epee ea eet eReWhat Is a Cause-Effect Essay A cause fect eta sows the reader the lationship between something that happen adits consequences, or between action and revs, For example, to much eomamercia fishing is allowed Inthe Nort AMlantic Osea action, the sh population in some ares may diminish o disappear (fest). Causeefct essays can be iterative, analytic, and sgt La aden to being able to rite cause eet essay you ned to know about this type of wing because you may want to ined {Hag paragraph dscanlng «cause an fect or both a alonger essay you are writing suchas Pesuasve or argumentative pie {In this uni, you wil study two kind of cause eet essays Very simply in one method, the wate focuses onthe causes of something, jst think of how many peopl, when they are given & pew of information lik to analyz the topic and ask the question Why? o How? Ths lle the Focus-on-causes method. Inthe eco mathod the writer emphasizes the eats or fsa af case, Pepe wo ie think hypotheiealy—answering the question What i? ocus onthe outome ofa particular event or ctlon Tse writers often write foeus-on-ffects essays. CAUSE] [CAUSE] [CAUSE] Cause NY “effect EFFECT] [EFFECT] [EFFECT] “Focus-on-Causes” Method | “Focus-on-Effects” Method Ingiae tat your instructor gives you the flowing wating topic: quitting jb. You have the choice of sing the fous-on-atses method othe focuson-eflects method. Facus-on-causes method: You can choos to write an essay on why people quit ther jobs aed brainstorm possible reasons they may have for doing so, such as distance fom the home or lack of benefits. Each paragraph wold contain ilerent cause Focus om effects method: Oa the other hand, you may want to emphasize the fet of quting «a job—perhape dealing the motional and financial consequences—in your bay pararaps. In this ‘se, each paragraph would address one effect “Thee to cause-effect say methods answer frent questions. Essays that use te ocur-on «causes method anser the question, "Why does something happen?” Essays that wse the focu-on ‘tes mglhodanser the question, “What happens when..2” Studying a Cause-Effect Essay “This focus on causes essay answers the question, “Why do people i?” Disus he Preview Questions With eluate. Then eed the example exay and anewer the questions that flo. Preview Questions 1, Why do you think people et 2. Is ever acepable toe? Give examples of acceptable and unccepabelles ‘The Truth Behind Lying Mos chien ar aogh the vireo honey om ys and oth sores, These ory Pes wha ope appa xcs tenor engi th Ey ine Fach es hens owning alee Ante or set thoy who eed waxes ho eg ied oon of Is pep ar el nett hr ge nthe Und Sas Jour chen arn alo yong Geng ego, wo nly Tone ater abc dwn cher tee ero Stories cre tt ey Dex py Se ithe tom ten wd my poo et i acta un begs fen) ‘One easn for ag has to do with mlninlaing a mistake. While leistue that everyone makes a blunder fom time tons, some people do ot have the courage to admit thei eros because they fear blame: Forerampl, sents might eto thee teachers about unfinished. homework They might 4 that they the work at home when ia fact they didnot do the work ta These stadens do not watt seem inesponsib, they make up an exeuse—e—tosve face puppet ty has Proves yg “emo bande a cares3 Anotieroson popes raratt manage, Fa example, fa company decides 4 tacos, some people to gett of situations that they do ot wat tobe in {hia wskend meting, one the manages might not el ike tending She ay cl ber boss ‘fa cold all week, and Uta see eat ti nots on Monday” Whes indduals do not want font the trth and then faethe on ial. wih a anlage hit oe Hae What wee yoo thning” A ore it senrio eae yoga ss ou and se the end eines see Tiare cay nt cone negate o wrong I face pope wo ae eztv extn wish hey Te tetl nang god lati. 5 Asomewhat ferent reason frying has todo wih st proton Pets pricy those with mall cider may etch requneen they wes 0 avoid Ghd ie this excuse "Ve ben fighting "Sonat risk gating the otbers sch be ight ella “hte i when they do nt veut to hat wmeme cc fdings Fr example, if god rend shows cou be tual and sy, That nator ‘arabe cl the tah to loved ones ont see the dda whitelle Therefore, whe ies can Frees icra epe of “eoete ein certain circumstances, ‘Wu shuld chien doa azanger cals whe the parents are ou? ‘Many parents teach thir chien ‘ayo come an prevent ar dst 6 Repl fr many sets bth ood and bud. Hower lefoe pet ree tong in oderto cover op misakes ort voi ‘nplssant tins ‘Geter ae dye expe and cose severe embarassment Tos of peoples ast Post-Reoding Fe the motives for ing should be analyzed, pli that om and dd are to tte pane at tht ite, this station protective ing ‘ores tov soneming the | becueover = eons aks oe ——————————E 2. Whit the examples fas fom no yu sat dos the author gv inthe introduction? Se | 4 tnParaaph the ma wets usin the tp setence ut isnot dened. Write You own 92 UNIT couse tect ES situation. What example does the author ge? ‘5, Reread the concluding paragraph of "The Trath Behind Lying” Docs the weer oer wiggestion, an opinion, ora priction? Studying a Focus-on-ffects Essay ‘isfoe-oelcs enydcuesome ft lc of he ea bioabonatiane tft ea fe Sor in, Dies Pree Quin wih dct The matey a awe e gus at a 1 What do you know abot the Soviet Union? 2 Canyou mame any counties that were part ofthe Soviet Union? In Paragraph the author supports the topic sentence by ging an example ofa dangerous DuldingUetrSantnces:For further pact, 000 Fracice 15 on page 20 in Append Wirt the ial sentence bere.