9.3 Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus

9.
3 Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus

9.3 Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus Example 1, page 1 of 2
1. Determine the amount of paint required to paint
the inside and outside surfaces of the cone, if one
gallon of paint covers 300 ft2.
y 1 The y axis is the axis of revolution.
y
3 ft
3 ft
3 ft 2 The generating curve is a
= 1.5 ft
2 straight line through the
10 ft origin.
C 10 ft
x
3 The distance to the centroid of the line is
rC = 1.5 ft
4 The length of the curve can be found from the Pythagorean theorem: 3 ft
L= (10 ft)2 + (3 ft)2
= 10.4403 ft L
10 ft
Applying the first theorem of Pappus-Guldinus gives the area:
A = 2 rcL
= 2 (1.5 ft)(10.4403 ft)
= 98.3975 ft2
Calculate the volume of paint required:

1 gal
Volume of paint = 2(98.3975 ft2)( )
300 ft2
= 0.656 gal Ans.
Because both the inside and outside surfaces must be painted, the value of
the computed area must be doubled.
2. Determine the volume of the cone.
y
1 The y axis is the axis of rotation.
3 ft y
3 ft
rc = = 1 ft 3 ft
3
2 The generating area is
a triangle
10 ft 3 The centroid of a
triangle is located
one-third of the C
distance from the base
x to the opposite vertes. 10 ft
4 The area of the triangle is
A = (1/2)(10 ft)(3 ft)

x
= 15 ft2
5 Applying the second theorem of

Pappus-Guldinus gives the volume:
V = 2 rcA
=2 ft)( 15 ft2)
= 94.2 ft3 Ans.

3. Determine the area of the
half-torus (half of a doughnut). 1 The axis of revolution is the x axis.
y
2 The generating curve
is a circle.
1m y
4 The length of
C the curve is the
1m
4m circumference
C of the circle:
x
4m L = 2 (1m)
x = 6.2832 m
z
3 The distance to the centroid
is rc = 4 m.
5 Applying the first theorem of
Pappus-Guldinus gives the area:
A = rcL
= (4 m)(6.2832 m)
= 79.0 m2 Ans.
The angle of revolution is , not 2 , because

the figure is a half -torus.
4. Determine the volume of the 1 The axis of revolution is the x axis
half-torus (half of a doughnut).
y
2 The generating area is the
1m y region bounded by a circle
C 1m 4 The area bounded by

the circle is
4m
C
A = (1 m)2
x 4m
= m2
x
z
3 The distance to the centroid is rc = 4m
5 Applying the second theorem of

Pappus-Guldinus gives the volume:
V = rcA
= (4 m)( m2)
= 39.5 m3 Ans.
The angle of revolution is , not 2 , because

the figure is a half -torus.
5. Determine the area of the frustum of the cone. 1 The y axis is the axis of rotation
y
y
3m 2 The generating curve is the
3m straight line BD. The
horizontal coordinate d of
D the lower end of the line
can be found by similar
4m 4m triangles:
3m
d D
B 2m
2m 4m C
x
x O d
O
B
2m
O
d 3m
=
2m 2m+4m
Solving gives
d=1m
y
3m
D
3 The distance to
the centroid is C
rc = (1 m + 3 m)/2 B
y 1m
=2m
3m x
O
D
4 The length of the generating curve BD is

4m
L = (2 m)2 + (4 m)2 3m 1m=2m
D
B 2m = 4.4721 m 4m
C
x
O
B
5 Applying the first theorem of Pappus-Guldinus gives the area:
A = 2 rcL
= 2 (2 m)(4.4721 m)
= 56.2 m2 Ans.
6. Determine the volume of the frustum of the cone.
y 1 The y axis is the axis of rotation
3m y
rC 3m 2 The generating area is the
trapezoid BDEF. The
D horizontal coordinate d of
E the lower end of the line
4m C BD can be found by similar
4m triangles:
F B 3m
2m D
d 2m
x
O x 4m
O
d
B
2m
O
3 The distance rc to the centroid of the d 3m
area can be calculated by dividing the =
2m 2m+4m
crosshatched trapezoid into composite
parts and using the formula Solving gives
xelAel d=1m
rc = (1)
Ael
where xel is the centroidal coordinate

of the part with area Ael.
4 However, we can save some work by noting that the
second theorem of Pappus-Guldinus involves the
product of rc and the generating area A:
V = 2 rcA (2)
where V is the volume of the solid of revolution.
Solving Eq. 1 for the product of rc and Ael gives
rc Ael = xelAel
A = total area = sum of individual elements of area
and substituting this result in Eq. 2 gives
V=2 xelAel (3)
Thus we do not need to calculate rc and A

