‘Power System Metering’.

Presented By
Md.Golam Mowla
Executive Engineer
Grid, System Protection and Energy Audit,DESCO
What is metering system?
Complete measurement of power system components
( V, I ,P, Q, hz, pf) form source end to load end for
proper and economic management of power.
Metering System:
a) Generation Metering System.
b) Transmission Metering System.
c) Distribution Metering System.
Requirements of metering system

Accuracy of Measurement.
Safety/ security.
Reliability.
Timing.
Components of metering system
Active Components
a) Meters b) CT c) PT
Auxiliary Components:
i) Communication Media
a) PLCC b) GSM c) Radio
ii) Communication device
a) Router b) server c) Modems
METERING SYSTEM
ELECTRO-MECHANICAL
ELECTRO-MECHANICAL
Low Accuracy
Low Accuracy
Control – NIL
Control – NIL
PAST Communications - Expensive
PAST Communications - Expensive
Theft Detection – Poor
Theft Detection – Poor

DIGITAL SOLID STATE

High Accuracy
Control – LIMITED
CURRENT Communications – External through Retrofit
CURRENT
Theft Detection – Node only

NEXT GEN SMART METER & IT SYSTEM

Very High Accuracy
Control – FULL
NEXTGEN Communications – Built in (on chip / PCB)
NEXTGEN
Theft Detection – High (Network level)
SMART GRID
Objective of Substation
To calculate i) line Loss
Metering
ii) Bus Loss
iii) Transformer Loss
Metering Accuracy
Depends on i) CT Accuracy
ii) PT Accuracy
iii) Meter Accuracy
iV) Metering Time.
 Types of CT
Metering Class Protection Class
High Accuracy Low Accuracy
Low knee point High knee point
Low resistance High resistance
Small core cross section Higher core cross section
Should Saturate at Fault current Should allow Fault current
CT Rating
Metering Class Metering

VA Burden, Accuracy, ISF

e.g. 15 VA, 0.2 ISF<10

Protection Class
VA Burden, Accuracy, ALF
Protection
e.g. 15 VA, 5P20

PS Class
Vk, Io, Rct
e.g. Vk > 400 V, Io < 50 mA at Vk/2, Rct < 5
Ohms
Measuring errors
Measuring errors
Measuring errors
 Measuring error as factor of secondary
burden

As per IEC 186 Accuracy class should be fulfilled

for 25 to 100% Of burden.
Turns ratio correction is done for this
Energy Meter Type
Phasing: Single Phase or three Phase.
Construction: Analog, Digital, Smart.
Connection: 1)Direct connected (whole current)
2) Transformer rated Energy Meter
a) 3Ø-3W, b) 3Ø-4W
Wiring Diagram of Polyphase Direct
Connected Meter
Wiring Diagram of Polyphase Direct
Connected Meter
Transformer rated Energy Meter
For larger loads, more than about 200 amps of load,
Current and Voltage transformers are used, so that
the meter can be located other than in line with the
service conductors.
Wiring Diagram of Polyphase CT Connected
Meter
Wiring Diagram of Polyphase Instrument
TR. Connected Meter
Wiring Diagram of Polyphase Instrument
TR. Connected Meter
Energy calculation
Electromechanical Energy Meter
DMF/ OMF
Electronic Energy Meter
OMF
OMF= DMFX (LCTRXLPTR)/(MCTRXMPTR)xCF

Error correction factor CF= {1/(1- %error)}

Construction of Electromechanical Energy Meter
1. Voltage Coil - many turns
of fine wire encased in
plastic and connected
in parallel with load

2. Current coil - three turns

of thick wire,
connected in series with
load

3. Stator

4. Aluminum Rotor Disc

5. Rotor Brake Magnets

6. Spindle with worm gear

7. Display dials
Electromechanical Energy Meter
The metallic disc is acted upon by two coils. One coil is
connected in such a way that it produces a magnetic flux in
proportion to the voltage and the other produces a magnetic
flux in proportion to the current. The field of the voltage coil
is delayed by 90 degrees using a lag coil. This produces eddy
currents in the disc and the effect is such that a force is
exerted on the disc in proportion to the product of the
instantaneous current and voltage. A permanent magnet
exerts an opposing force proportional to the speed of
rotation of the disc. The equilibrium between these two
opposing forces results in the disc rotating at a speed
proportional to the power being used. The disc drives a
register mechanism which integrates the speed of the disc
over time by counting revolutions, in order to render a
measurement of the total energy used over a period of time.
The aluminum disc is supported by a spindle which has a
worm gear which drives the register. The register is a series
of dials which record the amount of energy used.
Electronic/ Digital Energy Meter
: Electronic Meter (Programmable/Non-programmable) has
Power supply unit, Voltage and Current Sensors, Meter
Engine, Microcontroller, EEPROM and other add-on
modules such as LCD display, communication ports /
modules and so on.