‘The Fall 1 Foralost50 years the Cold War was one ofthe most aed a ee nranonal poles. Tensions between Western counties aoa anny SvieUnon were high andthe wold tthe potential sgt oaterb confer When he roe Cran lin 99), many Couns red Independent mnded ove Republics got the Snlpendeee hyd wanes andthe communis kealgy tht had ‘an prevtni began to sc round. Now ace ha two decades Ther th alo the Soviet Union, the les are stil Being el 2 Opeofthe mast vies cha ‘hes oa mare nom Gover ‘eno cenit choo ‘Eco ating competition anne seta ong and many tes haring fc time ating, te teewatone sertasel an span demand Howe imparted [Ponne nconmnns nba ats consumes ave ere ‘ioc nwt yf Whe esi oma coro ise canal ees emery ofthe isle fre Sort Union rest dt tt ey wl bet nial rm the conan hangs, 3 Aver ante fect f the fill the ron Crain sovereignty. The Soler ion existed ane ent for may eam ‘rang dependent epi serge, ining Esto Lai, Thun, Gea Useng bd abs. These epublica ranean thc pocesof ping thar mm independent ents, They Car aorta tik owm clr guages ond plait Sisco ingens anal pide and niques. The Hes of Arsene Beogone aad de sae ceria no ore. let rational “dents athe fortron fen peoples ind 4 Whiteman omer Sve now eda sense atl ety te fain Soe stake aay he ty ofoters Many dire En ane edn hipaa, Thee See SSR spt Rusa rae mug. and weet tine ES EE ortega ovens Tran Uighur ad SRS npcan be fd int of fer Sorc Repblis Now etapa ead on Es Baropeto Cental Aa ay of thee item re consided lor rps: Whee isa atom, ‘Tom otter bem as ach str cues bomen, They ay Lok Heer Chine tar mosof am dort spe boeing andre tad eshte prof wr rman ears. Aste ey formed ‘lest to emg raion als many oe nic ‘mince el ou wih to pri realy cho 5 ‘The llofth Soret Unions pertupsone ofthe mes momentous evento he st em Vall mets ope, and ont mje inthe sets ancting Be filed with oportnites aoe ee ae thrown cokes. Aster that ook soong to BEd eal probuby nerd av uch time ifotnee aly adapt o he fee entries that snow he woe 94 UNIT couse Hecteays toni to coe ‘ieee ‘ered ural: 203 of irene on la, anita ge tepteo a fucuatin: rove chnge roveregnty: “arene, the fortronn mening, corinne che pera, ee Post-Reading 1. Whats the writers main message inthis say? 2 Reread the hess statement of"The Fal Ithe hel stated or imped? 2.4 Inpuagap he wre epi that oe conor Whe eal este wi ost conse wae oer ae nak 1 inPaagrph th mtr weiter ot th shout anc minora and thle problems _are specifically mentioned, and what problems ate they having? — agrph 2, ind a word that ha posal the same meaning asthe word shift and write it ber, a 5, Find the boldfaced vocabulary word inthe final paragraph ofthis essay. Weite 2 synonym ofthat word here oe uling Batter Sentences: For ete: ure practic, got Fractice 16 on page 202 In Append. Developing a Cause-Effect Essay 1h this next scion, you will work case tc sxpporng iran crm an ew Png eel it spina sa ad choose tpi Pricing tes sill help ou write Outlining Practice Cee etre hei eck ie cerca ee fade tet eae ‘to help you complete the outlines. ‘ste aeFocus-on-Causes Outline ‘Topic he causes of bullying behavior 1 Introduction (Paragraph 1) A. Hook. 'B. Thess statement: Bullying behavior can occur for many reasons some of which re 1, Body ‘A. Paragraph 2 (Cause 1) topic sentence Teens often beg allying because they waat to contol thos who are weaker than they ae, 1. Ballying gives young people an identity—they become well-known in school 2, Bllyig makes them el power 3 sureorr Paragraph 3 (Cause 2) ope sentence 1. In many families, bth parents work ouside the home. Brecher sprit bt ht 5, Parents may not be avare that their children se exh snd outside the home ingaggresive behavior both inside ° Paragraph 4 (Cause 8) topic sentence 1 They use violence ssa way of identifying themselves. 2 They may have emotional problems, sueront 3. Being known for bad behaviors beter than not being known tal. TM, Conchsion (Paragraph 5) (restated thesis): "Th best way to stop young people fom balling and abusing ther peers sto educate the publi including teachers patents, and ober cilen that bullying i an sbsoiely unacceptable ‘chavo Only then wl here be a decrease in the numberof bullying neidens in schoo 96 UNIT Coue-tHect ays Focus-on-Effects Outline ‘Topic: The efects of bullying om the victim 1. troduction (Pragrap 1) A. Hook: '. Thess tatement: When young people bully ote, the fet by the weaker student can ‘ead to serious, even deadly consequences 1. Body |A, Paragraph 2 (fect) topic sentence: Students who are bullied tend to withdraw rom Sci. 1. They fen op communicating wth parents and end 2, They want ide this embarrassing situation, which an lead te yngB, Paragraph 3 (fect 2) tpiesertenet —— | 1, Students los self-esteem and start questioning ther own personalities, thinking that maybe ‘Television at Its Worst they deserve ths bad treatment 1 __MStevenson has jst ome home frm a ei ring day t work Te ie thing he dos afer taking off his and shoes, plop down on the couch ad temo th leon. Does this sound ke a oral routine? shoud, because Mt Stevenson actions ae repented Iy-mlions around the word. eople we television to relax and to forget hoa thir daly trols, However, what started ot dacades a0 828 ‘xcing ne typeof amily enerinmen cure Belg Hamed for ‘eros problems especialy in cen Many researchers now cla tat too much television not god for kids. They havea point watching 00 ‘much TV ae doeshave negatives on children and adelescets, 2. They may start focusing only onthe ally 3, Their outlook one may become darker and darker asthe bullying continues. ____ pe Paragraph 4 (fet 3) topic sentence teens become damaged by the bullying they may do lest anything get ot of the ittion. 1. They may tr to ecape rom thei pail ety by engaging in dangerous activites. 