independently we need only evaluate the first
moment of the area, xelAel.
5 To calculate xelAel, divide the trapezoidal region into
the sum of a rectangle and triangle, and set up a table.
y y y
2m
3m 1m 1m
Ael = (4 m)(1 m) C Ael = (1/2)(4 m)(2 m)
C
4m 4m 4m 4m
= = 4 m2 + = 4 m2
1m xel = 0.5 m
x x x
O O O
xel = 1 m + (1/3)(2 m)
Region Ael (m2) xel (m) xelAel (m3) = 1.6667 m
Rectangle 4 0.5 2
Triangle 4 1.6667 6.6668
xelAel = 8.6668
6 Substituting the value of xelAel into Eq. 3 gives the volume of the solid:
V=2 xelAel (Eq. 3 repeated)

8.6668
= 54.5 m3 Ans.
7. Determine the centroidal coordinate rc of a
semicircular arc of radius R, given that the area of a
sphere of radius R is known to be 4 R2. 1 If the semicircle is revolved around the y axis,
y a sphere of radius R is generated. The first
theorem of Pappus-Guldinus says that the
area of the sphere is given by
rC A = 2 rcL
x Because we already know A (= 4 R2), we can

C solve this equation for rc in terms of R and L:
R
4 R2
A
rc = (1)
2 L
2 The length L in Eq. 1 is the circumference of
the semicircle:
L= R
Substituting this result in Eq. 1 gives

2
rc = 4 R (Eq. 1. repeated)
2 L
R
2R
= Ans.
8. Determine the centroidal coordinate rc of a
semicircular area of radius R, given that the volume of a
1 If the semicircular area is revolved around the y axis,
sphere is known to be (4/3) R3.
a sphere of radius R is generated. The second
y theorem of Pappus-Guldinus says that the volume of
the sphere is given by
Radius = R
V = 2 rcA (1)
rC
Because we already know V (= (4/3) R3), we can
C solve Eq. 1 for rc in terms of A and R:
x
(4/3) R3
V
rc = (2)
2 A
2 The area A in Eq. 2 is the area bounded by the

semicircle:
A= R2
2
Substituting this result in Eq. 2 gives
(4/3) R3
rc = (Eq. 2 repeated)
2 A
R2
2
4R
= Ans.
3
9. A concrete dam is to be constructed in the shape
shown. Determine the volume of concrete that
would be required.
1 The y axis is the axis of revolution
3.5 m
3.5 m 20 m x
40°
20 m
3m 1m 2m
3m 1m 2m 2 The crosshatched region is the generating area.

y 3 The second theorem of Pappus-Guildinus gives the
volume as
rc V = 2 40°/360°)rcA (1)
where rc is the distance to the centroid of the generating

3.5 m area, A is the magnitude of the area, and the
factor 40°/360° accounts for the fact that the dam
x corresponds to 40° rather than to a complete circle.
Thus we must calculate the product rcA. This product
20 m may be found by dividing the crosshatched area into
3m 1m 2m
composite parts and then using the formula
Generating area divided into a
rectangle and two triangles xelAel
rc = (2)
Ael
A = sum of element areas
where xel is the centroidal coordinate of the part with
area Ael. Solving for the product rcA gives
rcA = xelAel
Thus Eq. 1 can be written as
V = 2 40°/360°)(rcA) (Eq. 1 repeated)
= (2/9) xelAel (3)
and, to calculate V, we have to evaluate the sum xelAel.

4 Calculate the areas and centroidal y
distances, and set up a table. xel = 23 m + (3 m)/3 = 24 m
3.5 m
Ael = (1/2)(3.0 m) 3.5 m) = 5.25 m2
y x O
3m 23 m
rc
Triangle 1
+
y
3.5 m =
xel = 20 m + 2 m + 0.5 m = 22.5 m
x O
3.5 m Ael = (3.5 m) m) = 3.5 m2
20 m
3m 1m 2m
x O
Rectangle 20 m
1m 2m O
+
y
xel = 20 m + (2 m)(2/3) = 21.333 m
3.5 m Ael = (1/2)(3.5 m) m)

= 3.5 m2
x O
Triangle 2 20 m
2m
5 Table
Region Ael (m2) xel (m) xelAel (m3)
Triangle 1 5.25 24 126

