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9.3 Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus
9.3 Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus
y
3 ft
3 ft
3 ft 2 The generating curve is a
= 1.5 ft
2 straight line through the
10 ft origin.
C 10 ft
x
rC = 1.5 ft
9.3 Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus Example 1, page 2 of 2
4 The length of the curve can be found from the Pythagorean theorem: 3 ft
= 10.4403 ft L
10 ft
A = 2 rcL
= 98.3975 ft2
Because both the inside and outside surfaces must be painted, the value of
the computed area must be doubled.
9.3 Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus Example 2, page 1 of 1
2. Determine the volume of the cone.
y
1 The y axis is the axis of rotation.
3 ft y
3 ft
rc = = 1 ft 3 ft
3
2 The generating area is
a triangle
10 ft 3 The centroid of a
triangle is located
one-third of the C
distance from the base
x to the opposite vertes. 10 ft
4 The area of the triangle is
V = 2 rcA
=2 ft)( 15 ft2)
y
2 The generating curve
is a circle.
1m y
4 The length of
C the curve is the
1m
4m circumference
C of the circle:
x
4m L = 2 (1m)
x = 6.2832 m
z
3 The distance to the centroid
is rc = 4 m.
5 Applying the first theorem of
Pappus-Guldinus gives the area:
A = rcL
= (4 m)(6.2832 m)
= 79.0 m2 Ans.
V = rcA
= (4 m)( m2)
= 39.5 m3 Ans.
d=1m
9.3 Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus Example 5, page 2 of 2
y
3m
D
3 The distance to
the centroid is C
rc = (1 m + 3 m)/2 B
y 1m
=2m
3m x
O
D
A = 2 rcL
= 2 (2 m)(4.4721 m)
= 56.2 m2 Ans.
9.3 Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus Example 6, page 1 of 3
6. Determine the volume of the frustum of the cone.
y 1 The y axis is the axis of rotation
3m y
rC 3m 2 The generating area is the
trapezoid BDEF. The
D horizontal coordinate d of
E the lower end of the line
4m C BD can be found by similar
4m triangles:
F B 3m
2m D
d 2m
x
O x 4m
O
d
B
2m
O
3 The distance rc to the centroid of the d 3m
area can be calculated by dividing the =
2m 2m+4m
crosshatched trapezoid into composite
parts and using the formula Solving gives
xelAel d=1m
rc = (1)
Ael
V = 2 rcA (2)
rc Ael = xelAel
A = total area = sum of individual elements of area
1m xel = 0.5 m
x x x
O O O
xel = 1 m + (1/3)(2 m)
Rectangle 4 0.5 2
Triangle 4 1.6667 6.6668
xelAel = 8.6668
6 Substituting the value of xelAel into Eq. 3 gives the volume of the solid:
rC A = 2 rcL
L= R
A= R2
2
Substituting this result in Eq. 2 gives
(4/3) R3
rc = (Eq. 2 repeated)
2 A
R2
2
4R
= Ans.
3
9.3 Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus Example 9, page 1 of 4
9. A concrete dam is to be constructed in the shape
shown. Determine the volume of concrete that
would be required.
1 The y axis is the axis of revolution
3.5 m
3.5 m 20 m x
40°
20 m
3m 1m 2m
rcA = xelAel
3.5 m
Ael = (1/2)(3.0 m) 3.5 m) = 5.25 m2
y x O
3m 23 m
rc
Triangle 1
+
y
3.5 m =
xel = 20 m + 2 m + 0.5 m = 22.5 m
x O
3.5 m Ael = (3.5 m) m) = 3.5 m2
20 m
3m 1m 2m
x O
Rectangle 20 m
1m 2m O
+
y
xel = 20 m + (2 m)(2/3) = 21.333 m
279.415 m3
= 195.1 m3 Ans
9.3 Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus Example 10, page 1 of 4
10. The concrete steps shown are in the shape of a quarter
circle. Determine the amount of paint required to paint
the steps, if one liter of paint covers 1.5 m2.
y
260 mm
190 mm
260 mm
190 mm
x 1 The y axis is the axis of revolution.
z y
2 The generating
curve is a series of
four straight
190 mm line-segments.
