ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (CHM421)

LABORATORY REPORT

EXPERIMENT 4:

SOLUBILITY OF IONIC SALTS IN SEAWATER

GROUP: AS2464D

NAME:
NURUL NAJMI BINTI MOHD NASIR (2019451972)
LECTURER:
DR. MUHD FIRDAUS BIN KASIM

DATE OF EXPERIMENT:
23/04/2020

DATE OF SUBMISSION:
29/04/2020
 SOLUBILITY OF IONIC SALTS IN SEAWATER (EXPERIMENT 4)

ABSTRACT:

Experimenting about the solubility of ionic salts in seawater, the preparation was started with
the standardization of the sodium nitrate solution, where the result acquire 0.01306 M Cl for
both trial in part A. for the part B requirement, the determination of chloride concentration in
sea water, it secure 9.09% (w/w) of chloride. The endpoint was signal by using a suitable
indicator which is potassium chromate 5% K 2CrO4, as the colour produce orange pink solution
and the pH was range between 7 and 10 this chemical added were rather as the catalyst for this
experiment. This research come in a few trials so that the average would give an accurate
result, by refer the procedures and objective.

Keyword : sodium nitrate, endpoint, catalyst, trial, concentration

OBJECTIVE:

1) To standardize silver nitrate solution using a known chloride solution.

2) To determine the chloride concentration in sea water.

INTRODUCTION:

Silver nitrate is an inorganic compound that comprises the chemical composition AgNO 3, it is
a co-ordinate in its solid stable form in a trigonal planar structure, and this is stated by the
National Library of Medicine itself. As the content of seawater is mostly made up from water
soluble salts such as sodium chloride, or this kind of salt was famously knew as table salt. A
precipitation titration process is needed to standardize the silver nitrate with a known chloride
solution so that the adding impact of ion will help in decreasing the solubility of the salt.
However it is depend from the nature of the salt (Voisin et al, 2017). Precipitation titration
proces is one in which the titrants foms a precipitate with the analyte and it was recorded that
the most suitable precipitating agent reagent is silver nitrate, or in other word, it react when the
solution of two different ionic compund are combine in an insouluble solid that will seperates
out of solution. Where the precipitate is ionic itself.

For example :

XCl + AgNO3 AgCl + XNO3

AgCl will form a white precipitate. However for this sample standard equation, it shown as :

Ag+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) AgCl (s)

As titration is to determine the completion of a reaction, the endpoint should be obviously seen
by naked eyes to detect the endpoint. According to the laboratory manual, the end point will be
with the presence of yellow solution colour as the CrO 42- , chromate ion is used as the indicator
for this experiment. As mentioned earlier a white precipitate will formed as the silver ion react
with the chloride in the sample solution. This has been stated that the chloride will not easily
dissolved thus it need an indicator to signal the complete precipitation by the colour changes
happened during the titration process. This process generally known as Mohr Method which to
determine the chloride in a sample solution by using an indicator which is chromate ion.

METHODOLOGY

A. Standardisation of the silver nitrate solution.

About 0.020 g of dry sodium chloride was weighed precisely and quantitatively
transferred into a 250 mL conical flask, then continued with approximately 100 mL of
distilled water was added to dissolve the salt. Next, pH of the solution was inspect by
using a pH paper, the pH was modified between 7 and 10 by add on sulphuric acid or
sodium hydroxide if needed. 1.0 mL of 5% potassium chromate indicator was added to
signal the physical changes and a 50 mL burette was unstained with tap water
rigorously. The burette then was rinsed with distilled water for a few times, and again
rinsed with silver nitrate solution before filled them with the solution by refer the
standardisation desired. The salt solution earlier then was titrated with the titrant and a
lasting orange pink was acquired. The standardization process was replicate for three
values that had agreed to each other.

B. Analysis of sweater

The portion of seawater was precisely measured at 10.0 mL and the sample was moved
to 100 mL volumetric flask, and then was diluted to the calibrated level by adding
distilled water. About 10.0 mL of the diluted seawater sample earlier was pipetted into
250 mL conical flask where the range of pH reading was certified between 7 and 10.
Lastly, 1.0 mL of 5% potassium chromate was applied to the standardized silver nitrate
solution for the following titration process. The titration was duplicate for another three
samples.
RESULTS:

A. Standardization of the Silver Nitrate solution

1 2
Weight of sodium chloride used(g) 0.0219 0.0228
Final reading of silver nitrate (mL) 28.70 29.90
Initial reading of silver nitrate (mL) 0.00 0.00
Volume of silver nitrate (mL) used 28.70 29.90

B. Determining of the Chloride inSeawater

1 2
Volume of aliquot taken (mL) 10.0 10.0
Final reading of silver nitrate (mL) 35.90 34.40
Initial reading of silver nitrate (mL) 0.00 0.00
Volume of silver nitrate (mL) used 35.90 34.40
 CALCULATIONS:

1. Part A :

0.0219 g NaCl 1 mol NaCl 1 mol Ag NO 3 1000 ml

M1 = × × × =0.01306 M
28.7 ml 58 .44 g NaCl 1 mol NaCl 1L

0.0228 g NaCl 1 mol NaCl 1 mol Ag NO 3 1000 ml

M2 = × × × =0.01306 M
29.9 ml 58 .44 g NaCl 1mol NaCl 1L

0.0132+ 0.0132
Mean, X́ = =0.0132 M Ag NO3
2

2. Part B :

1 2
AgNO3(aq) + Cl- (aq) AgCl(aq) + NCO3(aq)