2 They might think about plan of evenge SUPPORT w 2 Onenegatvecfct of TV on kids ins. ‘Conclusion (Paragraph 5) (restated thesis ‘When young people ar vctins of bls, theresa strong chance that they will ufer many agave consequences, tony fom the lis themes bat so a they begin to separate fom sok. or so many yeas, bullying was considered a normal art of growing up. However, with the increase fofteen anguish due to bullying andthe mons of dallas spent on lng-term therapy, ne isto ‘wonder bllying shou be considered «"noema” activ nome to ensure table a ealhy Secity, individuals newt ake a ard lok this negative behavior tht hurts nly the balled child an he lly bt the amily an soiety a ele Supporting Information ‘These ffect essa on the next pages mising the suppoting information. A you ead the es, work wi pane to wert supporting sentences foreach paragraph Ifyou need move pce ute separate Pec of paper After you tis, compare you sporting information wth tat fee students 3 Another problem with TV watching and iid that en may have dicaly distinguishing between what seal and whats not.— i il I " WK ie 5) Television has changed over the yeas to include more and more progr that ae inappropriate for children. Fr TV toconce agin play $Tmore pose role in children ives, something mast be done Society annot just continue to wonde: why children are behaving pools time to change TV weg beaioe ulin Bette Sentences For frter practic, goo Pacce 17 an page 203 in AppendCee emcolm Malas) Connectors for Cause-Effect Essays ‘Connectors show lationship between ea in sentences and paragraphs Incase ‘says writers commonly use the connecting words and pats in the flowing cars, Connectors That Show Cause 3 elf Hon Suet [As a resultof the ran, we agate ecause of Noun, Suber, ecause ofthe, wel ok wet Due to + Noun, subject + Ver. ‘ue tothe in we sl ott. Becaure kare vr al got wet ‘rca Suet + ve, Suet + Vt, Ses trained we al got wet Connectors That Show Effect For his reason Suber + Ve Outof the blue, ttre or healy and nae fos vas prepared ori For his reason, eal Got et Terafore, Stic! + ver Therefore, we al got wet As aresul sje + ver, ‘As 2result weal got wet thus, subject + Ver “Thus, wea gett, consequent. subj + rb Consequential got wet Foramore complet it of conector se the Brief Wier Handbook with Atlis, pages 180-18 ESIMTED connectors Read he next exsy(ocuton-ffcts method) and underine the appropriate connector in each st of penthess Refer tothe charts above if necesary Essay 18 Effects of Studying Abroad Globalization has impacted al apects of modern-day from a countrys commerce and politic toa fami everyday decision-making strategy atthe grocery store One ofthe elements of lobalztion thats of particular interes in he fd education fs study abroad programs: Host countries and inition re eager to accep inleratonal stent hl he students ae etiged by the pouty of international trvel Stadying abroad has become an opportunity that savlable to many stunts, expel those at the university level. Certainly, studying abroad isnt for everyone, (Gowever/ ar elt for those students who experience the postive cs wl sta with them forever 2 Oneiiportint fact of sdying broad ia student greater understanding ofa diferent educational etm, The curtis valet and types of etre, and the educational environment as ‘whol wil dif from tht ofthe students ome country. At fs the ‘ssadent may be confused, but this exposure to diferent curiam ‘will broaden his ber educational boron lathe long run, (Foe this reason / As resul of the new academic culture, the stoeat wil ‘beable to etter appreciate his or er own edcationl sting itera home 3 Indiv who std abroad ao develo their understanding of diferent popular cute Even the host country’ language ‘she same, there are many cultural experience that the stent ‘will have. From acing how olive with a ost amy to ing the eae expensive grocery ore the stadent wil come across new tnd sometimes fratrating cxstrn and coventicns (Since CConseueny, he ose wll ned 1 adap to rules an behaviors that ‘te unfurl, Te comfortable, wel own exe ofthe tats pasthas disappeared and been replaced with the ewnes of everything This he exercise may be dificult in the begining ofthe sty abrond period, butt becomes easier atime pases and the student develops a beter understanding of the host cour. 4 Fall studing abroad gives student the opportunity to serreas ambassadors fr theirhom contre, A foreign stent on ‘university camps canbe an uncommon ight The hos institution, ‘cluding th local student body, wil form an impeesion ofthe student cultre based on interactions with mothe. (Asa result _Dueto) the student shoul! remember to represeat is or hee country tn enlace inthe best possible ght. 5 Tosummarie there area numberof ees of tying abroad, not ony forthe studear but ao fr the host rstiution. While some tf te experiences may sem dificult atthe ne, the long term ects ‘canbe considered postive. This in lange part (beats of Because) tlobaliration in the edacation rector. the avasbitty: the exposure: Inthe ong rane ‘ime lta easing: ane. the node body Ser popaoton at ‘uling Setter Sentences: For further pracic, goto Practe 1B page204 in AppendGrammar for Writin' Noun Clauses Noun lon take the plae of oun noun phrase ina sentence, Stay the following char: set The pz es decous rust ate for ner wes dees os orto the a eon know what the ans i bic operon [Noone riensedneremrls. [No oe inteesedm what he sid Setcmsenen [ite nan pollen balacket |The min pol ha thre ar not | con wa ‘enough workers. "Noun dase ey wit the following connector: wate, ener where hom wha hen hee at hich to, wom aha ase why hice whoees whomever Identifying Noun Clauses and Adjective Clauses ‘Beflivingsexence een fo hn ah serie conti tern ao a on gh comes) mech ore ea ee Gh unum inj oransdeecase BO. 4 Aspen honk ng il ry els mh in tn ota cape fee sem 2. antral i Vtg hint che aye ky mung aly te 5. owen atone ined ho se neces owt aso dsm epee sees 4 toc many ee wo better olen ono he epi reco eye 5: iste tt veyene nar om ino tine 6 ess nya bennett cena ngage Dhar bth nie Selon deleme. 