190 mm
x
260 mm 260 mm
9.3 Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus Example 10, page 2 of 4
3 The first theorem of Pappus-Guildinus gives the area as
A = 2 (90°/360°)rcL
y
= ( /2)rcL (1)
rcL = xelLel
= 190 mm
xel = 260 mm/2
190 mm 380 mm = 130 mm +
190 mm
190 mm x x
x Line 1 Line 2
260 mm 260 mm
y y Lel = 190 mm
Lel = 260 mm xel = 260 mm + 260 mm
= 520 mm
260 mm 260 mm
+
+
190 mm 190 mm
x x
260 mm 260 mm
xel = 260 mm + (260 mm)/2 = 390 mm
Line 3 Line 4
9.3 Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus Example 10, page 4 of 4
5 Table
6 Substituting the value of xelAelinto Eq. 3 gives the area of the steps
7 Amount of paint required = 445 164 mm2 [1 m/(1000 mm)]2 [1 liter of paint/1.5 m2 of covered area]
260 mm y
190 mm
190 mm
260 mm
190 mm
x
V = 2(90°/360° rcA
y = ( /2)rcA (1)
rcA = xelAel
190 mm 380 mm +
=
190 mm
190 mm x x
O 260 mm O
x
O 260 mm 260 mm 260 mm 260 mm
Rectangle 1
Rectangle 2
Ael = (380 mm)(260 mm)
Ael = (190 mm)(260 mm)
= 98 800 mm2
= 49 400 mm2
Region Ael (mm2) xel (mm) xelAel (mm3)
5 Substituting the value of xelAelinto Eq. 3 gives the volume of the solid
V = 2 xelAel
32 110 000 mm3
= 0.0504 m3 Ans.
9.3 Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus Example 12, page 1 of 4
12. Determine the mass of the steel V-belt pulley
shown. The density of the steel is 7840 kg/m3.
12 mm 10 mm 12 mm
1 The x axis is the axis
4 mm 4 mm of revolution:
y
15 mm
(20 mm)/2 = 10 mm
100 mm 70 mm x
rcA = yelAel
=2 yelAel (3)
15 mm 15 mm
+
25 mm = 25 mm 10 mm + 5 mm = 35 mm
10 mm 10 mm
x x x
Rectangle 1 Triangle
Generating area divided into
yel = 10 mm + 25/2 mm y
two rectangles, and a triangle
= 22.5 mm
yel = 35 mm + 15/3 mm
= 40 mm 4 mm
+ 15 mm
yel = 35 mm + 15/2 mm
= 42.5 mm 35 mm
6 Substituting the value of yelAelinto Eq. 3 gives half the volume of the
V-belt pulley
V= yelAel
17 962.5 mm3
= 112 861.7 mm3 = 0.000 112 861 7 m3
= 1.770 kg Ans.
Double the half-volume.
9.3 Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus Example 13, page 1 of 3
13. Determine the area of the surface of
revolution generated by rotating the curve
y = z4, 0 z 1 m, about the z axis.
y
y
1m
1m
z
z
1m
9.3 Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus Example 13, page 2 of 3
3 The first theorem of Pappus-Guildinus gives the area of y
the surface of revolution as
A = 2 rcL (1)
C 1m
where rc is the distance to the centroid of the generating
curve, and L is the length of the curve. Thus we must rc
calculate the product rcL. This product may be found
by considering the equation for the centroidal z
coordinate: 1m
yel dL
rc =
dL L
y
where dL is an increment of curve length, and yel is the
coordinate of the increment. Solving for the product rcL dL
gives
1m
rcL = yel dL
yel
Thus Eq. 1 can be written as z
A = 2 (rcL) 1m
=2 yel dL (2)
y = z4 (3)
dL = (dy)2 + (dz)2
= ( dy )2 + 1 dz (4)
dz y
and differentiating Eq. 3 gives dL
dy dL
dy = 4z3 dz
dz
so Eq. 4 can be written as yel = y = z4
dL = (4z3)2 + 1 dz (5) z
1m
Substitute this expression for dL into Eq. 2
A=2 yel dL (Eq. 2 repeated) 5 Evaluating the integral by use of the integral
function key on a calculator gives
1
= 2 z4 (4z3)2 + 1 dz
0 A = 3.44 m2 Ans.
9.3 Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus Example 14, page 1 of 3
14. Determine the volume of the solid of
revolution generated by rotating the curve 1 The z axis is the axis of rotation.
