Bcy`Sobw tIcf¯nsâ kw`mh\
Bcy`Ssâ IcWmcw`w Ien 3623 (iI 444) AYhm {InkvXphÀjw 522
BsW¶ tIcfob]mc¼cy¯n\pw aXnbmb AwKoImcw Ncn{XImc·mÀ
Bcy`Ssâ tZihpw {KlW \nco£Whpw ]pXnb
Is−¯epIÄ
sI.N{µlcn
`mcXobimkv{XNcn{X¯nse Gähpw k¦oÀ®amb AhyàXIfnsem¶m
Wv Bcy`Ssâ tZiw. sFXnly§fpw Bcy`Sob¯ne[njvTamb tIcf
¯nse tPymXnximkv{X ]mc¼cyhpw Bcy`S³ tIcfob\msW¶ [mcW¡v
_ew \ÂIpt¼mÄ Ipkpa]ptc`yÀ¨nXw Úm\w F¶ BNmcy ]cmaÀi
¯m Xs¶ At±lw Ipkpa]pchmknbmbncp¶p F¶ \nKa\¯n\v Kth
jIÀ km[pX IÂ]n¡p¶p. Ncn{X KthjW¯nsâ Ignª \qäm−nte¡v
Xncnªp t\m¡nbm ImWp¶Xv þ
B[p\nItKhjW§fpsS BZyIme¯v tIcfob]mc¼cyw Bcy`Sobm[n
jvTamsW¶ hkvXpX ASnØm\ambpw hymJymXm¡Ä an¡hcpw tIcfob
cmsW¶Xn\mepw Ncn{X ]WvUnX·mÀ Bcy`S³ tIcfob\msW¶ [mcW
]peÀ¯nbncp¶p. `mkvIcmNmcyÀ H¶mas\¸än kp[mIcZznthZn, i¦À
_meIrjvWZo£nXv apXemb {]NWvU ]WvUnX·mÀ¡v AdnhnÃmXncp¶
Imeambncp¶p CXv. ]n¡me KthjW§Ä `mkvIcobNcn{Xw shfnhm¡n
bt¸mÄ Bcy`S³ AivaI\msW¶pw AivaIw FhnsSbmsW¶papÅ
At\zjWw Bcw`n¨p. B]vtXbpsS kwkvIrX\nLWvUp ASnØm\ambn
AivaIw XncphnXmwIqdmsW¶ k¦Â]w XpSÀ¶v {]Ncn¡pIbp−mbn.
XpSÀ¶v h¶ kzmX{´ym\´c ZiI§fn _u²þssP\tcJIÄ Bkv]Z
ambn AivaIw tKmZmhcn¡pw \À½Z¡panSbnepÅ hmImSI cmPy¯nsâ
`mKambncp¶psh¶ [mcW iàamIpIbpw Bcy`S³ A§s\ Ipkpa
]pct¯¡v t]mb almcmjv{S kztZinbmsW¶ Nn´ _es¸SpIbpw
sNbvXp. Cu ]Ým¯e¯n C´y³ \mjW kb³kv A¡mZanbpsS
HutZymKnI {]kn²oIcW§Ä Xs¶ XoÀ¯pw hyXykvXamb ImgvN
¸mSpIfmWv DÄs¡mÅp¶Xv.

s{]m^. Ir]mi¦À ip¢bpsS Bcy`Sob¯nsâ BwKe]cn`mjbnÂ
Bcy`S³ Ipkpa]pchmknbpw AivaIob\pamsW¶pw AivaIw
hmImSI P\]ZamsW¶papÅ [mcW {]Ncn¸n¡p¶p.

imkv{Xw C´ybn F¶ `mcX¯nse imkv{XNcn{X kw_Ôamb
{]kn²oIcWw hyXykvXambn Bcy`S³ tIcfob\msW¶ [mcW
]peÀ¯p¶p.

F³sskt¢m]oUnb {_n«m\n¡, CXc A´Àt±iob {]kn²oIcW§
Ä, sh_vsskäpIÄ, apXembh Cu HutZymKnI {]kn²oIcW§sf
B{ibn¨v ]ckv]cw sshcp²yamÀ¶ hnhc§Ä Bcy`Ss\¸än
\ÂIp¶p.
1 2
\ÂIn ImWp¶nÃ.

sFXnly§fpw sImSp§ÃqÀ sImSpwIÃqÀ (AivaIw) BsW¶ Dulm
t]mlhpw am{XamWv tIcfob]mc¼cy¯n Bcy`Ss\ kw_Ôn¨v
e`yambncn¡p¶ hnhc§Ä. sImSp§ÃqÀ sImSpwtImeqÀ Bbncp¶p
sh¶v kqNn¸n¡p¶ XanÄ tcJIÄ Cu Nn´mKXnsb \ncmIcn¡phm³
tUm. sI. hn. iÀ½sbt¸msebpÅ KthjIsc t{]cn¸n¨Xn\memWv
Ipkpa]pchmknbmbn Bcy`S³ C´y³ \mjWÂ kb³kv A¡mZan
bpsS Bcy`Sob¯n Nn{XoIcn¡s¸«Xv.
Hcp ]pXnb At\zjWw
]Xn\©p \qäm−pIfpsS tIcfob ]mc¼cyhpw B[p\nI KthjW§fpsS
c−v \qäm−pIfpw AhyàX ]peÀ¯pt¼mÄ, Hcp ]pXnb At\zjW¯n\v
km[yXIÄ IpdhmWv. ]gb teJ\§fnse Dulmt]ml§sf Xncn¨pw
adn¨pw amänsbgpXpItbm, Ahsb hmNmeambn AhXcn¸n¨v tIcfob
tPymXnximkv{X ]mc¼cy¯n\v AÂ]w IqSn [hfna ]IcpItbm AÃ
ChnsS e£yw. Bcy`Sobw ASnØm\ambn imkv{Xobamb Hcp At\zjWw
þ BcymjvSiXKoXnIfn Ah¡v P·w \ÂInb tZi¯nsâ ssIs¿m¸v
D−mIpsa¶ hnizmkw am{Xw ssIapXembn þ ]Xn\©p \qäm−pIÄ
]n¶nse B {]Xn`m[\sâ hnNmc[mcbpsS Hcwis¯ km²yambncp¶ \nco
£W§sf ASnØm\am¡n DÄ¡®psIm−v ImWphm³ {ian¡pIbmWv.
1. Bcy`Ssâ Øew Bcy`Sob¯n {]IStam?
(I) tKmf]mZw tÇmIw 14 \ÂIp¶ kmlNcys¯fnhpIÄ
ØePea[ymæm `qI£ymbm `th¨XpÀ`mtK
DÖbn\o e¦mbmx X¨Xpcwti ktam¯cXx (4-14)
ØePea[yamb {[ph¯n \n¶pw `q]cn[nbpsS ImÂ`mKw (3600/4 = 900)
]n¶nSpt¼mÄ e¦bpw e¦bn \n¶pw Sn ]cn[nbpsS ImÂ`mKw, AXmbXv,
`q]cn[nbpsS ]Xn\mdnsem¶v (3600/16 = 22.500) Ignbpt¼mÄ DÖbn\nbpw
ØnXn sN¿p¶p.
`mcXob tPymXnximkv{XNcn{X¯n hnhmZ¯n\v XncnsImfp¯nb
Bcy`Ssâ {]kvXmh§fnsem¶mWnXv. Bcy`Ssâ injyKWw BNmcy³
]dªXv icnsb¶v iTn¨t¸mÄ Ah´nbnse hcmlanlnc\pw ]n¶oSv h¶
{_ÒKp]vX\pw At±l¯nsâ `mcXob tPymXnximkv{X¯nse c−mw
I£ybpw Bcy`S³ sXämsW¶v kaÀ°n¡pIbp−mbn. tIcfob\mbncp¶
Bcy`Sob`mjyImc\mb kqcytZh³ (AD 1100\Sp¯v, KwssKsIm− tNmf
]pchmkn) {_ÒKp]vXsâ hnaÀi\s¯ ]n´pSÀ¶v X¨Xpcwti F¶Xn\v
]©Zimwti F¶v amäw hcp¯n DÖbn\nbpsS tcJmwiw 24 Un{KnbmsW ]{´−wKpew DbcapÅ i¦phnsâ a²ymÓOmbbmWv ]e`. ]e` 1 \v
¶v Øm]n¡p¶p. ]n¡me¯v h¶ \oeIWvTtkmabmPn DÖbn\nbpsS A£mwiw 4046'30" Dw NcJWvU§Ä tajþhrj`þanYp\ {XntImW§Ä
hnkvXrXn ImcWw hnhn[ P\]Z§fpÅXmWv Bcy`Ssâ ]cmaÀi¯n\v
ImcWsa¶v hniZoIcn¡p¶p. ¡v bYm{Iaw 240, 192, 81 ChbmIp¶p. Xmsg \ÂIp¶ ]«nIbn \n¶pw
A£mwiw A\pkcn¨v D−mIp¶ hyXymkhpw ap³]dª kq{X¯nsâ
D]tbmKhpw a\Ênem¡mw.
Cu hnhmZ¯n\v ImcWw
NcJWvUw
Cu hnhmZ¯n\v ImcWw Dulns¨Sp¡phm³ ]Xnaq¶maXv KoX¯nte¡v ]e` A£mwiw
t\m¡nbm aXn. taSw CShw anYp\w
1.00 4.76 238 193 79
DZtbm tbm e¦mbmw tkmƒkvXabx khnXptch kn²]ptc 2.00 9.46 476 387 158
a[ymtÓm batImSymw tcmaIhnjtbƒÀ[cm{Xw kymXv 2.30 10.85 547 444 182
3.00 14.04 714 580 237
"e¦bnse DZb¯n\v kn²]pc¯n AkvXabhpw batImSnbn 4.00 18.43 952 773 316
a[ymÓhpw tcmaI]pcnbn AÀ²cm{XnbpamIp¶p" 5.00 22.50 1183 961 393
5.00 22.62 1190 966 395
`qa[ytcJsb JWvUn¡p¶ bmtaym¯c tcJIÄ, DÖbn\o tcJ e¦ 5.30 24.00 1271 1033 422
bneqsS IS¶pt]mIp¶Xp t]mse `q]cn[nbpsS \mensem¶v `mK¯v 5.72 25.50 1362 1106 452
kn²]pcw, batImSn, tcmaI]pcn C§s\ \mev k¦Â]\KcnIsf 6.00 26.57 1428 1160 474
tZim´c¯n\v Bkv]Zambn BNmcy³ IÂ]n¡pIbmWv. DÖbn\o tcJ `q
a[ytcJsb kÔn¡p¶ e¦m\Kcntbm Ahbn \n¶pw 900 AYhm 15 240N A£mwiamb bYmÀ° DÖbn\n¡mWv ]e` 5 IÂ]n¡p¶sX¦nÂ
\mgnI AIe¯n ap³]dª \KcnItfm Hcp Ime¯pw D−mbncp¶nÃ. NcJWvU§fnepw X¶nan¯w KWn¡s¸Sp¶ cmiypZb§fnepw KpcpXc
`qan¡v A£hpw a[ytcJbpw k¦Â]n¡p¶Xp t]mse KWnXþBibmh amb \yq\XbmWv ^ew. `mcXobtPymXnximkv{X]mc¼cy¯n ]e`
XcW kuIcy¯n\pambn tPymXnximkv{Xa·mÀ \S¯nb IÂ]\ am{XamWv A©mb \Kcnsb DÖbn\nsb¶v Bcy`S³ hnfn¨Xv icnbmb DÖbn\n
Cu \KcnIÄ. 22.50 D¯c A£mwi¯nÂ, e¦bn \n¶pw `q]cn[nbpsS sb¸än Xn«anÃmXncp¶XpsIm−mWv. 240N A£mwiamb bYmÀ° DÖbn
]Xn\mdnsem¶v `mK¯v Bcy`S³ ]dbp¶ DÖbn\o ]e` AYhm \n¡v ]emwKpew A©mbn Bcpw IÂ]n¡pIbnsöpw ]e` hywKpew
hnjphi¦pOmb A©wKpew k¦Â]n¡s¸« e¦t]mse Xs¶bpÅ kq£vaambn \nÀ®bn¡p¶ ØnXnbn am{XamWv apIfnse KpW\kq{Xw
k¦Â] \KcnbmWv. PymanXob KWnX]camb Øm\¯n\v aqÀ¯cq]w
km[phmIpI F¶pw ]«nIbn \n¶pw hyàamWv. Ipkpa]pc¯v 25030'
\ÂIn hnh£n¡s¸«Xv am{XamWv. D¯cA£mwiw 24 Un{Knbnse
DÖbn\n almImek¶n[nbm Ncn{XmXoXImew apX {]kn²amb Xmakn¨ncp¶ Bcy`S\v DÖbn\n 240N Xn«anÃmsX hcnIbnÃ. AYhm
\nÝnXØm\t¯mSv IqSnbXmWv. ]e` AhnsS Hcp ImcWhimepw Ipkpa]pc¯v (25030') hkn¨ Bcy`S\v DÖbn\nbpsS ]emwKpew 5:00
As©¶v \nÝbn¡s¸SpI km²yhpaÃ. {InkvXphn\v ap¼v aq¶mw Bbncp¶psh¦n Ipkpa]pc¯n\v F{X kq£vaambn ]e` \nÝbncn¡pw?
\qäm−n NmWIysâ Imew apX i¦pOmbmKWnXw `mcX¯n Cu KpW\kq{Xw Gähpw kq£vaw Ipdª tcJmwi§fnembncn¡pw F¶
{]kn²hpw hywKpew apXemb kq£va GII§Ä \nehnencn¡pIbpw hkvXpXbpw ]emwKpew H¶mb Øew tIcf¯n\pw sX¡v ISenemIpIbpw
sNbvXncp¶Xn\m ]e`bn 20 hywKpew \yq\X km²yamÃ. sN¿p¶Xn\m Cu kq{X¯nsâ bYmÀ° DÛhw ]e` 2.3 Bb N{ah«
¯msW¶pw AXn \n¶pw ]e` H¶mb Øes¯ NcJWvU§sf lcn¨v
NcJWvU§Ä Bcy`S\v \ÂIp¶ km[qIcWw \nÀ®bn¡bmWv sNbvXsX¶pw \ap¡v a\Ênem¡mw.

