i.

COVALENT BONDS
- A covalent bond, also called a molecular bond, is a chemical bond that involves the
sharing of electron pairs between atoms.
1. Formation of Covalent Bonds
- It is formed when two or more nonmetal atoms bond by sharing valence
electrons.
2. Formulas of Molecular Compounds
- Molecular formula: A formula that describes the exact number and type of
atoms in a single molecule of a compound.
- Empirical formula: A formula that indicates the simplest whole number ratio
of all the atoms in a molecule.
- Structural formula: A formula that indicates not only the number of atoms, but
also their arrangement in space.
3. Lewis Structure of Molecules
- The Lewis structure is used to represent the covalent bonding of a molecule or
ion. The atoms in a Lewis structure tend to share electrons so that each atom
has eight electrons (the octet rule). The octet rule states that an atom in a
molecule will be stable when there are eight electrons in its outer shell.
4. Molecules of Elements
- Molecules of elements are formed by the combination of two or more atoms
of the same element.
1. Molecules of Compounds
- Molecules of compounds have atoms of different elements are combined or
bonded together by chemical bond.