y = z4, 0 z 1 m, about the z axis.
y 2 The generating area is the
area under the y = z4 curve.
y
y = z4
x
1m
1m
z
1m
z
9.3 Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus Example 14, page 2 of 3
y 3 The second theorem of Pappus-Guildinus gives the
volume as
V = 2 rcA (1)
y = z4
where rc is the distance to the centroid of the generating
C area, and A is the magnitude of the area. Thus we must
rC
z calculate the product rcA. This product may be found
by considering the equation for the centroidal distance:
y yel dA
rc =
dA A
V = 2 (rcA)
=2 yel dA (2)
y = z4
= z4 dz
y = z4 (y, z) yel = y/2 = z4/2 Substitute this expression for dA into Eq. 2
V = 0.349 m2 Ans.
9.3 Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus Example 15, page 1 of 5
15. A pharmaceutical company plans to put a coating
0.01 mm thick on the outside of the pill shown.
Determine the amount of coating material required.
3.5 mm
x
7 mm 1.5 mm
2 The generating curve for half of the
pill surface is a composite curve
consisting of one straight line and a
circular arc. By symmetry, the total
surface area of the pill will be two
times the area generated by the curve
above.
9.3 Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus Example 15, page 2 of 5
3 The first theorem of Pappus-Guildinus gives the area as
A = 2 rcL (1)
3.5 mm yelLel
rc = Lel (2)
x L
Generating curve divided into a where xel is the centroidal coordinate of the part with
straight line segment and an arc length Lel. Solving for the product rcL gives
rcL = yelLel
=2 yelLel (3)
y y y
0.75 mm 0.75 mm
y
5 For the straight line, the length and
0.75 mm
coordinate of the centroid are easily
calculated..
Lel = 0.75 mm yel = 3.5 mm
x
Straight line
9.3 Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus Example 15, page 4 of 5
6 To calculate xelLel for the arc, A 7 For our particular arc, r = 20 mm and
use the information shown below, 20 mm
3.5 mm
which has been taken from a table = (1/2) sin-1(3.5/20)
of properties of common 2
geometric shapes. B = 0.08795 rad
C
Thus
Centroid Location
y Length = 2 r
r Length = 2 r = 2(0.08795) 20 mm
C
x = 3.5180 mm
rarc = (r sin
Arc
9.3 Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus Example 15, page 5 of 5
8 Table
9 Substituting the value of yelAelinto Eq. 3 gives the area of the solid
A=2 2 yelLel
8.7973 mm2
= 110.5501 mm2
where a factor of 2 has been inserted to account for the fact that we took advantage
of symmetry to calculate the area of only half of the body.
60 mm 5 mm
60 mm
5 mm
70 mm
70 mm
5 mm
x
2.5 mm
5 mm V = 2 rcA (1)
xelAel
rc = (2)
70 mm Ael
A
where xel is the centroidal coordinate of the part with
x
2.5 mm area Ael. Solving for the product rcA gives
rcA = xelAel
Generating area divided into two
rectangles and two triangles
Thus Eq. 1 can be written as
=2 xelAel (3)
60 mm
Ael = (1/2)(5 mm)(60 mm)
= 150 mm2
x O x
= O
Rectangle 1 Triangle 1
70 mm
y
y
x 2.5 mm
2.5 mm
2.5 mm xel =1.25 mm
xel = 2.5 mm + (2.5 mm)/3
= 3.3333 mm
+ + 70 mm
70 mm Ael = (1/2)(2.5 mm)(70 mm)
Ael = (2.5 mm)(70 mm) = 87.5 mm2
= 175 mm2 x
x 2.5 mm
Rectangle 1 Triangle 2
9.3 Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus Example 16, page 4 of 4
5 Table
6 Substituting the value of xelAelinto Eq. 3 gives the volume of the funnel
0.3 m
x
( 0.2, 0)
Signals parallel
3 The general form for a parabola with vertex on the x
to axis of dish
axis is
0.3 m x = ay2 + b
dL = (0.4444y)2 + 1 dy (6)
9.3 Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus Example 17, page 3 of 3
6 Noting that y = yel and also using Eq. 6 to replace dL in
y
Eq. 4 gives
y (0, 0.3)
A=2 yel dL (Eq. 4 repeated)
(x, y)
0.3 C
=2 y (0.4444y)2 + 1 dy yel
0 rc
Using the integral function on a calculator gives x
( 0.2, 0)
A = 0.284 m2 Ans
9.3 Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus Example 18, page 1 of 6
18. Determine the amount of coffee that
the coffee mug holds when full to the 1 The y axis is the axis of revolution, and the
brim. The radius of the rounded corners generating area is the cross-hatched area shown.