Rectangle 3.5 22.500 78.750
Triangle 2 3.5 21.333 74.665
xelAel = 279.415
6 Substituting the value of xelAel into Eq. 3 gives the

volume of the solid:
2
V= 9 xelAel (Eq. 3 repeated)
279.415 m3
= 195.1 m3 Ans
10. The concrete steps shown are in the shape of a quarter
circle. Determine the amount of paint required to paint
the steps, if one liter of paint covers 1.5 m2.
y
260 mm
190 mm
260 mm
190 mm
x 1 The y axis is the axis of revolution.
z y
2 The generating
curve is a series of
four straight
190 mm line-segments.
190 mm
x
260 mm 260 mm
3 The first theorem of Pappus-Guildinus gives the area as
A = 2 (90°/360°)rcL
y
= ( /2)rcL (1)

curve, L is the length of the area, and the factor (90°/360°)
190 mm
accounts for the fact that the steps are in the shape of a
quarter circle. Thus we must calculate the product rcL.
190 mm This product may be found from the formula for the centroid
x of a composite curve made of a of collection of line
segments:
260 mm 260 mm
xelLel
rc = (2)
Lel
L = sum of segment lengths
where xel is the centroidal coordinate of the line segment

with length Lel. Solving for the product rcL gives
rcL = xelLel
A = ( /2)(rcL) (Eq. 1 repeated)
= ( /2) xelLel (3)
and, to calculate A, we have to evaluate the sum xelLel.

4 Calculate the centroidal coordinates
and lengths of the line segments, and
set up a table. Lel = 190 mm
Lel = 260 mm
y y xel = 260 mm
y 260 mm
= 190 mm
xel = 260 mm/2
190 mm 380 mm = 130 mm +
190 mm
190 mm x x
x Line 1 Line 2
260 mm 260 mm
y y Lel = 190 mm
Lel = 260 mm xel = 260 mm + 260 mm
= 520 mm
260 mm 260 mm
+
+
190 mm 190 mm
x x
260 mm 260 mm
xel = 260 mm + (260 mm)/2 = 390 mm
Line 3 Line 4
5 Table
Region Lel (mm) xel (mm) xelLel (mm2)
Line 1 260 130 33 800

Line 2 190 260 49 400
Line 3 260 390 104 100
Line 4 190 520 98 800
xelLel = 283 400
6 Substituting the value of xelAelinto Eq. 3 gives the area of the steps
A = 2 xelLel (Eq. 3 repeated)

2
283 400 mm
= 445 164 mm2
7 Amount of paint required = 445 164 mm2 [1 m/(1000 mm)]2 [1 liter of paint/1.5 m2 of covered area]
= 0.297 liter Ans.

11. The concrete steps shown are in the shape of a quarter circle.
Determine the total number of cubic meters of concrete required to
construct the steps.
y 1 The y axis is the axis of revolution
260 mm y
190 mm
190 mm
260 mm
190 mm
x
190 mm 260 mm 260 mm

x
z 2 The generating area is the crosshatched region
shown.
3 The second theorem of Pappus-Guildinus gives the
volume as
V = 2(90°/360° rcA
y = ( /2)rcA (1)

190 mm area, A is the magnitude of the area, and the factor
(90°/360°) accounts for the fact that the steps form a
quarter circle. Thus we must calculate the product rcA.
190 mm This product may be found by dividing the crosshatched
x area into composite parts and then using the formula
O 260 mm 260 mm
xelAel
rc = (2)
Generating area divided into two Ael
rectangles A = sum of element areas
rcA = xelAel
V = ( /2)(rcA) (Eq. 1 repeated)
= ( /2) xelAel (3)

4 Calculate the centroidal distances and areas xel = 260 mm/2 = 130 mm y
and set up a table. y
y xel = 260 mm + 260 mm/2 = 390 mm
190 mm 380 mm +
=
190 mm
190 mm x x
O 260 mm O
x
O 260 mm 260 mm 260 mm 260 mm
Rectangle 1
Rectangle 2
Ael = (380 mm)(260 mm)
Ael = (190 mm)(260 mm)
= 98 800 mm2
= 49 400 mm2
Region Ael (mm2) xel (mm) xelAel (mm3)
Rectangle 1 98 800 130 12 844 000

