KJ3934 REKA BENTUK KOMPONEN MESIN

(KJ3934 Machine Component Design

CHAPTER 3: STATIC FAILURE

ANALYSIS

Prof. Shahrum Abdullah

Prof. Shahrum Abdullah

Types of Failure
 Failure of loaded member is regarded as any
behaviour that makes it unsuitable for its intended
function.
 Types of failures: static failure, impacts, fatigue, wear.
 We will focus on ‘static failure’ caused by ‘static
loading’.
 Static loading can result deflection, elastic instability,
plastic distortion and fracture.

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Prof. Shahrum Abdullah

Types of Failure
 Distortion (plastic strain) – associated with shear
stress; slip (or sliding) along natural slip planes.
 Definition of failure: - having occurred when the
plastic deformation reaches an arbitrary limit, such as
the 0.2% offset in a standard tensile test.
 Definition of fracture: - the separation or
fragmentation of a member into two or more pieces.
 Fracture constitutes with ‘pulling apart’ – tensile
stress!

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Prof. Shahrum Abdullah

Types of Failure
 Materials prone to distortion failure – ductile materials.
 Materials prone to fracture without significant prior
distortion – brittle materials.
 Also there is a condition of ‘gray area’ in failure
analysis – a component can fail in either a ductile and
a brittle manner depending on circumstances (e.g.
temperature variation).
 Limits in failure of materials:
yield strength (Sc) – ductile
ultimate strength (Su) - brittle
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Prof. Shahrum Abdullah

Types of Static Loadings

 Static loadings are forces or moments applied on an
elements.
 Both forces and moments must have: magnitude,
direction and static action point.
 Types of static loadings:
1. Tension and compression
2. Shear 3. Bending
4. Torsion 5. Combination of the above.

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Prof. Shahrum Abdullah

Safety Factors
 Why do we need ‘safety factors’?
 What do you understand with safety factor?
 Definition of safety factor (n):
Fu or S
n n
F 
Fu = maximum load
F = applied load
S = strength
 = applied stress
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Prof. Shahrum Abdullah

Failure Theories
 The Maximum-Normal-Stress Theory
 The Maximum-Shear-Stress Theory
 The Maximum-Distortion-Energy Theory
 The Modified Mohr Theory

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