2. Skeet cin wo vy centring ors Tracts srs se chen ths one the be poly” 4. Waa md deni gt acing potent ico big Ma! trptins pec cen 10, Werther nce eh dont ater hem much le cet md 102 UNITA + cause siect ays CST MN le Res ‘nal wing, including aus-eflect esas, tention to precise language simportant ‘Wordinesof using unnecessry word is common problem fr many wir Ifyou can eliminate ‘worines from your wring, you essays wl be clearer an eae fo road. Wordiness Some rts thin th the ore wor they the eter an sy wl ound weve academic writing in English ts imports to be as concise as posible: Unnecessary words and phrases donor improve your weting Tastes, hey make kbd for eles ounerstand what jou wan ts ‘The it onthe conan common wordy prises, God wir ete evet words posible tomake pn inter wot, thy at ing cone ted aig ac seo ele ‘ste them with he pres onthe ght st tht patina thar ine deptetieher tae Sabie vee | dest + hon fo nesand pres o-senading te bepupaset er amy opin, ie now pion. or tbe. thee at i inte ats Say inte dno vet osesnost enc 2 rating aaamevonesin tpcitest | use rting ede tent oe a thereon yi becouse ten od dom ‘srt _| EGIUGED worsiness “helntroductory paragraph on he ea pes fom a ase eft sy, anit cots seve rapes sf wordy pres Unetine hem as you Sad them, Then on asepara pee pepe rere he eral wioat he wordy pracy and make mere concse Note Tels mow than one caect ‘ayof reiting this paseep.ne Paragraph 1 Fat-Free Food ‘ny option, I baie that the at-free food industry sa gemendous money-making business, fc, reent esearch has shove that fit ie products are considered only minor pesrption foe the prpot oflsing weight Naeioiss ave made statements saying thal forallintens and parposes, more important steps to | sng weight arc eerclsing and esting well-balanced meals Despite the fact that disinformation has appeared, any people sil em tobi hat then lis sid and dove ating fat-free food isthe test tng method, The cones ofthe fellowing say shows some interesting reason fortis ft fe phenomenon Redundancy Redundancy nd of woedines—Is the unnecessary repetition of infomation. When you vei tam ey unpre your readers with a oun sy tha sul of though provoking Fr wlio often ty to d this by loading pn information. You may think niga ave in yest the nore my eadars il enjoy” Thsis mot sally the dant pi nse a odin infra you eet wha you hve sad id. Rpetlon an (Rede the wording of shor phrases aswel as in sentences Redundant phrases. The ston thee contains commonly sed eda psc. Try tao them | sn you etme uae sae wy he pss ar edd ook up the meanings vo words) | oon balora conto | aed a | bee ms Took the example sentences below The fist sentence contains the sme information the second ene. Redundant The United States he rast inuental powerin the wd Party tendon Tecan of sbndart oer resources and stable poll Ste, ‘hs cou has great ofuence in lb ati CCancse The United States has get irlurcein ob affrsn part because of eRe abandon mater eure ad table pola syste. 104 UNIT 4 cause-effect ays Don't Say It Twice ‘Underline the redundast iformation inthis paras 2h Then compte yur work wit partes, Paragraph 2 Extrasensory Perception Many pope love to watch wince fon stories TV oat the movies T show and fs, sch Star Trek ae popular not only cause thoy creatively how how fture ie might be in 300 years but slo because they introduce sto characters fom other wold, lanes snd galas. Pesaps neo the most popular kinds ofcharacesin these futuristic programs isa person with ESP, or exteasensry perception. ESP Ibasenvethatallows one person to end he mind of anaes witout the cexchange of words. These characters, who can ead minds and know the Inowemos thoughts and secret of other people fen seth itm ese than noble ways One must remember however tht these scenes take place in an untrue and tious station. A more intresting concep to think sont what would ely happen if oedinary, very people posse ESPBuilding Better Vocabulary Word Associations Circe the wor phrase thats most clos rated tothe word or phase on thee. necessary se a ‘Setonay to check the mening of words you do not know. A 2 1. shite roving snmoving 2. an deolgy® bas smart 1 momentous foc ashore important 4. uctuation®| suble unstable 5 abroad ‘nse the country overseas 6 tonjoce appr felines sd felings 2 the freon ew ideas ids avail’ presence thought 9. exposure hidden pen 1, ablander amicake smpinion “Indicates word tht are part of the Ace Word Lt See pages 183-184 or complet st EGEIMITEDD Using collocations Fillincach Nank with the word or pst om the ef that mos natraly completes the phrase on the right UFnecessary, aes dstionar to check the meaning of words you do nat know. 1. tune die tohavea diet. Ronita one negative eet of TV people 1 outof/ upto top abad station 4 bye convelent_ everyone 5 run time inthe long 6 play/ran w. are 2 intof liccs_______—stdyingabrond 8 put sep normal lie 9. fori to eg) anal plan 10. in/to dren tend ____—beactve 106 UNIT» Cute tect ays Pyle) Te Mee RCM ULE: | Many writes an think of good topics, ut tey have trouble developing thet topics nto essays, ‘One brainstorming method tht eps isto ask questions about the topke—_Wio? What? Where? When? ‘Why? How? The procs fcr leads to new teat hat an be sed in an ea Exptl fore cate fc vay, good writers ak he quetion Why? Starting with Questions ~ “The following questions can all be developed int cause -fest evs. Try to ge teat thre answers teach question. 1. Why do people gu too much weigh? 