Bcy`S³ \ÂIp¶ A£mwiw icnsb¶v kaÀ°n¡phm\pXIp¶ sXfnhv NcJWvUw

]e` A£mwiw
alm`mkvIcobw III.8 \ÂIp¶p. Bcy`S]mc¼cy¯n tajmZn cminIfpsS taSw CShw anYp\w
NcJWvU§Ä hyXykvX A£mwi§fnteXp ImWp¶Xn\v D]tbmKn¨n 2.30 10.85 547 444 182
cp¶ kq{Xw ChnsS `mkvIc³þI hyàam¡p¶Xv þ ]e` 1 \v NcJWvUw x 1 4.76 238 193 79
]e` (Øm\obw) F¶mWv. ]e` F¶m hnjphÑmb. hnjpZn\¯nÂ
3 4
tIcf¯n \nco£n¨v \nÀ®bn¨ aqeyw D]tbmKn¨v ]e` H¶mb Øm\
¯n\v NcJWvU§Ä KWnX]cambn Is−¯pIbmWv Bcy`S]mc¼cy
¯nep−mbXv. a[ytIcf¯n ]e` c−msW¶Xv {i²nt¡− ImcyamWv.
D¯ctZi¯nse Øqeamb ]emwKpe§fn \n¶pw apIfn \ÂInb
kq{Xw Dcp¯ncnbpI km²yambncp¶nÃ. DZmlcW¯n\v ]e` A©mbn
IcpXn {_ÒKp]Xv³ DÖbn\nbpsS NcJWvU§fn \n¶pw ]e` H¶nsâ
NcJWvU§Ä \nÀ®bn¨m e`n¡pI þ
NcJWvUw
]e` A£mwiw
taSw CShw anYp\w
5 24.00 1271 1033 422
1 4.76 254 207 84
Øqeamb ]emwKpehpw \nco£W]canXnIfpap−mbncp¶ ImeL«¯nÂ
]e` sIm−pÅ KpW\w hgn NcJWvUw \nÀ®bn¡p¶ KWnX]co£Wþ
\nco£W§Ä tIcf¯n Xs¶bmWv P·w sIm−ncn¡pI. Ipkpa]pc¯v
ÇmLn¡s¸Sp¶ PvRm\w F¶v Xsâ IrXnsb¸än \m¸¯nbmdmw hbÊn
 (Ien 3600  23 hbÊv, 3623  hbÊv 46) tcJs¸Sp¯phm³ IgnªXv
AXn\memWv.
240N--þse DÖbn\nbpw almImek¶n[nbpw ]cnNnXambncp¶nÃ
Bcy`Sob cN\mIme¯v Bcy`S\v DÖbn\o P\]Zw ]cnNnXambncp¶nsÃ
¶v CXn\m hyàamIp¶p. D¯c`mcX¯nse hcmlanlnc\pw {_Ò
Kp]vX\pw ]n¡me¯p−mb hnaÀi\§fpw Cu [mcW¡v Dt]mZv_e
IamIp¶p. DÖbn\o A£mwiw kw_Ôn¨v hnhmZw \ne\ns¶¦nepw tc
Jmwiw kw_Ônt¨m, bmtaym¯c tcJ kw_Ônt¨m bmsXmcp hnhmZhpw
D−mbncp¶nÃ. e¦þDÖbn\o kabtcJ¡v Ingt¡m ]Snªmtdm Bb
Xsâ tZi¯n\v Ahiyamb tZim´c kwkvImcs¯¸än Bcy`S³ kqNn¸n
¡p¶panÃ. e¦þDÖbn\o bmtaym¯ctcJbn DÖbn\o P\]Z¯nÂ
\n¶pw AIse Z£nW`mK¯mbncp¶p Bcy`Ssâ Øesa¶v CXnÂ
\n¶pw a\Ênem¡mw.
Ipkpa]pcw þ D¯cw A£mwiw 25N40, tcJmwiw({Ko\zn¨v00) 85E15
DÖbn\n 24 Un{Knbnse P\]Zw ]cnNnXasæn F§s\bmWv H¶c
A£mwiw IqSpXÂ D¯camb Ipkpa]pcw Bcy`S\v ]cnNnXamIp¶Xv?
AXpt]mse, Ipkpa]pchmknbmb (25N40) Bcy`S\v DÖbn\n (240N) Xn«
anÃmsX hcp¶sX§s\?
bmatcJt\m¡nbm DÖbn\n¡v ]¯v Un{Kntbmfw AYhm Bcy`Ssâ
`q]cn[nam\w A\pkcn¨v GXm−v F¬]Xv tbmP\tbmfw Ing¡mWv
Ipkpa]pcw. Ipkpa]pcs¯ \nco£W§Ä¡v F¬]Xv tbmP\ bpsS
5 6
tZim´cw \ÂImsX kn²m´IÂ]\ km²yambncp¶nÃ. Xsâ tZihpw
Ahew_amb bmtaym¯ctcJbpw X½nepÅ LSnImhyXymkw GsXmcp
tPymXnximkv{XÚ\pw tcJs¸Sp¯pI Xs¶ sN¿p¶XmWv. kqcytZh
\pw, ]ctaizcmNmcycpw aäpw X§fpsS Øew DÖbn\o tcJbpambn X§
fpsS Øe§Ä¡p−mbncp¶ hyXymkw hyàambn ]dªncn¡p¶Xv {i²n
¡Ww. Ipkpa]pc¯v (25N40) Pohn¡p¶ Hcp tPymXnximkv{XÚ\v hfsc
ASp¯ A£mwiapÅ Ab\m´tcJbnse DÖbn\nbpambpÅ tZim´c
hpw aäpw hyàam¡msX 80 tZim´ctbmP\ItfmsS DÖbn\n bmtaym¯c
tcJ Bkv]Zambn kn²m´w cNn¡pI km²yambncp¶nÃ.
Ab\m´tcJ¡v (Tropic of Cancer) hS¡pÅ Ipkpa]pc¯mWv Bcy`S³
Pohn¨ncp¶sX¦nÂ, Ab\m´tcJ¡v sX¡pw hS¡pw kqcy³ \ngÂ
hogv¯p¶XnepÅXpw i¦pOmbbnepÅXpamb hyXymks¯¸än At±lw
]dbmXncn¡pI km[mcWKXnbn hnNn{Xambn tXm¶p¶p.
(J) `q]cn[nþhnhmZhpw Xt±iob kv]jvS`q]cn[nbpw \ÂIp¶ sXfnhv
DÖbn\nbpsS A£mwiw t]mse Xs¶ Bcy`S³ \ÂIp¶ `q]cn[nbpw
hnhmZ]camWv. kqcykn²m´hpw {_ÒKp]vX {]`rXnIfpw 1600 tbmP\
bSp¯v hymkhpw 5000 tbmP\bSp¯v `q]cn[nbpw \ÂIpt¼mÄ Bcy`S³
\ÂIp¶ hymkw 1050 tbmP\bpw At±l¯nsâ ss]þaqeya\pkcn¨v π =
3.1416, ]cn[n 3299 tbmP\bpamWv. DÖbn\oþe¦ Zqcw `q]cn[nbpsS
]Xn\mdnsem¶mIbm 206 tbmP\bmsW¶pw e`n¡p¶p. `mcX¯nse
Xs¶ hnhn[ tPymXnximkv{X·mÀ `qhymk]cn[nIÄ¡v hyXymkvX§fmb
aqey§fpw hyXykvX§fmb e¦þDÖbn\o, e¦þIpcpt£{Xw, e¦þ I\ym
Ipamcn Zqc§fpw \ÂIp¶ sshcp²yw `mcXob tPymXnximkv{X ]mc¼cy
¯n ImWp¶p. Cu sshcp²y¯n\v ImcWw tPymXnximkv{XÚ·mÀ
kztZiobamb kv]jvS`q]cn[n X§fpsS CÑm\pkrXambn 360 sâ
