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CHAPTER 3

Analog Electronics (EA-EIA – 820222).

Input-Signal Conditioning
Department of Electronics Engineering.

for Sensor in Electronic


Instrumentation
_______________________________________________________________________________________________

Professor: Herminio Martínez-García (herminio.martinez@upc.edu)

Course: Analog Electronics


Eastern Barcelona School of Engineering (EEBE)
Electronics Engineering Department – Technical University of Catalonia (UPC) - BarcelonaTech

Fall & Spring Semesters


_______________________________________________________________________________________________

Wheatstone Bridge for Signal


Conditioning with Resistive Sensors (I)
 Wheatstone Bridge and Its Real and Ideal Input‐Output Transfer Function.
Analog Electronics (EA-EIA – 820222).
Department of Electronics Engineering.
Wheatstone Bridge for Signal
Conditioning with Resistive Sensors (II)
 Wheatstone Bridge and Its Real and Ideal Input‐Output Transfer Function.
Analog Electronics (EA-EIA – 820222).
Department of Electronics Engineering.

Wheatstone Bridge for Signal


Conditioning with Resistive Sensors (III)
 Wheatstone Bridge Using More Than a Resistive Sensor.
Analog Electronics (EA-EIA – 820222).
Department of Electronics Engineering.
Wheatstone Bridge for Signal
Conditioning with Resistive Sensors (IV)
 Wheatstone Bridge Using More Than a Resistive Sensor.
Analog Electronics (EA-EIA – 820222).
Department of Electronics Engineering.

Voltage and Frequency Ranges of


Biopotential Signals (I)
 Biomedical Signals’ Frequencies and Amplitudes.
Analog Electronics (EA-EIA – 820222).
Department of Electronics Engineering.

Biomedical imaging front‐end
Department of Electronics Engineering. Department of Electronics Engineering.
Analog Electronics (EA-EIA – 820222). Analog Electronics (EA-EIA – 820222).
Biopotential Signals (II)

Electronic Equipment (I)


Interferences from Electric and
Voltage and Frequency Ranges of
Department of Electronics Engineering. Department of Electronics Engineering.
Analog Electronics (EA-EIA – 820222). Analog Electronics (EA-EIA – 820222).
Electronic Equipment (II)

Electronic Equipment (III)


Interferences from Electric and
Interferences from Electric and
Department of Electronics Engineering. Department of Electronics Engineering.
Analog Electronics (EA-EIA – 820222). Analog Electronics (EA-EIA – 820222).

Reduction Circuits
Electronic Equipment (IV)
Interferences from Electric and

Common-Mode and Other Interference-


Example of a Biopotential Preamplifier
Department of Electronics Engineering.
Analog Electronics (EA-EIA – 820222).
Based on an Instrumentation Amplifier

Noise Sources, Coupling Mechanisms,


and Noise Reduction (I)
 Capacitive Coupling and Equivalent‐Circuit Representation
Analog Electronics (EA-EIA – 820222).
Department of Electronics Engineering.
Noise Sources, Coupling Mechanisms,
and Noise Reduction (II)
 Inductive Coupling and Equivalent‐Circuit Representation
Analog Electronics (EA-EIA – 820222).
Department of Electronics Engineering.

Noise Sources, Coupling Mechanisms,


and Noise Reduction (III)
 Shielding.
 The shield is made of a copper braid or of foil and is usually grounded at the 
source end (but not at the instrument end), because this would result in a 
Analog Electronics (EA-EIA – 820222).

ground loop.
 The shield can protect the signal from a significant amount of EMI, especially 
Department of Electronics Engineering.

at LFs.
 However, shielding cannot prevent inductive coupling.
Noise Sources, Coupling Mechanisms,
and Noise Reduction (IV)
 Twisted‐Pair Cables.
 The simplest method for minimizing inductive coupling is the use of twisted‐
pair wires.
Analog Electronics (EA-EIA – 820222).

 The reason for using twisted pair is that untwisted wires can offer large loops 
that can couple a substantial amount of electromagnetic radiation.
Department of Electronics Engineering.

 However, twisting drastically reduces the loop area, and with it the 
interference. Twisted pair is available commercially.

Noise Sources, Coupling Mechanisms,


and Noise Reduction (V)
 Twisted‐Pair Cables.
Analog Electronics (EA-EIA – 820222).
Department of Electronics Engineering.
Noise Sources, Coupling Mechanisms,
and Noise Reduction (VI)
 Shielded Twisted‐Pair (STP) Cables.
Analog Electronics (EA-EIA – 820222).
Department of Electronics Engineering.