22, What sully happens after «natural disaster? 3. Why do peopl quit their jobs? 44 What would happen ifthe worlds biggest economies failed? 5. Why ae move and more people studying. a second (or thd) language? 6, Whatarethe fet of playing tam sport7. Whatare the causes of ____? (think your own topic) 8. Whitare the efetsof ______1(Thinkofyour own topic) Brainstorming In the nex activity, you wl we a brainstorming technique called dustering Hee isan example of dstering the topics the effects of ozone depletion oa the envgonment Loos offend inBrazt soe unrra scaue cect Ea Original Student Writin: fee ae try (Clustering Ideas (Choose topic from Activity 11 Brunstorm some ess abou your topic using the cuserng method. \Wiriteall yor ides. When You have finshed crss ou the des tat you do nt ike or do nt want to include in your esa. Explain your bralnsorming duster io adassnate Planning with an Outline Corl the olin ow at gue elp you sian mare dete pla for your cause et ‘ay Ue your deem Atv 12 You ocd tee moreover pltzunder cach ‘ang etn complte sentences whe pose Topic 1. noduction (Paragraph 1) A Hook: B, Connecting information ‘Thesis statement 1M Body |. Paragraph 2 (Gest cause o fet) topic sentence. » 1, Paragraph 3 (Gecond cause o fet topic sentence ParC. Parageaph 4 third case or eet topic sentence 2 supPoRT a IL Canclsion (paragraph 5) A. Restated these B, Suggestion opinion, or prediction: Personal Writing Style Some wsters work wel fom a detailed outline, and some can write wll fom a general ouline, Some writers write the introduction fst and some write it ast. Writing san individ atv, Use the guidelines in this hook and follow the proces that works Best or you, Peer Editing Your Outline xchange books wih parner and look at Activity 13, Read yor partner ouine, Then use Peet ding Sheet 5 on NGI. Cengage com/GWs to help you coment on Your partner outline. Use your ‘partners feedback to revise Your outline Make sure you have enough information to develop your supporting sentences. Writing a Cause-Effect Essay Witeacause fet essay bsed on your revised one from Activity 14, Ut et ofthe vocthalry words or prac presented ia Acti nd 1. Uncen these words and pissin ours esure tel tothe sven seen the wing procs nthe Brie Writers Handa wi “athteron page 56-13. you ned ideas for words nd pases, ee the seul Vocabulary for sete Writing on page 185-18, Peer Editing Your Essay Exchange ppers rom Activity 15 witha partner. Re your partner’ esa. Then use Fer Fling Shet ‘Gon NGL. Cengage com/GWs to hap you comment on your partners writing Be aur o aller positive ‘siggrtions and comments tat wil lp your pare nso his or heresy. Consider your partners ‘ommentsas You res your own es, 0 unr a cause stect aye Additional Topics for Writing ere are more ideas for topes fr a cause-effect ss. Before you wit, besureto refer othe seven steps inthe wring proces in Ue Brief Write’ Handlaok with Acts, on pages 156-18 PHOTO "TOPIC: Look atthe photograph on pages BB-89. Ax climates change, many pats ofthe wold ae ‘experiencing extreme weather such st heavy ruins or sno intense heat without any ran and powerfl storms. What are some effect of extreme wester? ‘TOPIC2: Going‘ colleges a dream for many people Some lo the work, gate, and ind good jobs. Other tadents, however never finish ther university studies White an essay about ‘what auses students to drop ct of ealege ‘TOPICS: Friendship ar an integral part oa perso if. Unfortunately, sme ofthese rationhips Ao otlas Write an essay highlighting Some ofthe reasons that feendshipssrnetimes de ‘TOPIC: Many people enjoy waveling nd experiencing ther clare, What te sme ofthe ‘ene eects of international wavel en an indvial? ‘TOPICS: Childe are learning to use competes ata very ery age, What ae some effects (positive or negative) that compaters can hav on the intellectual development of hire? Timed Writing "oe uly an you win English? There are many ines when you mst wig sch soma et is importat el comfortable daring those nes Tsering pace ca ake Youle beter soa wring ely in Eg 1 Takeout lee of paper 2: Readthe essay guidlines ad he wring prompt. 3. Wales bas oul ncn the tei and your the main points 4 Wea fire paragraph sy 5. You have 40 minutes to wete your say (Cause-Bect Esay Guidelines + Use the focuton-cnises method, + Remember o give your esate + Double space your esa. + Wit as egy as possible (ifyou ae not using compte). + Select an appropriate pencil of organization for your topic + Incude short intoducsion (with thesis statemend), thee body paragraphs, an a conclusion. + Try togive yourselfafew minutes before the end ofthe activity to review your work, Check for spelling verb tense, and sbject verb agement shes. Why do people keep pets?Oe ae en La ae Pre ed ere ieDUT uuceubeete so pezade the audience age wi hisorker nan argument the wer pros pn ogy dr anf, might wre ea eee ne neces maim penne in combat misions na em ry eo ett Wr Wr oie en rd tn tela ened area ce the i ttedam opin geen spar sands Arguing Pro or Con hats aprore for anargunen is xpecl impo ei ht mrt ap re beau than a diy Say cts omeres You cen age tht lip ae more Stace abut rs sal het hinds of Bowers Choos things cart ‘bce thiis am opin tht anno Popular than dsr and appt he argent Here ae few eet tps nd thes statements for an argument sy «Maro oe tage eigen, Fel ui te ge of eten sau rot be anes Sandudzed testing should not be requed as par of the + Sundae testing for 9 unversy — Farood resturants ought to Ist the alae coun fora Fast food esa fan et on thee statements, I your topic does not have two You san argue hero (Eave, Look atte olowing example ofan inefective topic and viewpoints, your esa wll note fie thas statement k laze muscbegan wth Aan Arercans