Ag+(aq) + Cl- (aq) AgCl (s)

Dilution Factor = Vf = 10.0 mL + 100 mL Vf = 10.0 mL + 100 mL

Final Volume(Vf ) = 110 mL = 110 mL

Initial Volume(Vi)
110mL 110mL
Df = Df =
Vf = aliquot volume + 10mL 10 mL
diluent volume = 11 mL = 11 mL
xjdj Mole Ag+ = Molarity Ag+ = 0.01306 x 0.0359 = 0.01306 x 0.0359
vol
Volume Ag+ = 4.689 x 104 mole = 4.493 x 104 mole

1 Mole Ag+ = 1 Mole Cl- 4.689 x 104 mole Mole Ag+ 4.493 x 104 mole Mole Ag+
= 4.689 x 104 mole Mole Cl- = 4.493 x 104 mole Mole
Cl-

mol ¿ 4.493 x 10−4 mole

Molarity Cl- = =¿
volume −4
4 .689 x 10 mole 0.01 L
=¿
0.01 L
0 .04493 M

0 .04689 M
Mass of Cl- = Mol Cl- X 4.689 x 10−4 mole x 35.446 4.493 x 10−4 mole x 35.446

RMM Cl- g/mole g/mole

= 0.0166 g
= 0.0159 g
Actual mass = mass Cl- 0.0166 g x 11 = 0.1826 g 0.0159 x 11 = 0.1749 g

Dilution Factor Convert to mg Convert to mg

1000 mg 1000 mg
= 0.1826 g x = 0.1749 g x
1g 1g

= 182.6 mg = 174.9 mg
Parts per million (ppm) = 182.6 mg 174.9mg
=18260 mg/ L =1 7490 mg/ L
0.01 L 0.01 L
mg/L
Average value of ppm 18260+ 17490
=17875 mg/L
2
Percentages (w/w) 0.0 166 g 0.0 159 g
x 100 % x 100 %
0.1826 g 0.1749 g
chloride in seawater
= 9.09 % = 9.09 %
DISCUSSION:

The experiment was started by the standardization of silver nitrate solution as the first
objective for this study conducted by using a known chloride solution. Thus, a few calculation
was made up to obtain the concentration that come from the duplicate trial which acquire two
different result, however it obtained a same result as it is 0.01306 M of silver nitrate. The
difference weight and volume used for standardization gave an exact result after the
calculation was done for both trial. Due to the slightly difference in term of weight reading
obtained from procedure A, this problem could be the leading of personal error of the
conductor while handling the experiment and weighing the sample. Here the mean molarity
acquire give the same result too, which is 0.01306 M.

Proceed with procedure B, by determining the chloride in seawater, the molarity was obtained
in two different results which are 18260 mg/L of Cl content in seawater, while from the trial
two, the results acquire was17490 mg/L. This occurred due to the volume of silver nitrate used
in the experiment after converting these two outcome into ppm (part per million). This
outcome as the calculation started by finding the dilution factor to perform the next step to
gain the ppm. By performing the procedure B, the second objective form this experiment is
archive as the determination of the chloride concentration in seawater was perfectly secured
after the calculation done. Here, an indicator was used as to signal the endpoint where the
colour would varied to obtain the real end point, as the solution will last orange pink solution
with pH range between 7 and 10, this is referred from (Jennings et al, 2010), he recorded that
the point at which the indicator does change colour is called the titratio endpoint. This suggest
that the ideal indcator should be choosen to secure a better outcome for an experiment.

Lastly, the percentages (w/w) chloride in seawater for both trial obtained was 9.09% as the
final requirement for this experiment.
 QUESTIONS:

1. For the purpose of carrying out the experiment, the concentration of

chromate used is less than the value found in question 2. What do you think
is the reason for this?

From my reading done for this question, it was stated that the concentration of
chromate used is less because to secured a fastest formation of ¿ ¿ due to higher
concentration of ¿ ¿toward the minimum necessary concentration.

2. In previous titrations the volume of the solution in the conical flask was not
important. Why is it the reason for this?

That is due to the objectives of the experiment itself, as the process would like to
secure the endpoint, thus the amount volume of solution was not the spotlight for
the experiment, from my general knowledge.

3. What do you think might be a common source of contamination in this

titration?

Foreign substances that have in the sample, because it might disturb the result
required.

CONCLUSION:

As a conclusion, this experiment is successful, as the objectives for this research were
achievable, where the standardization of the silver nitrate is 0.01306 M. while the
determinations of chloride in seawater give outcome 9.09% (w/w).

REFERENCES:

Alalor. C. A., Avbunudiogha. J. A., Builders. F. P. & Okpara. L. O. (2019). Evaluation of the
Acid Neutralizing Capacity of Some Commercially Available Brands of Antacid Tablets
in Nigeria. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Industrial Pharmacy, 12-19.
P. A. Jennings, C. A. Mullen & M. Roy. (2010). Titration and pH Measurement. Encyclopedia
of Life Science, 1-4.
T. Voisin, A. Erriguible, D. Ballenghien, D. Mateos, A. Kunegel, F. Cansell & C. Aymonier.
(2107). Solubility of inorganic salts in sub- and supercritical hydrothermal environment:
Application to SCWO process. Journal of Environmental , 3-18.
Van Reit-Nales, Van Alst, P., de Caste, D., Barend, D.M. (2002). An improved in vitro method
for the evaluatio of antacids with in vivo relevance. Journal of Pharmaceutical and
Biopharm, 53, 217-223.