Unit 01: Ill-Gotten Gains Never Prosper

 Had better (’d better)

“Ethics in Business: Fighting Fraud and Corruption”

 Expressing Condition using: We use “had better, should, ought to” in order to advise.

(If, provided that, providing that, as long as) E.g.

-You had better phone your parents now! They may worry
about you.

* We use First conditional sentences in order to talk - You’d better phone your parents now! They may worry
about future possible events. about you.

Rule:
E.g.
If he studies hard, he will pass the exam. “Had better” is used with the verb in the infinitive without
to.
Simple Present Future Simple
* The negative form is:
Or:
Had better not/ ’d better not
He will pass the exam if he studies hard.
E.g.
Future Simple Simple Present
- You look sick. You had better not go to school.
Remark:

* We can replace “If type I” with: “providing that,

provided that or as long as”.
 It’s high time / It’s about
If he studies hard , he will pass the exam. time
Condition Result
*We use “It’s high time or It’s about time” to complain,
criticize or express dissatisfaction. You are thinking that the
action should have been performed in the past.
If
Providing that + V. Simple , V. Future Rule:
Provided that Present Simple
As long as It’s high time/ It’s about time + Subject+ V. Simple past.

E.g.
E.g. It’s high time she did some work for her BAC exam.

Providing that he studies hard, he will pass the exam.

 Unless
* The link word unless means except if or if….not
and introduces a condition.
E.g.
- If you don’t work hard, you will fail.
- Unless you work hard, you will fail.
 Wish / If only
* We use “wish” in order to express regret about a
present situation, regret about the past, or a desire for
change in the near future.
I. Regret about a present situation:
*Somebody expresses regret about not being on holiday
now.
=> I wish I were on holiday now. (But he is not)
Rule:

Subject+ wish+ subject + V.simple past

Remark: We use “were” instead of “was”. So….that
II. Regret about something in the past: * She is so kind; as a result, all people respect her.

*Somebody regretted not listening to you advice Cause: she is so kind

yesterday.
Effect: All people respect her.
=> I wish I had listened to your advice yesterday.
Rule:
She is so kind that all people respect her.
Subject+ wish+ subject + V. past perfect.

III. Future desire: Rule:

* Somebody expresses the desire of seeing his friend Subject+ verb+ so+ adjective+ that+ effect clause.
changing his horrible look.

=>I wish you would change your horrible look.

Rule:

Subject+ wish+ subject + would+ V. infinitive

without to.

Remark:

A wish about ourselves is expressed through the use of

could instead of would.

E.g.

I wish I could lose weight.

 Cause / Effect

Such…..that

*He is a corrupt person; as a consequence, people do not

trust him.
Cause: He is a corrupt person

Effect: People do not trust him.

He is such a corrupt person that people do not trust him.

Rule:

Subject+ verb+ such+ noun phrase+ that+ effect clause.