You cannot rue agus stsct bcos fic Therefore, You canst wrt an argument «essay using dhs thes statement Convincing the Reader Your jb asthe writer ofan argument ety is to convince your readers that your epinion ahout stop (our these sistement ithe mot vid viewpoint. Debalanced~it must include an opposing viewpoint, or counterargunent. Even though you ae arguing one side of an sue (ether for or against), you mst thik about what someone othe ‘other side ofthe issue would enue. As soon as you give your opponents point of view, you must ‘fer reutaton oft Ths means tat you refute the ater pols of view, or show how tis wrong, Ir you ge only your opinion, your exsy wil sound like propaganda, and your readers wll not be convinced of your viewpoint Studying an Argument Essay “Thisestay argues the we of choo uniforms. Discuss the Preview Questions witha dase Then read the example essay and answer the questions that flow Preview Questions 1, Did you wear e uniform when you went to school? 2 Some people blive that children are to materialist these dy. For example they maybe too interested in wearing brand name clothes and shoes Whats your opinion?Post-Reading 1. The toplc af this essays schoo! uniforms What isthe hook in the Sst paragraph? “The School Uniform Question | 1 Indvhtim iva fndamentl part fcity in many countries. | fndamentat: oe eight wo expres tel own opinion without fear | en | —_ ea ian ioe sali 2, What is the thes statement arora tale boweve coming under en an nly oom The ue sschool uniforms Should | = puiie shoot ‘lowed to make individual decisions about Saal any te | ieee public schoo ublicschool tens be Fathi shal al dente egied to wear» worm? School fate gerne tors ae the beter nce for he esos. ‘pr byes ee 4, Paragaghs2, 3, and cach 2 it wearing! nfoms wold el ake tent Parser ve a resin forging choo unfnms These eto. ves sl hey mol longer vedi wha to wea every fn the topic sentence ofeach paragraph, What are the reasons? ean be found ut afer ot in an ert to choos. eae morning sometimes trying on Thats wockd ao ony sve time bat also would ciminat the stress fen eon with his chor. 5 seco choo uniforms inence stent to at espnsily ingrspeand winded, Unfors ie tens the message tha Paragraph 3 | se Ee een pace forlaring In addition, uniforms create eling ‘hat amg stents For example when talents do something as Se eral tend meetings nthe auditorium oat anh nthe he a ace teat tha they all ear te same uniform ives them sense | Steet Even ove important, stasis bow the postive effect fom Ee nence an tenney,Accoringoa cent | tangs hence std cents ofscoalvsenes |" w™.RPEMEON e i wel 4 In Paragraph what syporting information does the wer get show that uniforms make endanc and tt scores improved, and sdent racy 30 percent alr school uniforms seudents equal survey ina lage school roped by 5 erent suspensions doined approxi wee intodced. 4 Finally school wire woul belp ake al the students ft | qual Stone standatseflving die ret from family to fam, Blom pee wel ff de tes are ot. Pople sometimes vette sh eaerte etberse pace pt an eect, 0 promeve a “oshion ra Implementing mandatory schoo norms would make al toimplenent opt 1% Which pre . Fede ak the tame eps tc ancl sas School noes paragreph present countrargument—an argument thats contrary tof the oppo of risen wuld promot pie ad ep asthe sete of ‘ dents catot or to wea expense ching 5 Opponents of mandatary uniforms say that stents wo west school nfo can expres thinly. Tis point as some ‘penton the sae However stated previous school sa pace to tit one hand fabio Society mus decide ifindvidval_ | totaun toatow ot ere Nn taping storable proved cational] oY 6 Ther re Peformance Rinpstant orem tht school uniforms woald be The wre ges arefitaton ofthe countrguent by owing tt siti What creck | en onl ding solos Sadeatscan express ther indvidulty tation crite | inthe way ta hy des oatsiefthe dso, the writers opinion? __ Whats the counterergument? | 6 inconcuson, thee are many well documented benefits of | implementing mapatory cool utr fo stdents Stade show tht oo ret aan beter and act ore esponsbly when they eat wniforms. ee abl schol shel egue noes in oder to benefit bot the stunts and society 284k 116 UNITS Argument 5———————— 1 we thevenence rom he colin paragraph tht estate the thes remade conding preg What the wrtersopinon sot thie? ng reer sets foterer pact got Pat 9 on page 251 Apert Outlining ACTIVITY 2 nds rn argimen cy. ming ine org Teanga ean Ut or maith {nfrmation, Work with pare’ © ation to complete thls outline wth your partner. Aer you ae adestning eet 8 ke hoot 1 en etn wth er He Wok “Topic: Mandatory physical education n school 1 m Introduction (Paragraph 1) thesis statement: Physical education cass should be equted forall public schoo tudes in ll, grades Body |A. Paragraph 2 (Pro argument 1) topic sentence: Physical education course promote children’s seneral heath 1. Researchers have proved hit exercise has maximum benefit if ane regula surron’ 3 Stedeots shoud learn the importance of physical ites at an earh ag. Paragraph 3 (Pro argument 2} topic sentence: Physical education teaches children rasfraie le sls 1. Kids earn about tumwoek ile paying team sports 2. Kidslem abou the benefits of heathy competion. a Paragraph 4 (Pro argument 3) op sentence: 1. Trane phyaleledacalin teachers an tech more effectively than paren 2, Physical edcaton teachers can usually point students toward new and interesting sports surronr 5 Schools generally have he appropiate flies and equipment ° Pacaaph 5 (comsterargument and reftation) 1. Counterargomeat Some patents might dsaree and claim tht only academic subjects should be taught in school, 2 Refatation; Then agin, ost parents do not have the time or he resources tose to tat thei childon are geting enough exercise Conclusion (Paragraph 6) (ettd thes)» Phyl education has fen been downplayed aa minor part of dll choo ie its beni ae {alum nteaccout and if scholsedopt a 12-year tess pla, the pov ests wi fester a new Envarenesof nt only pysial ness but so communication slsng | Adding Supporting Information CGEIIGED studying the supporting Information in an Example Essay In ths ea, the writer argues about clit lifesyles and puvay. Discus the Preview Questions with elasmate Then read and tug the example ena, and iin che missing supporting information in the spaces provided Preview Questions 1. Would youl to ive the Mf fa clerity? What are some of the advantages of being "Star"? 