KpWnXambn kzoIcn¡p¶psh¶XmWv. Bcy`Ssâ injy·mcpw ]mc¼cyhpw
Bcy`Sob aqeyw Xs¶ kzoIcn¨Xn\m Cu X¯z¯nsâ km[pX
]cntim[n¡p¶Xn\v CXc tPymXnximkv{X·mÀ \ÂIp¶ `q]cn[n aqey§sf
B{ibnt¡−nbncn¡p¶p. Xmsg \ÂIp¶ ]«nI Cu hnjb¯n aXnbmb
hnhc§Ä \ÂIp¶p.
Cdmt«mkvsX\oknsâ `q]cn[n aqey§Ä temIimkv{XNcn{X¯n Xs¶
hnhmZhnjbamWv. 216000, 252000 C§s\ c−v aqey§Ä AeIvkm{−nb
bn ]pcmX\Imew apX tÌUnb F¶ GII¯n \nehnencp¶p.
Chsb A¼XpsIm−v lcn¨m In«p¶ tbmP\IfmWv apIfn \ÂInbncn
¡p¶Xv. 310 A£mwiamWv Cdmt«mkvsX\okv AeIvkm{−nb¡v \nÀ®bn
¨ncp¶sX¶v tcJIÄ kqNn¸n¡p¶p. 252000*Cos 310 = 216000 F¶
bpàntbmsS kztZikv]jvS`q]cn[n Cdmt«mkvsX\okv 252000 tÌUnb
F¶v \nÝbn¡pIbmWv sNbvXsX¶v CXn \n¶pw a\Ênem¡mw.
tbmP\bpsS IW¡n `qa[yamb e¦¡pw AeIvkm{−nb\Kc¯n\pw
bYm{Iaw kv]jvS`q]cn[n 360x14, 360x12 F¶ bpàntbmsS tbmP\ ¡p¶Xpw `mcX¸pg ISen ]Xn¡p¶Xpamb ØeamIp¶p. s]m¶m\n
\nÝbn¨XmsW¶v ChnsS hyàamIp¶p. þN{ah«w taJebnemWv Bcy`S³ Pohn¨ncp¶sX¶v CXn\m hyàamIp
¶p.
C=2πr kztZiob Cosφ = A£mwiw
imkv{XÚ³ Øew {_ÒKp]vXsâ Imcy¯n At±l¯nsâ `q]cn[naqeyw `nÃae(20N37)bnÂ
at 00/φ tbmP\ Y*360/C φ
AeIvkm{−nb 360x13 = 4680 tbmP\ F¶ aqeyw \ÂIp¶p. \nehnencn¡p¶ k¦Â]
Cdmt«mkvsX\okv
4320 §f\pkcn¨v {_ÒKp]vX³ cmPØm\nse au−v A_p AYhm
12 0.86 31.0
5040 `qa[yw þe¦ AÀ_pZKncn¡v hS¡v {ioa AYhm `nÂa F¶v ]n¡me¯v Adnbs¸«
s]m¶m\n Ab\m´tcJbnepÅ (23-240N) Øe¯v Pohn¨ncp¶Xmbn IcpXs¸Sp¶p.
3240 CXv icnbÃ. {_ÒKp]vXsâ Imeamb {InkvXphn\v tijw Ggmw \qäm−nÂ
9 0.98 10.85
3299 `qa[yw þe¦ D−mbncp¶Xpw `nÃae F¶ aqe\mat[bapffXpamb Øew \À½ZbpsS
Bcy`S³
s]m¶m\n sX¡v Z£nWKpPdm¯nepÅ `nÃaebmWv.
4860
13.5 0.98 10.82
4948 `qa[yw þe¦ `mkvIc³ -II HudwK_mZn\Sp¯v _nUnemWv Pohn¨ncp¶sX¶pw ]n¡me
`nÃae ¯v DÖbn\nbnte¡v hmkw amänbXmbpw kqNn¸n¡p¶ c−v aqey§Ä
{_ÒKp]vX 4680 \ÂIn ImWp¶p. hcmlanlnc³ Ipkpa]qcw Ahew_ambn kzoIcn¨Xm
13 0.94 20.61
5000 `qa[yw þe¦ bpw \ap¡v a\Ênem¡mw.
4680 _nUv
13 0.94 19.57 Bcy`Ssâ injy]mc¼cy¯n s]« htSizc³ {_ÒKp]vXsâ hnaÀi\
`mkvIc³þII 4967 `qa[yw þe¦ §Ä¡v \ninXambn adp]Sn ]dªbmfmWv. At±l¯nsâ aqeyw {i²nt¡
DÖbn\n −XmWv þ 3311.24 tbmP\ F¶ aqey¯n\v ASnØm\amb bpàn 360x8.5 =
3600
10 0.92 23.55 3060, Bcy`S³ \ÂIp¶ DÖbn\nbptSXmWv. Cu hkvXpX Bcy`Ssâ
3927 `qa[yw þe¦
A£mwiw \nÀ®bn¨ bpànbpsS km[pX¡v ]qÀ®amb km[pX
3060 DÖbn\o \ÂIp¶p.
htSizc³ 8.5 0.92 22.50
3311.24 `qa[yw þe¦ aRvPpf AYhm apÖe³, {]Imi]pc¯nse kqcy\mamhmb tPymXnx
3240 {]Imiw imkv{XÚ³ `q]cn[n¡v \ÂInb c−v kzX{´aqey§fpw At±l¯nsâ
8 0.9 25.84 kztZiamb {]Imi]«W¯nsâ A£mwiw kqNn¸n¡p¶p.
3600 `qa[yw þe¦
apÖe³
4320 {]Imiw `q]cn[n¡v kzX{´amb aqeyw \ÂInb FÃm tPymXnximkv{XÚ·mcpsS
12 0.9 25.84 bpw kztZiw kw_Ôn¨v icnbmb kqN\ apIfn \ÂInb bpàn \ÂIp
4800 `qa[yw þe¦ ¶Xn\m Bcy`Ssâ kztZiw s]m¶m\n AYhm s]m¶m\n¡Sp¯
Ipkpa]pcw ssP\tI{µamb N{ah«ambncp¶psh¶v hyàamIp¶p. N{ah«¯¸³
hcmlanlnc³
2880 (imkvXmhv) ssP\]mc¼cyw kqNn¸n¡p¶psh¶ A`yql§fpw Bcy`Ssâ
8 0.90 25.84
3200 `qa[yw þe¦ ssP\kzm[o\w kqNn¸n¡p¶ Ime{Inb H³]Xmw tÇmI¯nse DÕÀ¸nWn,
A]kÀ¸nWnbmZnbmb bpKLS\bpw _Ôs¸Sp¯n Nn´n¨m N{ah«w
Bbncp¶p Bcy`Ssâ tZiambncp¶psh¶v Dd¸n¡mw.
Bcy`S³ Bcy`Sob¯n \ÂInb `q]cn[nbmb 3299 tbmP\¡v B[mcw
bYmÀ°¯n Xsâ \nco£WtI{µambncp¶ s]m¶m\n (N{ah«w) tKmf]mZw, tÇmIw 11 C¯cpW¯n hfsc {it²bamWvþ
(A£mwiw 10N51) ¡v \nÝbn¨ 360x9 = 3240 F¶ ]cnamWw BIp¶p.
tacpÀtbmP\am{Xw {]`mItcm lnahXm ]cn£n]vXx
Xsâ AÀ²cm{Xn]£¯n kzoIcn¨ 4948 epw s]m¶m\nbpsS 360x13.5 =
\µ\h\ky at[y cXv\abx kÀÆtXm hr¯x (4 -11)
4860 F¶ bpànbpw kzm[o\hpw ImWmw. ChnsS \nÀ®bn¡s¸«ncn¡p¶
A£mwiw 10N51 DÖbn\nbpsS bmtaym¯ctcJ tIcfXocs¯ JWvUn

