What is Galvanometer?

A galvanometer is an electro-mechanical instrument for detecting and measuring electric current. The
most common use of galvanometers was as analog measuring instruments, called ammeters, used to
measure the direct current (flow of electric charge) through an electric circuit.

How can it be converted into ammemeter and volt meter?

AMMETER-VOLTMETER

AMMETER

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Ammeter is an electrical measuring device, which is used to measure electric current through the
circuit. It is the modified form of galvanometer

CONNECTION OF AMMETER IN CIRCUIT

An ammeter is always connected in series to a circuit.

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CONVERSION OF GALVANOMETER

INTO AMMETER

Since Galvanometer is a very sensitive instrument therefore it can’t measure heavy currents. In order
to convert a Galvanometer into an Ammeter, a very low resistance known as "shunt" resistance is
connected in parallel to Galvanometer. Value of shunt is so adjusted that most of the current passes
through the shunt. In this way a Galvanometer is converted into Ammeter and can measure heavy
currents without fully deflected.

VALUE OF SHUNT RESISTANCE

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Let resistance of galvanometer = Rg and it gives full-scale deflection when current Ig is passed through
it. Then,
Vg = IgRg -------(i)

Let a shunt of resistance (Rs) is connected in parallel to galvanometer. If total current through the
circuit is I.

Then current through shunt:

Is = (I-Ig)

potential difference across the shunt:

Vs= IsRs

or

Vs = (I – Ig)Rs -------(ii)

But

Vs =Vg

(I - Ig)Rs = IgRg

VOLT METER

Voltmeter is an electrical measuring device, which is used to measure potential difference between
two points in a circuit.

CONNECTION OF VOLTMETER IN CIRCUIT

Voltmeter is always connected in parallel to a circuit.

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CONVERSION OF GALVANOMETER INTO VOLTMETER

Since Galvanometer is a very sensitive instrument, therefore it can not measure high potential
difference. In order to convert a Galvanometer into voltmeter, a very high resistance known as "series
resistance" is connected in series with the galvanometer.

VALUE OF SERIES RESISTANCE

 Let resistance of galvanometer = Rg and resistance Rx (high) is connected in series to it. Then
combined resistance = (Rg + Rx).

If potential between the points to be measured = V and if galvanometer gives full-scale deflection,
when current "Ig" passes through it. Then,

V = Ig (Rg + Rx)

V = IgRg + IgRx

V – IgRg = IgRx

Rx = (V – IgRg)/Ig

Thus Rx can be found.

Define the coefficient of linear and volumetric thermal expension and proof b=3a

COEFFICIENT OF VOLUMETRIC EXPANSION

COEFFICIENT OF VOLUMETRIC EXPANSION

Coefficient of volumetric expansion ( ) is defined as:
"increase in volume per unit original volume per Kelvin rise in temperature is called
coefficient of volumetric expansion."
Unit:

coefficient of linear expansion

The coefficient of linear expansion is the change in length of a specimen one unit long when its
temperature is changed by one degree (see linear expansion).