Rectangle 2 49 400 390 19 266 000
xelAel = 32 110 000
5 Substituting the value of xelAelinto Eq. 3 gives the volume of the solid
V = 2 xelAel
32 110 000 mm3
= 50 438 270 mm3
= 0.0504 m3 Ans.
12. Determine the mass of the steel V-belt pulley
shown. The density of the steel is 7840 kg/m3.
12 mm 10 mm 12 mm
1 The x axis is the axis
4 mm 4 mm of revolution:
y
15 mm
(20 mm)/2 = 10 mm
100 mm 70 mm x
2 The crosshatched area is

20 mm the generating area for
the right half of the
15 mm pulley.
Front view Side view

volume as
y
5 mm 12 mm
V = 2 rcA (1)
4 mm
15 mm area, and A is the magnitude of the area. Thus we must
calculate the product rcA. This product may be found
by dividing the crosshatched area into composite parts
(70 mm 20 mm)/2 = 25 mm and then using the formula
10 mm
x yelAel
rc = (2)
Ael
A = sum of element areas
Generating area divided into two
rectangles, and a triangle where xel is the centroidal coordinate of the part with
rcA = yelAel
V = 2 (rcA) (Eq. 1 repeated)
=2 yelAel (3)
and, to calculate V, we have to evaluate the sum yelAel.

4 Calculate the centroidal distances
and areas for the rectangles and
triangle, and set up a table. Ael = (21 mm)(25 mm) Ael = (1/2)(12 mm)(15 mm)
= 525 mm2 = 90 mm2
y
5 mm 12 mm
y 5 mm + 12 mm + 4 mm y 12 mm
4 mm = 21 mm
15 mm 15 mm
+
25 mm = 25 mm 10 mm + 5 mm = 35 mm
10 mm 10 mm
x x x
Rectangle 1 Triangle
Generating area divided into
yel = 10 mm + 25/2 mm y
two rectangles, and a triangle
= 22.5 mm
yel = 35 mm + 15/3 mm
= 40 mm 4 mm
+ 15 mm
yel = 35 mm + 15/2 mm
= 42.5 mm 35 mm
Ael = (4 mm)(15 mm) x

= 60 mm2 Rectangle 2
5 Table
Region Ael (mm2) yel (mm) yelAel (mm3)
Rectangle 1 525 22.5 11 812.5

Triangle 90 40.0 3 600.0
Rectangle 2 60 42.5 2 550.0
yelAel = 17 962.5
6 Substituting the value of yelAelinto Eq. 3 gives half the volume of the
V-belt pulley
V= yelAel
17 962.5 mm3
= 112 861.7 mm3 = 0.000 112 861 7 m3
7 Total mass of the V-belt = total volume density
= (2 0.000 112 861 7 m3) 7840 kg/m3
= 1.770 kg Ans.
Double the half-volume.
13. Determine the area of the surface of
revolution generated by rotating the curve
y = z4, 0 z 1 m, about the z axis.
y
1 The z axis is the axis of revolution.
2 The generating curve is

x
y = z4, 0 z 1
y
1m
1m
z
z
1m
3 The first theorem of Pappus-Guildinus gives the area of y
the surface of revolution as
A = 2 rcL (1)
C 1m
curve, and L is the length of the curve. Thus we must rc
calculate the product rcL. This product may be found
by considering the equation for the centroidal z
coordinate: 1m
yel dL
rc =
dL L
y
where dL is an increment of curve length, and yel is the
coordinate of the increment. Solving for the product rcL dL
gives
1m
rcL = yel dL
yel
Thus Eq. 1 can be written as z
A = 2 (rcL) 1m
=2 yel dL (2)
and, to calculate A, we have to evaluate a single integral,

yeldL.
4 To evaluate the integral yel dL in Eq. 2, we use the
equation of the curve,
y = z4 (3)
to express dL as a function of z. Thus
dL = (dy)2 + (dz)2
= ( dy )2 + 1 dz (4)
dz y
and differentiating Eq. 3 gives dL
dy dL
dy = 4z3 dz
dz
so Eq. 4 can be written as yel = y = z4
dL = (4z3)2 + 1 dz (5) z
1m
Substitute this expression for dL into Eq. 2
A=2 yel dL (Eq. 2 repeated) 5 Evaluating the integral by use of the integral
function key on a calculator gives
1
= 2 z4 (4z3)2 + 1 dz
0 A = 3.44 m2 Ans.
14. Determine the volume of the solid of
revolution generated by rotating the curve 1 The z axis is the axis of rotation.
y = z4, 0 z 1 m, about the z axis.
y 2 The generating area is the
area under the y = z4 curve.
y
y = z4
x
1m
1m
z
1m
z
volume as
V = 2 rcA (1)
y = z4
C area, and A is the magnitude of the area. Thus we must
rC
z calculate the product rcA. This product may be found
by considering the equation for the centroidal distance:
y yel dA
rc =
dA A
y = z4 where dA is an increment of area, and yel is the