7 8
tacp IjvSn¨v Hcp tbmP\bmWv F¶v Bcy`S³ ]dbp¶p. ]e hymJymImc
·mcpw Cu {]kvXmhw tacphnsâ Dbcambn hymJym\n¨ncn¡p¶p. \oeIWvT
³ ]dbp¶phs{X, ]pcmW§fnse k¦Â]§sf (84000 tbmP\ Dbcw AXn
 16000 `qan¡pÅn apXemb {]kvXmh§Ä) JWvUn¡phm³ ]dbp¶Xm
Ws{X.
Cu {]kvXmh¯n Bcy`S³ \ÂIp¶Xv tacphnsâ NpäfhmWv. `qanbpsS
A£w tacp]ÀÆXamIbm AhnsS A£mwiw 90 Un{KntbmfamWv. 00e¦
bn `qanbpsS Npäfhv 3299 tbmP\ BIpt¼mÄ 900tZhtemIamb
tacphnsâ ]cn[n F{XbmIpw? 900bpsS tImSnPymhv ]qPyamsW¶v hyàw.
A£mwiw AÂ]w Ipdªv 89058'57".48 BsW¶v IcpXnbmtem? AXmbXv
Hcp Ie IpdhmWv tacphnsâ ]cn[nbpsS A£mwiw F¶v IcpXnbmÂ
3299x Cos 89059' = IjvSn¨v Hcp tbmP\ F¶ D¯cw \ap¡v e`n¡p¶p.
3299x Cos 10051' = 3240 F¶v kztZi¯n\v kv]jvS`q]cn[n \nÝbn¨ bpàn
Xs¶ Bkv]ZambmWv Bcy`S³ tacpÀtbmP\am{Xw F¶v {]Jym]n¨Xv.
Cu {]kvXmhw tacphnsâ NpäfhmsW¶v ]n¡me hymJymImc·mÀ
a\Ênem¡pI D−mbnÃ. `mkvIcsâbpw tkmtaizcsâbpw hymJym\¯nÂ
t]mepw Cu hkvXpX shfnhmIp¶nsöXmWv hnkvabIcw.
2. kqcysâ D¯cþZ£nW A{Kw, tKmf]mZw tÇmIw
31Â sXtäm?
]cam]{IaPohmanjvSPymÀ[mlXmw XtXm hn`tPXv
Pymew_tI\ e_v[mÀIm{Km ]qÀÆm]tc £nXntP (30)
km hnjphtÖym\m tNXv hnjphZpZ¥w_tI\ kwKpWnXm
hnjphPybm hn`àm e_v[x ]qÀÆm]tc i¦px (30)
kqtcymZbmkvXab§Ä¡v N{Ihmf¯n ]qÀÆþ]ÝnatcJbn \n¶papÅ
hyXnbm\amb A{Kw AYhm ZnKwiw KWn¡p¶sX§s\sb¶v tÇmIw 30
]dbp¶p.
kqcysâ `pPPymhns\ (Rsine λ) ]ca{Im´nPymhv (Rsine ω) sIm−v KpWn¨v
A£mwitImSnPymhv AYhm kztZiew_Iw (Rsine 90-φ) sIm−v lcn¡p
¶Xv A{Kw. i.e. α = (Rsine λ) *(Rsine ω) /(Rcosφ)
XpSÀ¶v tÇmIw 31  ]dbp¶Xv þ B A{Kw A£Pymhnt\¡mÄ
Ipdhmbncn¡pIbpw kqcy³ D¯cmÀ²tKmf¯nembncn¡pIbpw sN¿pt¼m
Ä kqcy\v ]qÀÆþ]ÝnatcJbnepÅ D¶Xmwiw (prime vertical altitude of the
9 10
gnomon) A{Ks¯ kztZiew_Iw sIm−v KpWn¨v A£Pymhv sIm−v
lcn¨m e`n¡p¶XmWv. i.e i.e. Rsine h = α* (Rcosφ /Rsineφ).
Bbnc¯n\m\qdntesd hÀj§fmbn {_ÒKp]vXsâ Imew (AD629) apXÂ
\ne\n¡p¶ hnaÀi\w C´y³ \mjW kb³kv A¡mZan ASp¯
Ime¯v ]p\x{]kn²oIcn¨ncn¡p¶X\pkcn¨v A{Kw A£Pymhnt\¡mÄ
Ipdhmbncn¡Ww F¶ Bcy`Sbpàn {]amZamWv. A{Kw A£Pymhnt\
¡mfÃ, {Im´nPymhnt\¡mfmWv Ipdtb−Xv F¶v {_ÒKp]vX³ Xncp¯n
bXv \qäm−pIfmbn BhÀ¯n¡s¸Sp¶p.
alm`mkvIcob¯n Bcy`Ssâ {]amWw BhÀ¯n¡s¸«n«p−v. ]n¡m
es¯gpXnb eLp`mkvIcob¯n {]amWw icnbmbn \ÂIp¶Xmbn
]WvUnX·mÀ ]dbp¶p. ]s£, tIcfob\mbncp¶ `mkvIc³ D¯c
`mcX¯nse hÃ`nsbse¯nb tijamWv Cu amäw hcp¯nbncn¡pI F¶v
Xmsg \ÂIp¶ hkvXpXIÄ kqNn¸n¡p¶p.

tÇmIw 31 Dw hnaÀi\hpw Bcy`S³ tIcfobs\¶v
Øm]n¡p¶p.
apIfn ]dª Bcy`Sob tÇmIw km[phmsW¶v Xmsg \ÂInbncn¡p¶
]«nIbn \n¶pw a\Ênem¡mw. kuIcy¯n\mbn kahmIy§fpw {]XoI
§fpw Cw¥ojn \ÂInbncn¡p¶p. XpSÀ¶pÅ NÀ¨bn {XntImWanXnbp
sS X¯peyamb kwkvIrX]Z§Ä D]tbmKn¡m³ {ian¨n«p−v. AhyàX
tXm¶p¶psh¦n _Ôs¸« kahmIyw ]«nIbn \ÂInbncn¡p¶Xv A\p
kcn¨v NÀ¨ a\Ênemt¡−XmWv.
Bcy`Ssâ tZiw tIcfamsW¶Xn\v Gähpw iàamb, A\ntj[yamb,
sXfnhmWv Cu tÇmIhpw AXn\v ]n¡me¯p−mb hnaÀi\§fpw.
A{Kw \nÀ®bn¡p¶ kq{Xw Rsin agra = Sinδ/Cosφ {i²n¡pI. δ kqcy{Im´n
A£mwit¯¡mÄ (φ) A[nIcn¡pt¼mÄ am{Xta D¶Xmwiw Hcp Øe¯v
e`yamIp¶pÅp. δ = φ BIpt¼mÄ e`yamIp¶ A{Khpw A£mwiPymhpw
]«nIbn hnhn[ A£mwi§Ä¡v \ÂInbncn¡p¶p. A£mwiw Ipdhmb
Øe§fn A{KPymhv A£mwiPymhn\v GXm−v XpeyamWv. A{Khpw
{Im´nbpambpÅ hyXymkhpw IpdhmsW¶Xn\mepw δ = φ BIpt¼mÄ
{Im´n = A{Kw = A£mwiw F¶ kmlNcyw Xmgv¶ A£mwiamb
Øe§fn \ne\n¡p¶Xn\m Bcy`S³ A£mwi Pymhns\bpw
A{Ks¯bpw ASnØm\am¡n D¶Xmwiw e`yamIp¶ Imew Xsâ
A£mwi¯n\v \nÀÆNn¡pIbmWp−mbXv. i¦pOmbmKWnX¯nÂ
A£mwihpw ]emwKpehpw Gähpw ASnØm\LSI§fmbXpsIm−mWv
Bcy`S³ A{KPymhns\ A£mwihpambn _Ôs¸Sp¯n {]amWw \ÂInb
Xv.
 Ien 3620, Nn§w Aamhmkn, 11 BKÌv 519 AD
Rsin Bcy`S³ B[p\nIw kqcykn²m´w
Latitude Sin δ/Cosφ = Agra in Agra- {Klw
Sun δ Rsinφ agra
φ Rsin agra Degrees δ chn 140 58 141 00 140 58
- Rsinφ
N{µ³ 140 58 140 21 140 58
3 3 179.93 180.17 3.004 0.24 0.00
N{µþXpwKw 145 20 145 15 140 30
6 6 359.37 361.33 6.033 1.96 0.03
cmlp 137 35 137 36 133 57
9 9 537.82 544.49 9.113 6.67 0.11
10.85 10.85 647.16 658.90 11.050 11.74 0.20 kqcykn²m´{]ImcapÅ aqey§Ä B[p\nIaqey§tf¡mÄ F{X Øqeam
sW¶Xpw Bcy`Ssâ aqey§Ä F{X kq£vaamsW¶Xpw {i²n¡pI.
12 12 714.8 730.72 12.272 15.92 0.27 kqcykn²m´aqey§Ä Xs¶ AÀ²cm{XnI]£¯n Ien 3600 Bkv]Z
15 15 889.82 921.15 15.542 31.33 0.54 ambn Bcy`S³ kznIcn¨ncp¶Xmbpw Bcy`Ssâ AÀ²cm{XnI kn²m´¯n
se {`aWkwJyIfmWv kqcykn²m´¯n ImWp¶sX¶v adn¨pw hniI
18 18 1062.4 1117.00 18.961 54.60 0.96 e\§fp−v. N{µXpwKw cmlp ChbpsS {`aWkwJyIfn Bcy`Sob¯nÂ
21 21 1232.1 1319.64 22.573 87.57 1.57 (3600) hcp¯nbncn¡p¶ Imcyamb amäw kqcy{KlWw (KXIen 3620, 11
BKÌv 519 AD) \nco£n¨Xn \n¶pamsW¶v Xmsg \ÂIp¶ ]«nIbnÂ
24 24 1398.4 1530.60 26.438 132.24 2.44 \n¶pw a\Ênem¡mw.

