Undamped forced vibration is considered to be one of

the most important types of vibrating motion in

engineering. Its principles can be used to describe the
motion of many types of machines and structures.
Applying the equation
motion:
+→ Σ𝐹𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐹0 sin 𝜔0 𝑡 − 𝑘𝑥 = 𝑚𝑥

𝑘 𝐹0
𝑥+ 𝑥 = sin 𝜔0 𝑡 (1)
𝑚 𝑚

This equation is a nonhomogeneous second-

order differential equation. The general
solution consists of a complementary solution ,xc,
plus a particular solution,xp.
 𝑘
𝑥+ 𝑥=0 Set the right hand side of Eq. 1 to zero
𝑚

𝑥𝑐 = 𝐶 sin 𝜔𝑛 𝑡 + 𝜙 (2) Complementary solution

𝑥𝑝 = 𝑋 sin 𝜔0 𝑡 (3) Assume a particular solution

X is considered as constant. Take the second

derivative of xp, and substitute to Eq. 1

𝑘 𝐹0
−𝑋𝜔0 2 sin 𝜔0 𝑡 + 𝑋 sin 𝜔0 𝑡 = sin 𝜔0 𝑡 (1)
𝑚 𝑚

Factoring X, we get
𝐹0 𝐹0
𝑚 𝑘
𝑋= 𝑘 −𝜔0 2 = 𝜔0 2 (4)
𝑚 1− 𝜔𝑛

𝐹0
𝑘
𝑥𝑝 = 𝜔0 2 sin 𝜔0 𝑡 (5) Particular Solution
1− 𝜔𝑛
The general solution is therefore the sum of two sine
functions having different frequencies.
𝐹0
𝑘
𝑥 = 𝑥𝑐 + 𝑥𝑝 = 𝐶 sin 𝜔𝑛 𝑡 + 𝜙 + 𝜔0 2 sin 𝜔0 𝑡
1− 𝜔𝑛

Complementary solution defines the free vibration

Particular solution defines forced vibration

Free vibration = Transient

Forced Vibration = Steady-State

Amplitude depends on frequency ratio, 𝜔0
𝜔𝑛
Magnification Factor
𝑋 1
𝑀𝐹 = =
𝐹0 𝜔0 2
𝑘 1− 𝜔𝑛

If a force or displacement is applied

with a frequency close to natural
frequency of the system, i.e. 𝜔0 ≈ 𝜔𝑛 ,
the amplitude of vibration of the block
becomes extremely large.
This extreme vibration is called RESONANCE
The instrument shown is rigidly attached to a platform P, which in
turn is supported by four springs, each having a stiffness, k=800
N/m. If the floor is subjected to a vertical displacement,
𝛿 = 10 sin 8𝑡 𝑚𝑚, where t is in seconds, determine the amplitude of
steady-state vibration. What is the frequency of the floor vibration
required to cause resonance? The instrument and platform have a
total mass of 20 kg.
SOLUTION
Natural frequency

𝑘 4×800
𝜔𝑛 = = = 12.65 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
𝑚 20

Amplitude of steady-state vibration, X

𝛿0 10
𝑋= 2 = 2 = 16.7 𝑚𝑚
𝜔0
1− 𝜔𝑛 1 − 8 12.65

In order for us to have resonance:

𝜔0 = 𝜔𝑛 ≈ 12.65 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