(x, y)
coordinate of the centroid of the incremental region.
Solving for the product rca gives
yel
z rcA = yel dA
V = 2 (rcA)
=2 yel dA (2)
and, to calculate V, we have to evaluate a single integral,

yel dA.
4 To evaluate the integral yel dL in Eq. 2, we use the
equation of the curve,
y = z4
to express dA as a function of z. Thus

y
dA = y dz
= z4 dz
y = z4 (y, z) yel = y/2 = z4/2 Substitute this expression for dA into Eq. 2
A=2 yel dz (Eq. 2 repeated)

z
dz
1
1m =2 (z4/2)(z4) dz
0
Evaluating the integral by use of the integral function key
on a calculator gives
V = 0.349 m2 Ans.
15. A pharmaceutical company plans to put a coating
0.01 mm thick on the outside of the pill shown.
Determine the amount of coating material required.
Radius = 20 mm 1 The x axis is the axis of revolution.
(1.5 mm)/2 = 0.75 mm
3.5 mm
x
7 mm 1.5 mm
2 The generating curve for half of the
pill surface is a composite curve
consisting of one straight line and a
circular arc. By symmetry, the total
surface area of the pill will be two
times the area generated by the curve
above.
3 The first theorem of Pappus-Guildinus gives the area as
A = 2 rcL (1)

y curve and L is the length of the curve. Thus we must
calculate the product rcL. This product may be found
0.75 mm by dividing the curve into composite parts and then
using the formula
3.5 mm yelLel
rc = Lel (2)
x L
Generating curve divided into a where xel is the centroidal coordinate of the part with
straight line segment and an arc length Lel. Solving for the product rcL gives
rcL = yelLel
A = 2 (rcL) (Eq. 1 repeated)
=2 yelLel (3)
and, to calculate A, we have to evaluate the sum yelLel.

4 Calculate the centroidal distances and
the lengths, and set up a table.
y y y
0.75 mm 0.75 mm
3.5 mm yel = 3.5 mm 3.5 mm

+
=
x x x
20 mm
Radius = 20 mm Straight line
Arc
y
5 For the straight line, the length and
0.75 mm
coordinate of the centroid are easily
calculated..
Lel = 0.75 mm yel = 3.5 mm
x
Straight line
6 To calculate xelLel for the arc, A 7 For our particular arc, r = 20 mm and
use the information shown below, 20 mm
3.5 mm
which has been taken from a table = (1/2) sin-1(3.5/20)
of properties of common 2
geometric shapes. B = 0.08795 rad
C
Thus
Centroid Location
y Length = 2 r
r Length = 2 r = 2(0.08795) 20 mm
C
x = 3.5180 mm
rarc = (r sin
= (20 mm)(sin 0.08795)/(0.08795)

r sin
= 19.9742 mm
Circular arc segment
yel = rarc sin
y
A
19.9742 mm (sin 0.08795)
rarc
3.5 mm = 1.7545 mm
yel
x
B C
20 mm
Arc
8 Table
Region Lel (m) yel (m) yelLel (m2)
Line 0.75 3.5 2.6250

Arc 3.5180 1.7545 6.1723
yelLel = 8.7973
9 Substituting the value of yelAelinto Eq. 3 gives the area of the solid
A=2 2 yelLel
8.7973 mm2
= 110.5501 mm2
where a factor of 2 has been inserted to account for the fact that we took advantage
of symmetry to calculate the area of only half of the body.
Amount of coating material required = 110.5501 mm2 0.01 mm
= 1.106 mm3 Ans.