Function of Different Part of Electronic Energy Meter

The Voltage and Current sensor

The Voltage and Current sensor sense the voltage and
current. Multiplication and other calculation are performed
by meter engine using a custom integrated circuit. The
meter engine contains the digital signal processor and built-
in analog to digital converters capable of sampling each
current and voltage input. The meter engine samples the
Voltage and Current input and send these measurement to
the Microcontroller.
Typical Block Diagram of a Electronic/Digital
Energy Meter
Advantages of Modern Energy Meters over
Conventional Meters
LCD is used to display meter data.
Phase indicator(Healthy or missing phase).
Energy Direction( Import, Export)
Temper Indication.
Relay output.
Phasor Indication.
Load profile, historical data, instrumentation
analysis.
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) :LCD is used to display
meter data and status information.
Phase Indicator: Each phase indicator (L1,L2 and L3)
corresponds to a line voltage( line1, line2 and line3
respectably).
 if the indicators are on, then all the line voltages are
present.
If an indicator is blinking, then the expected line
voltage is missing or below the defined threshold for
voltage sag detection.
If an indicator is off, the line is not expected for the
configured meter type.
Energy Direction Indicator: The energy direction
indicator display the quadrant and direction of last
real power (wh) and reactive power (varh). Positive
indication means that energy is flow towards
consumer and Negative indication means the energy
flow from the consumer.
ACCURACY
The accuracy depends on the design and build quality of
the meters input channels, a higher quality measuring
meter will provide better accuracy but will increase the
price of the product. Some major parameters impacting
the accuracy measurement of an Energy Meter:

Fluctuation of the reading value, represented in

percentage % from the actual value (reading)
A fixed error (“noises”) normally represented as
percentage from full scale (FS) as its constant value
 For Power & Energy measurements the phase shift
between the voltage and the current also impact the
accuracy, since the power equals voltage multiplied by
current multiplied by the cosine of the phase angle.
 The phase angle accuracy is represented in degrees in
current transformers creating additional errors to
energy/power meters.
ACCURACY METERING STANDARDS

Since Accuracy depends on the load of the system, IEC/AS

have developed different standards to define accuracy
under different load conditions, known as “Accuracy
Class”
IEC/AS Standard 62053-11 covers Accuracy Class 0.5, 1.0 &
2 for electromechanical meters for active energy (watt-
hours) which means the accuracy as a percentage from
reading based on full load conditions and unity power
factor. However the accuracy deteriorates under lower
load conditions, power factor less than unity along with
the presence of harmonics.
IEC/AS Standard 62053-21 covers Accuracy Class 1.0 & 2 for
static/electronic meters for active energy (watt-hours)
which means the accuracy as a percentage from reading
based on full load conditions and unity power factor.
However the accuracy deteriorates under lower load
conditions, power factor less than unity along with the
presence of harmonics.
IEC/AS Standard 62053-22 covers a higher Accuracy
Standard of 0.2S and 0.5S for static/electronic for active
energy (watt-hours) providing a higher “Accuracy
Standard” under full load conditions and unity power
factor in addition to better accuracy readings at much
lower load currents, power factor conditions less than
unity along with the presence of harmonics.
SYSTEM ACCURACY vs. METER ACCURACY

The Accuracy of any Energy Measurement System is the

summary of its components i.e. Energy Meter plus Current
Transformer (CT). With the exception if a direct
connected meter is utilised.
IEC/AS Standard 60044-1 defines the accuracy classes for
CT’s. Subject to the loading of the CT, accuracy variances
will occur from the quoted accuracy class such as errors
due to phase errors based on specified load impedance.
Current Transformers accuracy are defined as per IEC
60044-1, Classes 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1 and 3. In addition Accuracy
Class 0.2S and 0.5S standards for CT’s apply for higher
performance accuracy.
The class designation is the measure of the CT’s accuracy.
The ratio (primary to secondary current) error of a Class 1
CT is 1% at rated current; the ratio error of a Class 0.5 CT
is 0.5% at rated current. Installing an Energy Meter with
Accuracy Class 0.5S as a minimum requirement can assist
in ensuring the Energy monitoring application has a high
degree of accuracy when taking into account the accuracy
performance of the CT’s involve
Thank You