cmlp N{µXpwKw
sXsä¶v {_ÒKp]vX{]`rXnIfpw B[p\nI KthjIcpw hymJym\n¨ Cu
tÇmIw Bcy`S³ tIcfob\msW¶Xn\v Ak¶nKv²amb sXfnhmWv. KXIen B[p\nIw Bcy³ hyXym B[p\nIw Bcy³ hyXym
kw kw
3590 185 26 185 43 -17' 168 29 168 51 -22'
3. IenhÀjw 3620 Nn§amk¯nse kqcy{KlWw 3596 69 23 429 37 -13' 52 39 52 58 -18'
3600 352 1 352 12 -11' 215 26 215 42 -16'
KXIen 3620 Nn§amkw Ccp]Xmw XobXn I\ymIpamcnþa−¡mSv `mK¯v
3608 197 16 197 23 -6' 180 59 181 11 48'
A£mwiw 08N20  DÖbn\obmatcJbn ISen kw`hn¨ ]qÀ®
kqcy{KlWw Bcy`S³ ISen t]mbn ImWpIbp−mbn F¶v Bcy`Sobw 3612 119 54 479 58 -4' 343 46 -17 55 -10'
kqN\ \ÂIp¶p. Hmcw]än s]m¶m\nbn (Ba¡mhvþN{ah«w) \n¶pw 3616 42 32 402 34 -2' 146 32 146 40 -7'
]mb sI«nb hůn (]mbv¡¸enÂ) I\ymIpamcn¡v \S¯nb Cu bm{X 3618 3 51 363 52 -1' 227 55 228 2 54'
Bcy`Ss\ kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw hfsc \nÀ®mbIambncp¶psh¶v 3619 344 30 344 31 0 268 37 268 43 -6'
Bcy`Sobw kqN\ \ÂIp¶p. Xmsg ]dbp¶ LSI§Ä hfsc {it²b 3620 325 10 325 9 1' 309 19 -51 24 -5'
amWv. 3623 267 8 267 6 2' 71 24 71 27 -4'
(I) e¦þDÖbn\o bmtaym¯ctcJbnse Cu hebþkqcy{KlWw N{µþ 3636 15 41 375 31 10' 240 25 240 21 4'
XpwKw, ]mXw (cmlp) ChbpsS thKX \nÀ®bn¡p¶Xn\pw ChbpsS 3646 182 16 182 0 16' 287 21 -73 12 9'
bpK{`aWkwJyIÄ ]cnjvIcn¡p¶Xn\pw Bcy`S\v t{]cIambn. N{µ
XpwK{`aWthKX Bcy`S³ Iq«n\nÝbn¨Xmbn {_ÒKp]vX³ hnaÀin cmlp B[p\nIhpw Bcy`Sob aqeyhpamb hyXymkw Sn {KlWImeamb
¡pIbpw sNbvXp. kqcykn²m´¯n e`yamb {`aWkwJyIsf ]cnjv KXIen 3620 \v sXm«pap¼v KXIen 3620 \v iq\yambn ImWmw. N{µXpwK
Icn¨XneqsS Gähpw kq£vaambn XpwKþcmlpKWnXw km²yam¡n ¯n\v Cu hyXymkw iq\yamIp¶Xv KXIen 3629 þ3630 hÀj§fnemWv.
F¶v Cu {KlWZnhk¯nse AamhmknbpsS N{µXpwKw, ]mXw Chbp N{µXpwK¯nsâ Cu sNdnb hyXymkw kmcamt¡−XnÃ. Bcy`Sob¯nse
sS a[ya§Ä kqNn¸n¡p¶p. ]cnjvIcn¡s¸« cmlphnsâ KXIen 3619-3620 \pÅ AXnkq£vaX