16. Determine the volume of the funnel.
1 The y axis is the axis of revolution
10 mm
y
10 mm
60 mm 5 mm
60 mm
5 mm
70 mm
70 mm
5 mm
x
2.5 mm

crosshatched area shown.
10 mm volume as
5 mm V = 2 rcA (1)

area and A is the magnitude of the area. Thus we must
60 mm calculate the product rcA. This product may be found
by dividing the cross-hatched area into composite parts
and then using the formula
xelAel
rc = (2)
70 mm Ael
A
x
2.5 mm area Ael. Solving for the product rcA gives
rcA = xelAel
Generating area divided into two
rectangles and two triangles
=2 xelAel (3)

y y 10 mm
4 To calculate xelAel, divide the area 5 mm
into the sum of two rectangles and xel = 2.5 mm
two triangles, and set up a table. xel = 5 mm + (5 mm)/3
= 6.6667 mm 5 mm
y
10 mm
60 mm 60 mm
5 mm Ael = (5 mm)(60 mm)
= 300 mm2 +
60 mm
Ael = (1/2)(5 mm)(60 mm)
= 150 mm2
x O x
= O
Rectangle 1 Triangle 1
70 mm
y
y
x 2.5 mm
2.5 mm
2.5 mm xel =1.25 mm
xel = 2.5 mm + (2.5 mm)/3
= 3.3333 mm
+ + 70 mm
70 mm Ael = (1/2)(2.5 mm)(70 mm)
Ael = (2.5 mm)(70 mm) = 87.5 mm2
= 175 mm2 x
x 2.5 mm
Rectangle 1 Triangle 2
5 Table
Rectangle 1 300 2.5 750

Rectangle 1 175 1.25 218.75
Triangle 1 150 6.6667 1000.0050
Triangle 2 87.5 3.3333 291.6637
xelAel = 2260.4187
6 Substituting the value of xelAelinto Eq. 3 gives the volume of the funnel
V= xelAel (Eq. 3 repeated)

2260.4187 mm3
= 14 200 mm3 Ans.
17. A satellite dish is shaped in the form of a paraboloid of 1 The x axis is the axis of revolution
revolution to take advantage of the geometrical fact that all
signals traveling parallel to the axis of the paraboloid are y
reflected through the focus. Determine the amount, in m2,
of reflecting material required to cover the inside surface of
the dish. (0, 0.3) 2 The generating
curve is a parabola.
0.3 m
x
( 0.2, 0)
Signals parallel
3 The general form for a parabola with vertex on the x
to axis of dish
axis is
0.3 m x = ay2 + b
Evaluating this equation at the points ( 0.2, 0) and

(0, 0.3) gives the equations
0.2 = a(0)2 + b (1)

0.2 m and
0 = a(0.3)2 + b
Solving for a and b and substituting back in Eq. 1

gives
x = 0.2222y2 0.2 (2)

4 Apply the first theorem of Pappus-Guldinus y
to calculate the surface area of the dish: dL
dy dL
(0, 0.3)
dx
A = 2 rcL (3)
Thus we must calculate the product of the

length of the parabolic curve and its C yel
centroidal coordinate. The product may be rc
found by considering the equation for the x
centroidal coordinate: ( 0.2, 0)
5 To evaluate the integral yel dL in Eq. 4, we have to use

yel dL
rc = the equation of the parabola,
dL L
x = 0.2222y2 0.2 (Eq. 2 repeated)
Solving for the product rcL gives
to express dL as a function of y. Thus
rcL = yel dL
dL = (dx)2 + (dy)2
= dx 2
+ 1 dy (5)
dy
A = 2 (rcL)
Differentiating Eq. 2 gives
=2 yel dL (4)
dx = 0.4444y,
dy
so Eq. 5 can be written as
dL = (0.4444y)2 + 1 dy (6)
6 Noting that y = yel and also using Eq. 6 to replace dL in
y
Eq. 4 gives
y (0, 0.3)
A=2 yel dL (Eq. 4 repeated)
(x, y)
0.3 C
=2 y (0.4444y)2 + 1 dy yel
0 rc
Using the integral function on a calculator gives x
( 0.2, 0)
A = 0.284 m2 Ans
18. Determine the amount of coffee that
the coffee mug holds when full to the 1 The y axis is the axis of revolution, and the
brim. The radius of the rounded corners generating area is the cross-hatched area shown.
and the rim is 15 mm.
y
80 mm
Radius = 15 mm
90 mm
x
Radius = 15 mm
2 The distance rc to the centroid of the area can

be calculated by dividing the crosshatched
area into composite parts and using the
formula
xelAel
rc = (1)
Ael
where xel is the centroidal coordinate of the

part with area Ael.
3 However, we can save some work by noting that the second
theorem of Pappus-Guldinus involves the product of rc and the
generating area A:
V = 2 rcA (2)
where V is the volume of solid of revolution.
Solving Eq. 1 for the product gives
rc Ael = xelAel
A
and substituting this result in Eq. 2 gives
V=2 xelAel (3)
Thus we do not need to calculate rc and A independently we