2. List afew famous people who have had dificaly dealing withthe clebrty tans and estes, ‘Why doyou think they ha these robles? nd Privacy for Celebrities 1 _Theysur 1997 wllabeysbe remembered asthe year oferty tragedy. vas the ea when Dana, Princes of Wale was in ors car accident For wees, reporters discussed who was at ful es betcha ws driving aw extemal high sped tthe car was | ‘Sigel th poperart any pope edt Princess Dana | she papernet esEsm ofthe ney agg pographers Wisse Orvasit | coco a aaa a “photographers Unerood tht celebrity stu came with he compromise ite oe no fiery The debate on celebrity privacy cmt, nd sae that almost reryone van opinion. For may the ence simple privacy ends | ‘then eles isachieed Theta now this and they ned to stp Complaining abot. 2 Being followed and harassed should no bea surprise sit isan ‘expected prt being clei “Themed basen change of pron cel st media atention equals we sted ns " 4 Cetebeites are eften role models, 0 they ase tobe prepared for the paparazas cameras tall nes, 5 Some people say that ven the mot fous people need thee aera cea ge toe Hoes iy es do ‘otcome wih the option of choosing th best tine tobe potograpbed or flowed Stars oe bout te eft of stardom, sca ck Privacy. before theybeame amos, so they mst tke the god with thebad. “ ee © Onceanactoy, singer, oahlte becomes fos, the notion of being a reluctant tar doesnot make sent. In sence, celebrities tive up thee privacy the minste they achieve ardor, As responsible members of society they needa embrace this pat of thi celery sin te sane myth teen fate, snd adration to be harassed tobe ‘oud seers sired scene the aration: ih Teor wornip Bing Better Sentences Fr further practice, goo Pacice 20 0n page 25 in Appendsop Space exploration Choosing a Topic ro thesis state Read the allowing st of topics for argument essay, For ach tpi, wrtea pro (or) thesis sate tna con (agains thesis statement slated to the opi Then compare your statements with your ‘Tasinaesfatements. Theft ane hus been done for you 1, Topic: Women inthe mitary i opi: Internet privacy Prothessatement y where wor are oof ater, | on thesis statement ld not be al jah in the 2 Tope: Using animals in disease research ro thesis statement: _ a SS introlling Tone with Modals Tn argument esys, good writers areaware of how thet arguments sound, Are hey o0 strong? (Con thesisttement; br srung enough? Cerain words cr hlp contra te tne of our argumen 3, Toplc: Driver’sicenseage restrictions Modals can change the tone of sentence, Modals such must and sd eter make a verb ‘Sine mods such say. might shuld con, and could make ave soe Remember to wse Prothess statement; —_ isto stengten or ten you res Strong modal such as ms nd ad biter lp writers to assert thee mn points, When you (Con thesis statement ese words readers know where you stand ona issu. aS Th ats ety show that esrchar mas stop unethical arial testing Seen ewiedging an Opposing Point ‘Weaker modal such a may. might oul, ca, and would help writers make an opposing ionsound weak. You acknowledge an opposing pois When yoo use may fr example but his weak dal shows that he statement not song and can berefted more easy, In short, the use ofa Binh crcl wo constcutng pooper relation and then counterargoment Bis an exanple fom the essay in Activity 2 (page 11) “ae aes hc ae tht nly cadre subjects shoul be taht inscoo Then ai her Examples: Ale nap bc ee tat peopl have een eto aong te the be on lr of Aneta rs Peat dessa cna patoy he ensargon of rg aout ena at Kcee zs a be opine aan kay ence, but those who cose nthe itary fen hime song ete of pe ad psa attpe dea ey he os sree form of poe ends tii pe tec easonable that ths severe punishment be reserve for those who comma the most serious of crimes, re second reason tallow forthe death penalty is financial. sent (3 should! wil) nothave to spend aot of money on Issues in Morality ape government (3- should wal) “minal Next to death sentence, tbe most severe punishment ia fe a risa, where the government (4: might has to take care 1 In onder tobocome a member ofthe European Union (EU, sentence np | «county must prove that thandles hunnanrghts in humane and “fcriminals until they de natal These criminals donot actively ty must provide them free housing and food. vl way One major concern of the EU isthe death penal. n fact ys but so the EU isthe death penaly Improve society, but sci | he death penalty snot allowed in any of the EU countries, To that Iysufiirto use a country’ taxes for sucha purpose | fed: those countries that want membership aust prove that theirs Fan one most lok athe government and its olen soy protect the human lives of vente rucest of criminals. Ths pot of Society ages that government has lepitimate power to make, jad | ‘ews however snot shared by all Countries sucha Singapore Japan, Andcarry out the laws es result, i (5. ay shoud also ave the | South Kore ane Ul Steal ede penal In Fer cecal The eh peak sey the death penal shouldbe