Noise Sources, Coupling Mechanisms,


and Noise Reduction (VII)
 Unshielded Twisted‐Pair (UTP) Cable, and Shielded Twisted‐Pair (STP) Cable.
Analog Electronics (EA-EIA – 820222).
Department of Electronics Engineering.
Amplificadores Diferenciales (DA) en
Department of Electronics Engineering.
Analog Electronics (EA-EIA – 820222).
Forma de Circuitos Integrados (Chips) (I)

Amplificadores Diferenciales (DA) en


Forma de Circuitos Integrados (Chips) (II)
Analog Electronics (EA-EIA – 820222).
Department of Electronics Engineering.
Amplificadores Diferenciales (DA) en
Department of Electronics Engineering.
Analog Electronics (EA-EIA – 820222).
Forma de Circuitos Integrados (Chips) (III)

Amplificadores de Instrumentación (IA)


Integrados en Forma de Chip (I)
Analog Electronics (EA-EIA – 820222).
Department of Electronics Engineering.

 2 v (t )  2 
vO  1   vD  AD  O  1
 a vD (t )  a 
Amplificadores de Instrumentación (IA)
Department of Electronics Engineering.
Analog Electronics (EA-EIA – 820222).
Integrados en Forma de Chip (II)

Ejemplo de Acondicionado de un Puente


de Wheatstone a partir de un IA (I)
 Puente de Wheatstone con un Solo Sensor Resistivo Alimentado con
Fuente de Tensión E.
R R
VAB  E E
Analog Electronics (EA-EIA – 820222).

2  2 R  R  4R
Department of Electronics Engineering.

Fuente de Si R  R
tensión E

R R
VO  AD E  AD E
2  2 R  R  4R

AD

IA
Ejemplo de Acondicionado de un Puente
de Wheatstone a partir de un IA (II)

Fuente de
Analog Electronics (EA-EIA – 820222).

corriente I
Department of Electronics Engineering.

Ejemplo de Acondicionado de un Puente


de Wheatstone a partir de un IA (III)
 Puente de Wheatstone con un Solo Sensor Resistivo para Medida de
Temperatura Alimentado con Fuente de Corriente I.

R R
Analog Electronics (EA-EIA – 820222).

VAB  IR1  IR1


2  R1  R   R 2  R1  R 
Department of Electronics Engineering.

Fuente de Si R  2  R1  R 
corriente I

R R
VO  AD IR1  AD IR1
2  R1  R   R 2  R1  R 
RS
RS  R 1   T 
Ejemplo de Acondicionado de un Puente
de Wheatstone a partir de un IA (IV)
 Puente de Wheatstone con Dos Sensores Resistivos Alimentado con
Fuente de Tensión E.

 R  R  R  R
Analog Electronics (EA-EIA – 820222).

R 
VAB  E     E E
 2 R  R 2 R  R   2 R  R  2R
Department of Electronics Engineering.

 R  R
VO  AD E    AD E
 2 R  R  2R

 Puente de Wheatstone con Dos Sensores Resistivos Alimentado con


Fuente de Corriente I.

I I
VAB 
I I
 R  R  R   R VO  AD  R  R  R   AD R
2 2 2 2

Ejemplo de Acondicionado de un Puente


de Wheatstone a partir de un IA (V)
 Puente de Wheatstone con Cuatro Sensores Resistivos Alimentado con
Fuente de Tensión E.
Analog Electronics (EA-EIA – 820222).

 R  R R  R  E
VAB  E     R
 2R 2R  R
Department of Electronics Engineering.

 R  R R  R  E
VO  AD E     AD R
 2R 2R  R

 Puente de Wheatstone con Cuatro Sensores Resistivos Alimentado con


Fuente de Corriente I.

I
VAB 
I
 R  R  R  R   I R VO  AD  R  R  R  R   AD I R
2 2
Department of Electronics Engineering. Department of Electronics Engineering.
Analog Electronics (EA-EIA – 820222). Analog Electronics (EA-EIA – 820222).
de Wheatstone a partir de un IA (VI)

de Wheatstone a partir de un IA (VII)


Ejemplo de Acondicionado de un Puente
Ejemplo de Acondicionado de un Puente
Ejemplo de Acondicionado de un Puente
Department of Electronics Engineering.
Analog Electronics (EA-EIA – 820222).
de Wheatstone a partir de un IA (VIII)

vO R4  2  R1   2  R1 
AD    1    k  1  
v D R3  RG   RG 

Ganancia diferencial AD del IA en función del resistor RG,


donde k=1 y R1=R2=10 kΩ.

Ejemplo de Acondicionado de un Puente


de Wheatstone a partir de un IA (IX)
Analog Electronics (EA-EIA – 820222).
Department of Electronics Engineering.
Department of Electronics Engineering. Department of Electronics Engineering.
Analog Electronics (EA-EIA – 820222). Analog Electronics (EA-EIA – 820222).
de Wheatstone a partir de un IA (X)

de Wheatstone a partir de un IA (XI)


Ejemplo de Acondicionado de un Puente
Ejemplo de Acondicionado de un Puente
Department of Electronics Engineering. Department of Electronics Engineering.
Analog Electronics (EA-EIA – 820222). Analog Electronics (EA-EIA – 820222).
Programable (PGDAs) Integrados (I)

Programable (PGDAs) Integrados (II)