need only evaluate the first moment of the area, xelAel.
4 To calculate xelAel, divide the area into the algebraic
sum of a rectangle, two squares, and two quarter circles, For clarity, the areas near the rim and
and set up a table. rounded corner have been drawn
y y disproportionately large.
40 mm
y
Radius = 15 mm
90 mm
= +
x
Radius = 15 mm x
Rectangle x
5 Subtract quarter- Square 1
y circular area
from square to y 6 Subtract square y
form area near from quarter-
rim. circular area to
form rounded
corner.
+
x x x
Quarter circle 1 Square 2 Quarter circle 2
7 Calculate the areas and centroidal coordinates of the
rectangle and the squares.
y y
40 mm 40 mm y
40 mm 15 mm
Radius = 15 mm
Ael = (40 mm)(90 mm)
= 3600 mm2 15 mm
90 mm 90 mm
xel = 40 mm + (15 mm)/2

x = 47.5 mm
x
x
xel = 20 mm
Radius = 15 mm
Square 1
Rectangle
Original area
y 40 mm
Ael = (15 mm)2 = 225 mm2
15 mm
xel = 40 mm (15 mm)/2

= 32.5 mm 15 mm
x
Square 2
8 Calculate the area and centroidal coordinates 9 A table of properties of planar regions
of the quarter-circular regions.. gives the information shown below.
y
Centroid location
y
40 mm
15 mm r2
A=
4
xel = 40 mm + 15 mm 6.3662 mm
= 48.6338 mm C
x 4r r
Quarter circle 1 3
x
y Quarter circular region

40 mm
15 mm
xel = 40 mm 15 mm 10 In our particular problem, r = 15 mm, so the

+ 6.3662 mm distance to the centroid is
= 31.3662 mm 4r = 4(15 mm) = 6.3662 mm4
x 3 3
Quarter circle 2
Also, the area is
(15 mm)2
Ael = = 176.7146 mm2
4
11 Table
Rectangle 3600 20 72 000

Square 1 225 47.5 10 687.5
Quarter circle 1 176.7146 48.6338 8 594.3025
Square 2 225 32.5 7 312.5
Quarter circle 2 176.7146 31.3662 5 542.8655
xelAel = 72 323.5630
12 Substituting the value of xelAelinto Eq. 3 gives the volume of the solid
V= xelAel
72 323.563 0 mm3
= 454 000 mm3 Ans.

19. Determine the capacity of the small bottle of lotion if the
bottle is filled half way up the neck.
1 The y axis is the axis of revolution.
Half of the
5 mm y
neck is filled:
(5 mm)/2
2.5 mm
17.5 mm
17.5 mm
Radius = 20 mm
Radius = 20 mm
15 mm
15 mm

crosshatched area shown.
y
volume as
2.5 mm
V = 2 rcA (1)
Radius = 20 mm where rc is the distance to the centroid of the generating

17.5 mm area, and A is the magnitude of the area. Thus we must
calculate the product rcA. This product may be found
O
by dividing the cross-hatched area into composite parts
and then using the formula
15 mm
xelAel
rc = (2)
x Ael
A
Generating area divided into a rectangle,
two triangles and a circular sector
rcA = xelAel
=2 xelAel (3)

4 Before the areas and centroidal coordinates can be
found, we first must find the distances and angles
shown below.
D C
2.5 mm C
D
17.5 mm 20 mm
17.5 mm
O O
Radius = 20 mm
2 2
DC = (20 mm) (17.5 mm)
15 mm
= 9.6825 mm
x
E B
17.5
DOC = cos-1
20 O
= 28.9550° (4)
15 mm 20 mm
E B
15
EB = (20 mm)2 (15 mm)2 EOB = cos-1
20
= 13.2288 mm = 41.4096° (5)
5 The areas and centroidal coordinates of
the rectangle and triangles can now be y Ael = (1/2)(15 mm)(13.2288 mm)
calculated. = 99.2160 mm2
9.6825 mm
y D C y
17.5 mm
2.5 mm Ael = (1/2)(17.5 mm)(9.6825 mm) xel = (13.2288 mm)/3
C
D O = 84.7219 mm2 = 4.4096 mm
O
17.5 mm xel = 9.6825 mm/3 +
= 15 mm
= 3.2275 mm
O E B x
x 13.2288 mm
15 mm Radius = 20 mm Triangle 1 Triangle 2
y
x y
E B 9.6825 mm
2.5 mm C
D C
xel = 9.6825 mm/2
= 4.8412 mm
+ +
Ael = (2.5 mm)(9.6825 mm) O
= 24.2062 mm2
x B x
Rectangle Circular sector
6 To calculate the area and centroidal 7 = (180° DOC EOB)/2
coordinate of the circular sector, we can use
the information shown below, which has been by Eq. 4 by Eq. 5
taken from a table of properties of planar DOC = 28.9550°
regions. Note that in the formula equals = (180° 28.9550° 41.4096°)/2
half the angle of the arc. y rc
y = 54.8177°
Centroid Location D C
y r = 20 mm
2 = + EOB 90°
A= r
r = 54.8177° + 41.4096° 90°
C
x O x = 6.2273°
2r sin
rc =
3
2r sin E B x
2(20 mm) sin 54.8177°
xel =
Circular sector region 3(54.8177° /180°)
EOB = 41.4096°
= 11.3903 mm
8 Ael = r2 xel = rc cos
=( 54.8177°/180°) 20 mm)2 = (11.3903 mm) cos 6.2273°
= 382.6997 mm2 = 11.3231 mm

