:
1. All of the following words have correct spellings excepts---1---
A. Agreeing
B. Trafficing
C. Worshipped
D. Hoeing
2. In all of the following words, the final 'ed' is prounced like /t/
except-2---
A. Passed
B. Blocked
C. Played
D. Kissed
3. Verbs ending in -ee, -ye, -oe, and often -ge are exceptions in that
they --3----before –ing
A. do drop the –e
B. do not drop the –e
4. If the verb base ends in a voiced sound, then the –ed ending
sounds like -4---
A. “/d/”.
B. /t/
C. /id/
D. /ed/
5. In all of the following words, the final 'ed' is prounced like /id/
except--5--
A. Fatted
B. Padded
C. Matted
D. Spelled
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b1
c2
b3
a4
d5
Written by: Moussa Al-Rashed
Scanned by: Ahmad Jawad