Amplificadores Diferenciales de Ganancia
Amplificadores Diferenciales de Ganancia
Amplificadores Diferenciales de Ganancia
Department of Electronics Engineering.
Analog Electronics (EA-EIA – 820222).
Programable (PGDAs) Integrados (III)

Amplificadores Diferenciales de Ganancia


Programable (PGDAs) Integrados (IV)
Analog Electronics (EA-EIA – 820222).
Department of Electronics Engineering.
Department of Electronics Engineering. Department of Electronics Engineering.
Analog Electronics (EA-EIA – 820222). Analog Electronics (EA-EIA – 820222).
Programable (PGDAs) Integrados (V)

Programable (PGDAs) Integrados (VI)


Amplificadores Diferenciales de Ganancia
Amplificadores Diferenciales de Ganancia
Department of Electronics Engineering. Department of Electronics Engineering.
Analog Electronics (EA-EIA – 820222). Analog Electronics (EA-EIA – 820222).

Programable (PGDAs) Discretos (I)


Programable (PGDAs) Integrados (VII)

Amplificadores Diferenciales de Ganancia


Amplificadores Diferenciales de Ganancia
Amplificadores Diferenciales de Ganancia
Department of Electronics Engineering.
Analog Electronics (EA-EIA – 820222).
Programable (PGDAs) Discretos (II)

Diagrama de bloques de un PGDA. En los cálculos de las diferentes ganancias,


conviene tener en cuenta la resistencia RON y, a poder ser, que sea lo más baja
posible en estado de conducción (RON  0 Ω), para poder minimizar así los
errores provocados por dicha resistencia.

Amplificadores con Aislamiento (AAs)


Integrados (I)
Analog Electronics (EA-EIA – 820222).
Department of Electronics Engineering.
Amplificadores con Aislamiento (AAs)
Department of Electronics Engineering.
Analog Electronics (EA-EIA – 820222).
Integrados (II)

Amplificadores con Aislamiento (AAs)


Integrados (III)
Analog Electronics (EA-EIA – 820222).
Department of Electronics Engineering.

Símbolos empleados para representar los AAs. (a) Símbolo general simple.
(b) Símbolo general con entrada diferencial. (c) Símbolo cuando hay
aislamiento a la vez entre alimentación, entrada y salida.
Department of Electronics Engineering. Department of Electronics Engineering.
Analog Electronics (EA-EIA – 820222). Analog Electronics (EA-EIA – 820222).

Integrados (V)
Integrados (IV)

Amplificadores con Aislamiento (AAs)


Amplificadores con Aislamiento (AAs)
Amplificadores con Aislamiento (AAs)
Integrados (VI)
(a) Tensión de modo
aislado (vA).
(b) Tensión de modo
Analog Electronics (EA-EIA – 820222).

común (vC) y tensión de


modo aislado (vA) cuando la
Department of Electronics Engineering.

entrada del AA es
diferencial.

 vO v  0   vO v  0 
IMRR   IN
  IMRRdB  20  log  IN

 vA   vA 
   

Amplificadores con Aislamiento (AAs)


Integrados (VII)
Analog Electronics (EA-EIA – 820222).
Department of Electronics Engineering.
Department of Electronics Engineering. Department of Electronics Engineering.
Analog Electronics (EA-EIA – 820222). Analog Electronics (EA-EIA – 820222).

Integrados (IX)
Integrados (VIII)

Amplificadores con Aislamiento (AAs)


Amplificadores con Aislamiento (AAs)
Amplificadores con Aislamiento (AAs)
Department of Electronics Engineering.
Analog Electronics (EA-EIA – 820222).
Integrados (X)

Amplificadores con Aislamiento (AAs)


Integrados (XI)

 Aplicaciones del AA:


Analog Electronics (EA-EIA – 820222).

 Cuando existe el requerimiento de un aislamiento


óhmico entre la fuente de señal de entrada y la
Department of Electronics Engineering.

salida (impedancia de aislamiento entre la entrada


y la salida mayor de 10 MΩ).
 Cuando se necesite un excelente rechazo de tensión
y ruido de modo común (CMRR>100 dB).
 Cuando es necesario procesar señales
(generalmente de bajo nivel) en presencia de altas
tensiones de modo común.
Amplificadores con Aislamiento (AAs)
Integrados (XII)
 Aplicaciones del AA:
 El “corte” de los lazo de masa y/o eliminación de
Analog Electronics (EA-EIA – 820222).

las conexiones a masa de la fuente. El AA


proporciona una entrada completamente flotante
Department of Electronics Engineering.

eliminando la necesidad de conexiones a masa de


la fuente.
 En Bioingeniería, proporciona una interconexión
entre el equipo de control de un paciente médico y
los elementos transductores que estén en contacto
con este paciente. Estas aplicaciones requieren
altos niveles de tensión de aislamiento y muy bajas
corrientes de fuga.
 Proporciona protección de aislamiento a equipos
de instrumentación electrónica.

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