11 12
Bcy`S³ Sn kqcy{KlWhpw kao]Ime \nco£W§fpw Bkv]ZambmWv Sn {KlW¯nsâ Fkvs]\mIv \ÂIp¶ OmbbpsS hogvN Xmsg \ÂIp¶
HuZbnIkn²m´¯n\v cq]w \ÂInbsX¶v A\ntj[yambn hyàam¡p¶p. Nn{X¯n ImWmw.
(J) DÖbn\o bmtaym¯ctcJbnse Cu Aamhmkn bpKmZnbmbn 44780-
maXv kqcybpXnbpw (synodic periods of moon) AlÀKWw iq\ya[yaXnYn¡v
(chn = N{µ³) þBcy`Sobw: 1322379.45334, RmbÀ 16:53 UMT (DÖbn\o
Øm\obkabw). kqcykn²m´a\pkcn¨v 1322379.72823, 17:29 UMT Ch
BIp¶p. HuZbnI]£kn²m´¯nsâ cN\¡v Cu Aamhmkn t{]cI
ambn F¶v \ap¡v a\Ênem¡mw. ImcWw {KlWw a[ymÓt¯msS ]qÀ®am
b kmlNcy¯n Aamhmkn¡v kqcykn²m´a\pkcn¨pÅ AlÀKWamb
1322379.72823se ssZÀLyw Im Znhkw (0.275) Ipd¨v et¦mZbw Bkv]Z
ambn chnþN{µ a[ya§Ä¡pw kv^pS§Ä¡pw hyXymkw IqSmsX KWnXw
]cnjvIcn¡msa¶ bpàn At±l¯n\v tXm¶nbncn¡Ww.
(K) kqcykn²m´w Bt]£nIambn t\m¡pt¼mÄ Bcy`Sob¯n Cu
{KlWKWnX¯nÂ, a[yaiq\yXnYn aplqÀ¯¯n\pw, aµ^ew aqew
kv^pSþAamhmkn¡v D−mIp¶ H¶c\mgnIbpsS Ipdhv C§s\ Zriyam
Ip¶ AXoh kq£vaX, Cu {KlWw ZiKoXnIbpsS cN\¡v Ahew_
ambncp¶psh¶v kqNn¸n¡p¶p.
(L) N{µew_\w Bcy`Sobhn[n A\pkcn¨v \mw KWn¡pt¼mÄ hfsc
IrXyambn Xs¶ {KlWa[yImew e`yamIp¶psh¶Xpw {i²nt¡−
kwKXnbmWv.
kabw DZb a[y Zrt£]w ZrKvPym Zr¤Xn ew_\w Bcy {_.Kp
(M){Kla[ya§fpsS A¼c¸n¡p¶ kq£vaXbmWv Bcy`Sob¯nsâ
14:07 687.10 620.04 607.54 1708.32 1596.64 24.38 53 58 asämcp khntijX. C´ybnse CXc tPymXnximkv{X·mÀt¡m, bh\Àt¡m
13:14 671.45 247.03 242.28 1020.57 991.40 15.14 33 35 AeIvkm{−nbbnse hnZzm·mÀt¡m, ssSt¡m {_mtlbpsS (AD1500) Imew
hsc BÀ¡pw Xs¶ km²yamImXncp¶ kq£vaXbmWv Bcy`Sob¯nÂ
12:41 667.23 22.01 21.59 583.11 582.71 8.90 19 20 ImWp¶sX¶v sU¶nkv Uyq¡v F¶ tPymXnximkv{XÚ³ hnkvabn¡p
12:22 666.84 102.19 100.25 358.19 343.87 5.25 11 12 ¶p. AXnkq£vaamb B[p\nIKWnXw sIm−pam{XamWv Cu kq£vaX
12:11 667.32 171.83 168.56 270.38 211.40 3.23 7 9 shfnhmIp¶Xv. Cu Akm[mcW kq£vaX¡v ImcWsa´mWv? {Kl\nco
12:04 667.91 215.12 211.03 253.03 139.61 2.13 5
£W§fmsW¦n AhbpsS kz`mhsa´v?
8
Cu tNmZy¯n\p¯cw Bcy`Sobw tKmf]mZw tÇmIw 48 \ÂIp¶p.
{KlWa[yImew B[p\nI KWnXa\pkcn¨v a[ymÓw Xs¶bmWv. ew_\w £nXnchntbmKmXv Zn\IrXv choµptbmKmXv {]km[nXtݵpx
Bcy`Sob kq{X§f\pkcn¨v XoÀ¯pw kq£vaamb a[yImew \ÂIp¶p.
iinXmcm{KltbmKmXv XssYh Xmcm{Klmx kÀtÆ
kqcysâ KWnXw `qanbpambpÅ kwKa¯n \n¶pw AYhm hnjpkw{Ia
Bcy`Ssâ ZrKvPymþZr¤Xn kq{X§sf {_ÒKp]vX³ ]n¡me¯v hnaÀin tam, £nXnPw AYhm N{Ihmf¯nse DZbmkvXab§Ä Bkv]Zamtbm
¡pIbp−mbn. \Xmwiw D]tbmKs¸Sp¯p¶ Bcy`Ssâ bpàn kap{Z kq£vaam¡p¶p. N{µsâ Imcy¯n AYhm Aamhmkn, kqcybpXn ASn
N{Ihmfw Ahew_ambn {Kl\nco£Ww km²yambncp¶psh¶ kqN\ Øm\ambpw {Kl§fpsS KWnXw {KlþN{µtbmK§fmepw km²yamIp¶p.
\ÂIp¶p. {_ÒKp]Xv\v Zrt£]w `pPbpw (base) ZrKvPym IÀ®hpamb
{XntImWs¯ B{ibn¨t¸mÄ Bcy`S³ Hcp \qäm−v ap¼v ZrKvPym Cu tÇmIw ZiKoXnIbnsebpw BcymjvSiXKoX§fpsSbpw ASnØm\am
b BImi\nco£W§fpsS kw£n]vXhnhcWamWv. Cuhn[ \nco£W
IÀ®am¡n Zr¤XnPym2 = ZrKvPym2 þ ZrKvt£]2 F¶ kq{Xw \ÂInbncp¶p.
I\ymIpamcnbn kap{ZN{Ihmfw Ahew_ambn \S¯nb {KlW §Ä Bcy`S\m GXv Ime¯v \S¯s¸«p? KXIen 3620 se kqcy{Kl
\nco£Ww Bcy`Ssâ kq{X§fn {]Xn^en¡p¶psh¶v ]dbmw. Ww N{µXpwKþ]mX§fpsS thKX, {`aWkwJy apXembh \nÝbn¡p¶Xn
 Bcy`S\v hgn Im«nbmbncp¶psh¶v apIfn kqNn¸n¡pIbp−mbn.
13 14
KXIen 3620 se CXc {KlØm\KXnIfpsS kz`mhsa´mWv? AhbpsS N –c 11 Aug 519 AD kqcy{KlWw
\nco£Ww GXphn[amWv \nÀÆln¨ncn¡pI? BKÌv ]Xns\m¶mw N – Ip 23 Aug 519 AD cm{Xn, Xe¡v aosX
XobXnbnse kqcy{KlW¯n\v ap¼pw ]n¼pw D−mb N{µ{KlW§fpw Cu N –a n 23 Aug 519 AD cm{Xn, Xe¡v aosX
Imebfhnse {KlØm\KXnIfpw ]cntim[n¨m Ing¡v ISense
N{Ihmfw Ahew_ambn _p[þKpcpþip{I·mcpsS DZbhpw N{µbpXnbneqsS N{µ{KlWw 26 August Also perigee
IrXyamb Øm\\nÀ®bhpw km[yambncp¶psh¶v a\Ênem¡mw. IpPþ
i\nIfpsS Imcy¯n bmtaym¯ckw{Iahpw (Meridian Transit) Zriyambncp kqcy{KlW¯nt\mSSp¯v KXIen 3620  Bcy`Sob¯nsâ kq£vaX¡v
¶p. {KtlmZbmkvXab§Ä kqtcymZbmkvXab§fpambn X«n¨p t\m¡n hniZoIcWw \ÂIp¶ FÃm {Kl{]Xn`mk§fpw I\ymIpamcnbn Zriyam
AhbpsS Øm\\nÀ®bhpw km²yambncp¶p. bncp¶psh¶v CXn\m a\Ênem¡mw.
{KlWZn\a[ymÓ¯nse {KlØnXn
4. s]m¶m\n (10N51)bnse ]qÀ®kqcy{KlWw
{Klw tcJmwiw A£mwiw {Klwþchn DZbw AkvXw
chn 139°05'45" -- 05:44 18:18 apIfn ]dª \nco£W]T\§fpsS km[pXsbbpw, Bcy`S³ Hcp
N{µ³ 139°04'15" -00°07' -0.025 05:35 18:24 kqcy{KlWw ImWp¶Xn\mbn ISen t]mbn F¶ sFXnlys¯bpw
IpP³ 289°09'02" -06°11' 150.05 16:24 03:43 ]ecpw tNmZyw sNbvtX¡mw. Hcp heb{KlWw ImWp¶Xn\mbn ISenÂ
_p[³ 124°20'50" 01°08' -14.75 04:42 17:24 t]mbn {`jvS\mIphm³ Bcy`S³ X¿mdmInà þ F¶v hmZn¡p¶hcp−mImw.
Kpcp 98°24'27" 00°07' -40.69 02:51 15:35 Bcy`Sob¯n\v ASnØm\amb \nco£W§Ä (KXIen 3619 sâ Ahkm
ip{I³ 103°18'10" -00°31' -35.79 03:11 15:55 \¯nepw KXIen 3620 epw, AD 519) tIcf¯n\pw s]m¶m\n¡pw {]tXyI
i\n 289°58'49" -00°35' 150.88 16:19 03:47 {]kàn \ÂIp¶hbmsW¶v shfnhm¡p¶XmWv s]m¶m\nbn 15
cmlp 137050' -- ≈ 20
s^{_phcn AD 519 \v Zriyamb ]qÀ® kqcy{KlWw. Cu ]qÀ®{KlWw
\nco£n¨v \nÀ®bn¡s¸« KWntXm]m[nIfpsS ]co£W¯n\v Nn§amk
NþXpwKw 146021' -- ≈ 70 ¯nse {KlWw \nco£n¡pI A\nhmcyambncp¶Xn\memWv Bcy`S³
s]m¶m\n¡v sX¡v]Snªmdv ISen {KlW\nco£W¯n\v Hcps¼«Xv.
Cu {KlØnXnbn \n¶pw ]qÀ®þ{KlW kab¯v Hcp ]s£ Kpcpþ_p[ Cu {KlW¯nsâ OmbmKXn Fkvs]\mIv \ÂIp¶Xv Xmsg \ÂIp¶p.
þip{I·mÀ Zriycmbn `hn¨ncn¡mw F¶v IcpXmw. i\nbpw IpP\pw cm{Xn
bnepw Kpcpþ_p[þip{I·mÀ cmhnse Ing¡³ N{Ihmf¯nepw Zriyambn
cn¡bm \h{Kl§fpsSbpw N{µXpwK¯nsâbpw Øm\w Cu Znhkw
hyàambncp¶p. {KlW¯n\v kao]hÀ¯nbmb Imew t\m¡nbm I\ym
Ipamcn {KlKWnX¯n\v Gähpw A\ptbmPyamb \nco£Ww km²yam¡n
F¶v a\Ênem¡mw. DZbmkvXab§Ä I\ymIpamcnbn Zriyambncp¶p.
{]Imiw ]c¡p¶Xn\v ap¼v I\ymIpamcnbn Kpcpþip{I·mcpsS DZbhpw
i\nþIpP·mcpsS AkvXabhpw Zriyambncp¶p. kqcymt]£nIamb Cu
hn[ \nco£W§fn \n¶v Gähpw IrXyamb Øm\\nÀ®bpw km²yamIp
ambncp¶psh¶XmWv Bcy`Sob¯nse kq£vaX¡v \nZm\w. kqcyt\mSv
]qÀ®tam AÀ²tam Bb {`aW§Ä ]qÀ¯nbm¡phm³ {Kl§Ä¡mhiy
amb Imew apIfn ]dª Kpþipþ_p DZbw, aþIp AkvXabw ChbnÂ
\n¶v km²yambncp¶p.
{]Xn`mkw XobXn
N{µ{KlWw 27 Pqsse (Perigee close)
N – ip 8 Aug 519 AD cmhnse Ing¡v
N – Kp 8 Aug 519 AD cmhnse Ing¡v
N – _p 10 Aug 519 AD cmhnse Ing¡v