and the rim is 15 mm.
y
80 mm
Radius = 15 mm
90 mm
x
Radius = 15 mm
xelAel
rc = (1)
Ael
V = 2 rcA (2)
rc Ael = xelAel
A
90 mm
= +
x
Radius = 15 mm x
Rectangle x
5 Subtract quarter- Square 1
y circular area
from square to y 6 Subtract square y
form area near from quarter-
rim. circular area to
form rounded
corner.
+
x x x
Quarter circle 1 Square 2 Quarter circle 2
9.3 Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus Example 18, page 4 of 6
7 Calculate the areas and centroidal coordinates of the
rectangle and the squares.
y y
40 mm 40 mm y
40 mm 15 mm
Radius = 15 mm
Ael = (40 mm)(90 mm)
= 3600 mm2 15 mm
90 mm 90 mm
Centroid location
y
40 mm
15 mm r2
A=
4
xel = 40 mm + 15 mm 6.3662 mm
= 48.6338 mm C
x 4r r
Quarter circle 1 3
x
11 Table
12 Substituting the value of xelAelinto Eq. 3 gives the volume of the solid
V= xelAel
72 323.563 0 mm3
17.5 mm
17.5 mm
Radius = 20 mm
Radius = 20 mm
15 mm
15 mm
rcA = xelAel
=2 xelAel (3)
D C
2.5 mm C
D
17.5 mm 20 mm
17.5 mm
O O
Radius = 20 mm
2 2
DC = (20 mm) (17.5 mm)
15 mm
= 9.6825 mm
x
E B
17.5
DOC = cos-1
20 O
= 28.9550° (4)
15 mm 20 mm
E B
15
EB = (20 mm)2 (15 mm)2 EOB = cos-1
20
= 13.2288 mm = 41.4096° (5)
9.3 Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus Example 19, page 4 of 6
5 The areas and centroidal coordinates of
the rectangle and triangles can now be y Ael = (1/2)(15 mm)(13.2288 mm)
calculated. = 99.2160 mm2
9.6825 mm
y D C y
17.5 mm
2.5 mm Ael = (1/2)(17.5 mm)(9.6825 mm) xel = (13.2288 mm)/3
C
D O = 84.7219 mm2 = 4.4096 mm
O
17.5 mm xel = 9.6825 mm/3 +
= 15 mm
= 3.2275 mm
O E B x
x 13.2288 mm
15 mm Radius = 20 mm Triangle 1 Triangle 2
y
x y
E B 9.6825 mm
2.5 mm C
D C
xel = 9.6825 mm/2
= 4.8412 mm
+ +
Ael = (2.5 mm)(9.6825 mm) O
= 24.2062 mm2
x B x
Rectangle Circular sector
9.3 Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus Example 19, page 5 of 6
6 To calculate the area and centroidal 7 = (180° DOC EOB)/2
coordinate of the circular sector, we can use
the information shown below, which has been by Eq. 4 by Eq. 5
taken from a table of properties of planar DOC = 28.9550°
regions. Note that in the formula equals = (180° 28.9550° 41.4096°)/2
half the angle of the arc. y rc
y = 54.8177°
Centroid Location D C
y r = 20 mm
2 = + EOB 90°
A= r
r = 54.8177° + 41.4096° 90°
C
x O x = 6.2273°
2r sin
rc =
3
2r sin E B x
2(20 mm) sin 54.8177°
xel =
Circular sector region 3(54.8177° /180°)
EOB = 41.4096°
= 11.3903 mm
10 Substituting the value of xelAel into Eq. 3 gives the capacity of the bottle:
V= xelAel
5161.4768 mm3
= 32 400 mm3 Ans.