allowed in all countries Phe sctence. Ione blieves tha the government asthe right 2 The ist reson fr allowing the death penalty is forthe sake | sake: eno wat hong fn or put criminals into jai hen the government (6. could 4 most lio have the sme power to decide the ite of pelsone’ Iie | of punishment see Most people ages tha crzinals who commit Serious crimes (1 might! should) be separated from society. The Buc opponens ofthe death penalty 7- mast / might) sy i Punishment (2, wil ought o) depend on the degree ofthe crime. ‘hat nobody has the righ to decide who shoal le, incuding the government However whe the government sends sors int wa, Insome wy it deciding those solr ft; some wil ve, and some tsllbe ied Alongs the goverment makes decisions to sends iinet the bt, that a sight opt criminals to death ( ——_Thereare many goo easons tallow for the death penal. death. Stil Gertainly no every criti (can! should) be pt Eaptal punishment (9. ought wil) be vewed asthe barshest form bfpunighment. no ahernate punishment (10-can shoul) reform best hing that canbe done ‘murderer, then capil punishment ‘hat person and fr society: Europe has oten it wrong Bilsng Beir Sentences: Fo futher pace, goo Pactice 21 on page 206m AppendCounterargument and Refutation tr ofthe too ann igh choos ht tudes should hve threo et of They echniguta peradigthe ree at your eno al ito spp iver they wi orapaph While hiss not probe in the fs fe pararans of our xy the coumterang | 0s gaint your thesis statement. Consequently, every counteranument tat you include In fags | needs refutation. refutation respons tothe counteatgument that iron iad i For example imagine tht you re having an argument with end: . . argument wih rend about your pic, She Asagees with your opinion What doy wl be her stronger apument gust ye poe ‘ew! How wilyou respond to thiscounteargument? Your answer your reftaten, PE tind dpe your opponent post —and perhaps change You readers mind sbout 23 Fa a ely lope (age not bared on fat) rede wil ot believe you take you position iy Srna mi esa tio a fons a al ica Thi paint ha sae main the sure Nowe sited peooslysoel a Good writers watt convince readers to age with their arguments— thee reasons and to eam, roto faut otarapbed or olowed, las knew about heeft of saom to earoe ack of pia he the in time before they becanme farnous, 0 they must take the good with the bad. Example: Henry went to the football game, and then he had a car accident. Therefore, football As you can see, wht begins as @ counterargument ends up as nother reson Inspr of ous ee pinion, Writing a Refutation Real each coanterargument. ‘Then wit a one-line refttion, Remember to wea conte ‘connection wordt begin your refutation Problem: The two events may have happened in that ord, ut donot mislead the reader into thinking tht the fist ation was response forthe second to Authority | ‘ing famous nares may often help you prove or disprove your point, However be suet se sane logically andi he proper conte sing 1 Pun of extemey young hey pagent conten belt hs conptie cones build their childrens confidence. _ ample: Beyoncé 8 go singer Asa result, she would make a god judge of ores i Problems While Beyoncé my bea good singer this qualty Will ot ncessnily make her & ood judge af orchestra condsctors Weeping Generalizations Words suchas. alos. and never ane oo broad und cannot be supported 2 A majority ofeath insurance cmpanies donot provide fnancl coverage for preventive well ‘activites tke mtition management classes or gym memberships, stating that they ar too costylO manage Example: Everyone isinerestedinimproving the quality of education. Problem: Rely? Everyone? What about 290 yall woman who does not have enough | tone fp ahr medicine? Her iumedat ances are publ maton Inproving education, She ans hermeticHasty Generalizations (Insuficlent Statistics) Hasty generalizations aes what they sound ike mking quick jadgments based on inadequate or not enough nfrmation. Ths kindof gia ily ra common ero in argument wring, Example: A woman s ving trough smal town. She pastes tre cas, lof whch ve we CUcs she hen wes ne epor Geseroing the tv that venjone town divesa white pickup wack Prablem: The woman only saw thee vehicles. The tow atullyhas over 100 cas. The number of crs tha he saw was too sl for he to come to that concason Loaded Words Some words contin positive or negative connotations, Try to avo them when you make an srgument Your readers may think you are trying to appeal to them by using these eoonllypocked ‘wars: In fic, you want to persuade the reader by wing logeal arguments, not enedional ans ample: The lue‘a freedom thts won the war agains the greens que, Problem: The terms freedom fiir (postive and geri (neatve) may infuence the rear opinion about the tw group without any suport forthe bas, Either/Or Arguments ‘When you arg point be careful not lt the outcome choice to only two oF tee. In ft ‘here are often a multtude of choices When you offer nly two scenarios you sre esenialy ying to frighten the reader ita your bles Bxample: The instructor muse return the tess ods the cas, Problem: This statement impli hat only wo choices ar avilable tothe instructor Faulty Logie Read the flowing paragraph and undetine lhe uses of aly log, Write the kind af error each one isabove the word Next week urfine upstanding tizen wl got the polo vote agin penny sa tor contucto ofa nesta. This oifpased vl use etme hardship for loa residents. ur tes ar high enough siti, so why doour ctysapatetic lar think that we el unhappily othe pols su te "ys? fw take ck a what happened tour ster cya su aml wo wl se that thine ta wllhave eget effets Ls ye tht city aed ts sles talon percent Only tes wea the hy was ney