15 16
bpKmZnbmbn 44774 Nm{µamkm´yw Ipdn¨ Aamhmky´yw IenZn\w 5. Xmc]RvPc¯nsâ, kqcysâ Bt]£nI {`aWw þ
1322202.2695 BIp¶p. Bcy`Sobw A\pkcn¨v a[yamhmknbpsS Ahkm\w `qanbpsS kzbw {`aWw.
12:28 DÖbn\o kabhpw B[p\nIKWnX{]Imcw 12:33 DÖbn\o kabhpw
BIp¶p. DÖbn\okabw 14:23 \v {KlWw ]qÀ®hpw ]qÀ®XbpsS {]mtWss\Xn Iemw `qx þ `qan Hcp {]mW\n Hcp Ie Xncnbp¶p þ Bcy
ssZÀLyw 8 hn\mgnIbpw Bbncp¶p. `Ssâ Cu hm¡pIsf hcmlanlnc\pw, eÃmNmcy\pw, {_ÒKp]vX\pw
\ninXamb ]cnlmkt¯msS hnaÀin¡pIbp−mbn. kqtcymZb¯n IqSp
a[yaw a[yaw {Klkv^pSw {Klkv^pSw hnSp¶ ]dhIÄ `qan Id§p¶psh¦n sshIn«v F§s\bmWv Iq«n Xncn
{Klw Bcy`S³ B[p\nIw s¨¯pI? F¶ tNmZyw {_ÒKp]vX\pw eÃmNmcy\pw DbÀ¯pIbp−mbn.
Bcy`S³ B[p\nIw
0 0 0
kqcy³ 326 20' 326 25' 328 20' 328018' A\ptemaKXnÀ\uØx ]iyXyNew hntemaKw bZzXv
N{µ³ 326020' 326025' 328006' 327058' ANem\n `m\n XZzXv ka]ÝnaKm\n e¦mbmw (tKmfwþ9)
XpwKw 125038' 125031' -- -- DZbmkvXab \nan¯w \nXyw {]htlW hmbp\m £n]vXx
0 0
e¦mka]ÝnatKm `]RvPcx k{Ktlm {`aXn (tKmfwþ10)
]mXw 146 58' 146 58' -- --
\uIbn k©cn¡pt¼mÄ Xoc¯pÅ Ip¶pIÄ ]nt¶m¡w ]mbp¶Xp
B[p\nIKWnX¯n\v Gähpw Xpeyamb Cu Bcy`Sob ^e§Ä kqNn¸n t]mse Ne\anÃm¯ \£{X§Ä e¦bn Ing¡pZn¨v ]Snªmtdm«v Id§p
¡p¶Xv Sn {KlW\nco£Ww Ahew_ambn kq£vaam¡s¸« {Kl{`aW ¶Xmbn tXm¶p¶p. AXpt]mse DZbmkvXab§Ä¡v ImcWw `]RvPcw
kwJyIfmWv Bcy`Sob¯n\v ASnØm\sa¶mWv. {]hlhmbphn\m ]Snªmtdm«v Id¡s¸Sp¶Xn\memsW¶v \nXyhpw
A\p`hs¸Sp¶p.
Ipw`wþNn§w amk§fnse Cu kqcy{KlW§Ä a[ymÓt¯mSSp¯mbncp
¶Xn\m ew_\w Ipdhpw {KlW§fpsS ]qÀ®Imew kv^pS]ÀÆm´ Gähpw imkv{Xobamb Cu A\p`h{]kvXmhs¯, imkv{XNn´sb ]n¶oSv
t¯mSSp¯pw Bbncp¶p. Cu hkvXpX Bcy`Sob¯n \ap¡v \ngen¨v h¶ {]Xn`IÄ \ncmIcn¨sX´v? Bcy`Ssâ X\Xmb Cu {]kvXmh¯n\v
ImWmw. ]n¶nse A\p`hsa´mWv?
kv^pSiinamkmt´ƒÀt¡ ]mXmkt¶m bZm {]hniXoµpx
`qÑmbmw ]£mt´ XZm[ntIm\w {KlWa[yw (tKmfwþ36) IStemcw ]än \uIbn bm{XsN¿p¶bmfnsâ A\p`hamWnXv. ]IemsW
¦n kqcy³ bm{XnIs\ A\p[mh\w sN¿pt¼mÄ sam«¡p¶pIfpw aäpw
kv^pSmamhmky´y¯n (kqcykv^pSw = N{µkv^pSw) ]mXk¶n[nbn ]ndtIm«v amdp¶Xmbn tXm¶p¶p. cm{XnbnemsW¦ntem, N{µ\pw \£{X§
(cmlptIXp¡fnsem¶nt\mSSp¯v) N{µ³ kqcyt\mSv tbmKw sN¿pt¼mÄ fpw bm{XnIs\ ]n´pScp¶Xmbn tXm¶pt¼mÄ Xoc¯pÅ AYhm k©
kqcy{KlWhpw ]uÀWanN{µ³ `qOmbbn {]thin¡pt¼mÄ N{µ{Kl cn¡m¯ \uIIfnse hnf¡pIÄ ]nt¶m«v k©cn¡p¶Xmbn tXm¶pw.
Whpw kw`hn¡p¶p. ]£m´w AYhm ]ÀÆm´w Gsd¡psd {KlWa[y Cu A\p`hhpw I\ymIpamcnbn PecminbpsS Ing¡pw ]Snªmdpambn
ImeamWv. Zriyamb XmcmKW§fpsSbpw kqcyN{µmZnIfpsSbpw DZbmkvXab§fmWv
Pecminsb DÄs¡mÅp¶ `qan Id§p¶p F¶ t_m²yw Bcy`S\p
]£m´w AYhm ]ÀÆm´w Gsd¡psd {KlWa[yImeamWv þ F¶ \ÂInbXv. Nn{Xw t\m¡pI. Ing¡³ N{Ihmf¯n Kpcpþip{I·mÀ DZn¡p
{]kvXmhw kqcy{KlW¯n\v icnbmIpI ew_\w Ipdhmb a[ymÓ{KlW t¼mÄ ]Snªmd³ N{Ihmf¯n IpP\pw i\nbpw AkvXan¡p¶Xv
§fn am{XamWv. apIfn Bcy`S\m \nco£n¡s¸«Xmbn ]dbs¸« c−v I\ymIpamcnbn ISen\p IpdpsI Zriyambncp¶p. PecminbpsS,
kqcy{KlW§fnepw Cu ØnXn ImWp¶Xn\m Sn \nco£W§Ä PetKmtfm]cnXe¯n\v Ing¡pw ]Snªmdpw Cu c−p hnf¡pIÄ
tÇmI¯nse {]amWw cq]oIcn¡p¶Xn Bcy`S\v t{]cIambncp¶psh¶v sImfp¯nsh¨ t]mse AYhm ^Â{Iw t]mse Ah Xncnbp¶Xmbn
a\Ênem¡mw. Bcy`S\v A\p`hw \ÂInb Cu Zriyw Xs¶ `qanbmWv Id§p¶Xv F¶
t_m²yw \ÂInbncn¡Ww. amaqepIsf `b¡msX hn¹hmßIambn `qan
Bcy`Sobw `mcXob tPymXnximkv{X¯n Hcp \hbpK¯nsâ XpS¡ Id§p¶psh¶v Bcy`Ss\ ]Tn¸n¨Xv almKpcp¡·mcmb {Kl§Ä,Kpcp,
ambncp¶psh¶ A\pam\¯n\v `mcX¸pgbpsS Icbnepw (]X\Øew) ip{I³, i\n. IpP³ ChÀ Xs¶bmWv.
I\ymIpamcnbnepw Ien 3620 Â Zriyamb JtKmfob {]Xn`mk§fpw Ah¡v
Bcy`Sob¯n ZriyamIp¶ {]Xn^e\hpw km[pX \ÂIp¶p. 11 BKÌv 519 AD `mcXob tPymXnximkv{X¯nse Gähpw \nÀ®mbI
amb \nco£W§fpsS Znhkambncp¶p.
17 18
 XobXn¡v s]m¶m\nbn kqcyAkvXab¯n\v tijw AKkvXys\
6. AKkvtXymZbw þ Bcy`Ssâ {]amWw
Ahkm\ambn ImWmhp¶XmWv. Nn{Xwþ1 Cu hkvXpXIÄ hyàam¡p¶p.
Bcy`Ssâ AKkvtXymZb {]amWw BcymÀ[cm{Xkn²m´¯n \n¶pw
hcmlanlnc {]`rXnIÄ D²cn¨v ]n¡me¯v e`yamb {]amWamWv.
]qÀÆJWvUJmZyI¯nse Bdma[ymb¯n {_ÒKp]vX³ D²cn¨ncp¶ Agastya sets - Rule of Aryabhata
Xmsg \ÂIp¶ {]amWw H³]Xmw \qäm−n `t«mXv]e³ sXämsW¶ 20.0
Btcm]Wt¯msS sh«n¡fbpIbp−mbn. 10N51
18.0
Fig.1
cminNXpjvtIW bZm kzm£mwibptX\ `hXn XpteymƒÀss¡x 16.0
60 - Latitude
DZtbmƒKkvXyky XZm N{ImÀ[mtÑmZntXƒkvXabx

Altitude of Agastya
14.0
kqcy³ \mepcminbpw A£mwihpw IqSnb `mKbnse¯pt¼mÄ AKkvXy³
DZn¡pIbpw N{ImÀ[w AYhm Bdpcminbn \n¶v ap³]dª \mep 12.0

cminbpw A£mwihpw Ipd¨p In«p¶ Øm\¯v (c−v cminþA£mwiw) 10.0

kqcys\¯pt¼mÄ AKkvXy³ AkvXan¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p. 24N
8.0
AXmbXv, A£mwiw φ BIpt¼mÄ AKkvXy\£{X¯n\v (Canopus)þ 10N51-Agastya sets
6.0
0
AKkvtXymZbkqcy³ λs = 120 + φ 24N00-Agastya sets
4.0
AKkvXymkvXabkqcy³ λs = 600 þ φ Poly. (10N51-Agastya sets)