9 Table
Triangle 1 84.7219 3.2275 273.4399

Triangle 2 99.2160 4.4096 437.5029
Rectangle 24.2062 4.8412 117.1871
Circular sector 382.6997 11.3231 4333.3470
xelAel = 5161.4768
10 Substituting the value of xelAel into Eq. 3 gives the capacity of the bottle:
V= xelAel
5161.4768 mm3
= 32 400 mm3 Ans.

9.3 Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus

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9.3 Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus

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9.

3 Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus

y 1 The y axis is the axis of revolution.

3 The distance to the centroid of the line is

L= (10 ft)2 + (3 ft)2

Applying the first theorem of Pappus-Guldinus gives the area:

= 2 (1.5 ft)(10.4403 ft)

Calculate the volume of paint required:

= 0.656 gal Ans.

A = (1/2)(10 ft)(3 ft)

5 Applying the second theorem of

= 94.2 ft3 Ans.

The angle of revolution is , not 2 , because

C 1m 4 The area bounded by

5 Applying the second theorem of

The angle of revolution is , not 2 , because

4 The length of the generating curve BD is

5 Applying the first theorem of Pappus-Guldinus gives the area:

where xel is the centroidal coordinate

where V is the volume of the solid of revolution.

Solving Eq. 1 for the product of rc and Ael gives

and substituting this result in Eq. 2 gives

V=2 xelAel (3)

Thus we do not need to calculate rc and A

Region Ael (m2) xel (m) xelAel (m3) = 1.6667 m

V=2 xelAel (Eq. 3 repeated)

x Because we already know A (= 4 R2), we can

Substituting this result in Eq. 1 gives

2 The area A in Eq. 2 is the area bounded by the

3m 1m 2m 2 The crosshatched region is the generating area.

where rc is the distance to the centroid of the generating

Thus Eq. 1 can be written as

V = 2 40°/360°)(rcA) (Eq. 1 repeated)

= (2/9) xelAel (3)

and, to calculate V, we have to evaluate the sum xelAel.

3.5 m Ael = (1/2)(3.5 m) m)

Region Ael (m2) xel (m) xelAel (m3)

Triangle 1 5.25 24 126

6 Substituting the value of xelAel into Eq. 3 gives the

where rc is the distance to the centroid of the generating

where xel is the centroidal coordinate of the line segment

Thus Eq. 1 can be written as

A = ( /2)(rcL) (Eq. 1 repeated)

= ( /2) xelLel (3)

and, to calculate A, we have to evaluate the sum xelLel.

Region Lel (mm) xel (mm) xelLel (mm2)

Line 1 260 130 33 800

A = 2 xelLel (Eq. 3 repeated)

= 0.297 liter Ans.

190 mm 260 mm 260 mm

where rc is the distance to the centroid of the generating

Thus Eq. 1 can be written as

V = ( /2)(rcA) (Eq. 1 repeated)

= ( /2) xelAel (3)

and, to calculate V, we have to evaluate the sum xelAel.

Rectangle 1 98 800 130 12 844 000

= 50 438 270 mm3

2 The crosshatched area is

Front view Side view

Thus Eq. 1 can be written as

V = 2 (rcA) (Eq. 1 repeated)

and, to calculate V, we have to evaluate the sum yelAel.

Ael = (4 mm)(15 mm) x