2.0 Poly. (24N00-Agastya sets)

eÃmNmcy\pw Cu {]amWw D²cn¡p¶psh¦nepw km[pXsb¸än At±lw
Xr]vX\mbncp¶nsöv Bcy`SinjyÀ C§s\bpw ]dbp¶p F¶ ]cmaÀi 0.0
¯n \n¶pw a\Ênem¡mw. aÃnImÀÖp\kqcnbpsS injy[ohr²nZw 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 55.0 60.0

hymJym\¯n \n¶pw Cu hkvXpX hyàamIp¶p. Sun's Longitude

{]amW¯nsâ km[pX
AKkvtXymZbw λs = 120 + φ
Cu {]amW¯nsâ km[pX ]cntim[n¡phm³ hnhn[ Øe§fnse AYhm
A£mwi§fnse AKkvXysâ kqtcymZbmkvXabIme§fnse D¶Xmwi DÖbn\n¡v λs = 120 + 24 = 144 BIpt¼mÄ kqtcymZbIme¯nÂ
s¯ (Altitude) kqcykv^pShpambn _Ôs¸Sp¯n t\m¡nbm aXn. AKkvXysâ D¶Xmwiw A©v Un{KnbmWv. DZb¯n\v ap¼mbn
\ap¡nhnsS s]m¶m\n (10N51) DÖbn\o (24N00) F¶o Øe§Ä C¡mcW¯m AKkvXy³ ZriyamIbnÃ. F¶m s]m¶m\nbn λs =
Z£nWþD¯c `mcXs¯ {]Xn\n[oIcn¨v DZmlcW¯n\mbn ]cnKWn¡mw. 120+10.85 = 131 AXmbXv kqcysâ XobXn 131 BIpt¼mÄ, DZbIme¯nÂ
AKkvXy\v D¶Xmwiw 12 Un{KnbmWv. kqtcymZb¯n {]Imiw ]c¡pw
AKkvXysâ AkvXabw λs = 600 þ φ ap¼v AKkvXy³ N{Ihmtfm]cn ZriyamsW¶v CXn\m a\Ênem¡mw.
Bcy`Ssâ Imeamb KXIen 3620 ]cnKWn¡pt¼mÄ kqcykv^pSw 25-600
BIpt¼mÄ kqcymkvXabIme¯v AKkvXysâ D¶Xmwiw Nn{Xwþ1Â kqcyXobXn ZriyIme
\ÂInbncn¡p¶p. DÖbn\n¡v λs = 60 - φ = 36 BIpt¼mÄ AKkvXy\v AKkvXy³ kqcy³ hyXymkw
D¶Xmwiw = 0
D¶Xmwiw Ggv Un{Kn am{XamWv. ZriyamIp¶Xn\v th− D¶Xmwiw 12-14 AkvXabw
Un{Kn BIbm kqcysâ 36 XobXn (25G{]n 519AD ) AKkvXysâ 10N51
73.8 60−φ = 49 25
kqtcym]cnZriyXbpsS Ahkm\XobXn AYhm AKkvXy AkvXab AkvXabw
ImeaÃ. {]amWw AXn\m DÖbn\n¡pw D¯c`mcX¯n\pw AkvXabw 24N00
50.8 60−φ =36 15
kw_Ôn¨v icnbÃ. s]m¶m\n 10N51 \v λs = 60-10.85 = 49 BIpt¼mÄ DZbw 10N51 110.7 20
120+φ =131
AKkvXy\v D¶Xmwiw 14 Un{KnbmIp¶p. AXn\m kqcysâ Cu
DZbw 24N00 133.5 120+φ= 144 10.5

19 20
Nn{Xwþ2 AKkvtXymZbhpw kqcy\pw \nKa\§Ä
Bcy`Sobhpw Bcy`Ssâ tZihpw kw_Ôn¨ Cu ]T\¯n \n¶pw
Dcp¯ncnbp¶ {][m\ hkvXpXIÄ Xmsg¸dbp¶p.

Rise of Agastya-Rule of Aryabhata

1. Bcy`Sobw \ÂIp¶ hnhn[ kqN\If\pkcn¨v Bcy`Ssâ kztZiw
25.0 AYhm \nco£WØm\w s]m¶m\nþN{ah«w (10N51, 75E45) taJe
Fig.2
bmbncp¶psh¶v a\Ênem¡mw. N{ah«¯¸³ (imkvXmhv) ssP\þ_u²
120 + Latitude ]mc¼cy¯n \nehnÂh¶ Bcm[\maqÀ¯nbmsW¶ \nKa\w
20.0 Bcy`Sob¯nse bpKLS\bpsS ssP\kz`mhw hniZoIcn¡p¶p.
10N51 2. `q]cn[nþkv]jvS`q]cn[n_Ôhpw Bcy`Ssâ tacp]cn[n \ÂIp¶
Altitude of Agastya

bpànbpw kzX{´amb `q]cn[n aqey§Ä \ÂInb tPymXnximkv{XÚ

15.0
·mcpsSsbÃmw kztZiw \nÀ®bn¡p¶Xn\v klmbIamWv.
24N
3. Bcy`Sob¯nsâ cN\mImew KXIen 3620 BsW¶v N{ah«¯pw
10.0
10N51 (Agastya rises)
Z£nWtIcf¯nepw A¡me¯v Zriyamb ]qÀ®kqcy{KlW§Ä
kqNn¸n¡p¶p. kqcyþss]Xmalkn²m´§fnse Øqeamb KWnX
24N00 (Agastya sets) s¯ Bcy`S³ \nco£Wþ]co£W§fneqsS ]cnjvIcn¨v kq£va
5.0
Poly. (24N00 (Agastya sets)) am¡nbXmbn Bcy`Sobkn²hpw B[p\nIKWnX]chpamb kv^pSþ
Poly. (10N51 (Agastya rises))
a[ya§fpsS XmcXay¯n \n¶pw a\Ênem¡mw.
0.0 4. Bcy`Ssâ sXäpIfmbn {_ÒKp]Xv³ hnaÀin¨ \yq\XIsfÃmw Xs¶
100.0 110.0 120.0 130.0 140.0 150.0 160.0 170.0 180.0 kztZi¯v \S¯nb \nco£W§fneqsS F¯nt¨À¶ imkv{Xob
Sun's Longitude \nKa\§fmsW¶v ChnsS hyàam¡s¸SpIbp−mbn.

Nn{X§fneqsS hyàam¡nb bpàn apIfn \ÂIp¶ ]«nIbn \n¶pw 5. anlncmZnIfm D²cn¡s¸«psh¦nepw km[pX kwibn¡s¸SpIbpw
asämcphn[¯n a\Ênem¡mw. AKkvXysâ DZbmkvXab Ime§Ä¡v `t«mXv]e\m XnckvIcn¡s¸SpIbpw sNbvX Bcy`Ssâ AKkvtXym
Bcy`Ssâ {]amWw \ÂIp¶ kqcyXobXn þ ZbmkvXab {]amWw kztZiamb N{ah«¯n\v Gähpw kq£vaamsW¶v
B[p\nIKWnXcoXnbneqsS hyàamIp¶p.
(I) AKkvXy AkvXab¯nsâ kqcyXobXn s]m¶m\nbn D¶Xmwiw
iq\yamIp¶ XobXn¡v 25 Znhkw ap¼mWv. AXn\m Cu kqcyXobXn¡v 6. Bcy`Sob¯nse hnhn[ bpànIÄ¡v ImcWamb {]Xn`mk§Ä
AKkvXy³ AkvXabtijw IjvSn¨v ZriyamIp¶p. ]eXpw þ AÀ¡m{Kw, NcJWvUw, DÖbn\o A£mwiw (22N30) ISÂ
bm{Xbpw {KlW\nco£Whpw, I\ymIpamcnbnse Nn§amk \nco£W
(J) AKkvXy AkvXab¯nsâ kqcyXobXn DÖbn\nbn D¶Xmwiw §fpw `qanbpsS {`aWw kw_Ôn¨ \nKa\hpw, N{µXpwKw, ]mXw
iq\yamIp¶ XobXn¡v 15 Znhkw am{Xw ap¼mWv. AXmbXv IqSpX ChbpsS {`aWkwJyIfpsS ]cnjvIcWw þ ]T\¯n CZw {]Yaambn
Znhk§fpsS hyXymkw th−nbncp¶ Øe¯v hyXymkw IpdhmWv. hyàam¡s¸Sp¶p. tacp]cn[n, {KlWa[yImew Ch kw_Ôn¨
AXn\m Cu kqcyXobXn¡v ap¼v Xs¶ AKkvXys\ AkvXabtijw {]amW§Ä¡v Bcy`Ssâ ho£Ww imkv{Xobambncp¶psh¶pw ]T\w
ImWmXmIp¶p AYhm AKkvXysâ AkvXabw ]¯v XobXnsb¦nepw hyàam¡p¶p.
ap¼v \S¡p¶p.
7. s]m¶m\n¡v Ad_nIfpambp−mbncp¶ I¨hS_Ôw AeIvkm{−nb
(K) AKkvtXymZb¯nsâ Imcy¯nepw kam\amWv ØnXn. s]m¶m\nbn bpambn tIcfs¯ _Ôn¸n¡pIbpw AXn]pcmX\ambn _m_ntemWn
20Znhkw hyXymkw DÅt¸mÄ DÖbn\nbn 15 am{XamWv hyXymkw. epw {Koknepw \ne\n¶ tPymXnximkv{XhnÚm\w A§s\ tIcf¯n
Bcy`Ssâ AKkvtXymZbmkvXab {]amWw s]m¶m\nbnse \nco£Ww se¯pIbpw sNbvXXv `mcX¯n tPymXnximkv{X¯n\v Hcp \hbpKw
ASnØm\ambn cq]w \ÂIs¸«XmsW¶v CXn\m hyàamIp¶p. Ipdn¡phm³ Bcy`Ss\ klmbn¨ncn¡Ww.
Bcy`Ssâ injyÀ ssIs¡m−ncp¶ {]amWw sXsä¶v iTn¨Xv Gähpw Hmw lcnx {ioKW]Xsb \ax
icnbmsW¶v kztZi sXfnhn\m Øm]nXamIpIbpw sN¿p¶p. sI. N{µlcnx
21 22