Republic of the Philippines i

University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines

College of Engineering and Architecture
Junior Philippine Society of Mechanical Engineers
C.M. Recto Avenue, Lapasan, Cagayan de Oro City, 9000

Terms and Problem Solving

Performance Innovative Task

(Final Term)
ME85 – Power Plant Design

Submitted by:

Crush Joshua A. Baja

BSME – 5A_M1

Submitted to:

Antonio-abdu Sami M. Magomnang, D.Eng

ME85 – Instructor

June 2020
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENT Page No.

TOPIC 1 VARIABLE LOAD

Terms 1
Problems 2
TOPIC 2 POWER PLANT BUILDING

Terms 5
Problems 6

TOPIC 3 FUELS AND COMBUSTION

Terms 8
Problems 9

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

TOPIC 4 POWER PLANT

Terms 12
Problems 13

TOPIC 5 GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT

Terms 14
Problems 15

TOPIC 6 HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT

Terms 20
Problems 21

TOPIC 7 WIND POWER PLANT

Terms 23
Problems 24
 iii

TOPIC 8 GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT

Terms 28
Problems 29

TOPIC 9 STEAM POWER PLANT

Terms 34
Problems 35

TOPIC 10 NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

Terms 39
Problems 40

COMBINED CYCLE POWER

TOPIC 11 PLANT

Terms 43
Problems 44
 1

Topic 1 Variable Load

1. The ratio of maximum load to the rated plant capacity

A. Load factor
B. Utilization factor
C. Maximum load factor
D. Capacity factor

Answer: B

2. The ratio of the average load to the peak load over a designated period of time is called _____.
A. Load factor
B. Reactive factor
C. Diversity factor
D. Plant use factor

Answer: A

3. The fact that the amount of slightly soluble gas absorbed in a liquid is proportional to the partial
pressure of the gas is known as:
A. Dalton’s law
B. Henry’s law
C. Raoult’s law
D. Boyle’s law

Answer: B

4. The ratio of fugacity at actual conditions to the fugacity at some reference state is known as:
A. Compressibility
B. Activity
C. Gravimetric coefficient
D. Saturation

Answer: B

5. A type of polymer used for detergents, milk bottles, oil containers and toys.
A. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
B. Polystyrene (PS)
C. High density polyethelene (HDPE)
D. Polypropylene (PP)

Answer: C
 2

Problem Solving:

1. A 150 MW power station delivers 150 MW for 2 hours, 60 MW for 6 hours and it shut down
for the rest of each day. It is also showdown for maintenance for 45 days each year. Determine
its annual load factor.

a. 12.35% b. 20% c. 15.50% a. 18.33%

Solution

Energy supplied for each working day

¿ ( 150 x 2 ) + ( 60 x 6 )=660 MWh

Station operates for=365−45=320 days∈a year

∴ Energy supplied / year=660 x 320=211,200 MWh

MWh supplied per annum

Annual load factor = x 100
Max . demand∈ MW x Working hours

211,200 MWh
¿ x 100=18.33 %
(150 MW ) x ( 320 x 24 ) hrs

2. The annual energy output of the power plant is said to be 300,000,000 kW-hr with is
60,000kW capacity and having a 0.75 of load factor. Find the over peak load of the plant.
a. 16,425.23 KW
b. 15,368.25 KW
c. 14,345 KW
d. 14,337.9 KW
Given:

Annual energy output = 250,500,000KW-hr

Plant Capacity = 55,000KW
Load Factor = 0.75

Solution:

Annual energy output

Average load =
no . of hours operation

300,000,000 KW −hr
Average load =
8760 hr

Average load = 34,246.57534 KW

Average Load
Load Factor =
Peak Load

Average Load
Load Factor =
Peak Load
 3
34,246.57534 KW
0.75 =
Peak Load

Peak Load = 45,662.10046 KW

Reserve Over Peak = Plant Capacity – Peak Load

Reserve Over Peak = 60,000 KW – 45,662.10046 KW

Reserve Over Peak = 14,337.89954 KW

3. What is the diversity factor of the substations?

Plant Capacity = 10,000KW

Peak Load = 20,000KW
Substation 1:
Load Peak = 8,000KW
Substation 2:
Load Peak = 5,650KW
a. 0.234
b. 0.876
c. 1.365
d.1.325

4. Calculate the capacity factor.

Plant Capacity = 10,000KW

Peak Load = 20,000KW
Substation 1:
Production Annually = 25,500,000 KW-hr
Load Peak = 8,000KW
Substation 2:
Production Annually = 15,500,000 KW-hr
Load Peak = 5,650KW

a. 0.178
b. 0.234
c. 1.47
d. 0.345
Solution:

Substation 1:
Annual Production 25,500,000 KW −hr
Average Load = = = 2,910.96 KW
no . of hours per year 8760 hours
Substation 2:
Annual Production 15,500,000 KW −hr
Average Load = = = 1,769.41 KW
no . of hours per year 8760 hours

Capacity Factor =
∑ Average Load = 2,910.96 KW +1,769.41 KW = 0.234
Peak Load 20,000 KW
 4
5. A steam plant has a peak load of 27,000KW. The total hour of operation of the plant is 1460
hours. Determine the load factor and capacity factor.

a. 0.95

b. 0.135

c. 0.167

d. 0.213

Given:

Peak load = 27,000 KW

No. of operation per year = 1,460 hours

Solution:

Annual energy output

Average load =
no . of hours operation

27,000 KW (1350 hours )

Average load =
8760 hours

Average load = 4,500 KW

Average Load
Load Factor =
Peak Load

4,500 KW
Load Factor =
27,000 KW

Load Factor = 0.16667

 5

Topic 2 Power plant building

1. For stability, the total combined engine, driven equipment and foundation center of gravity
must be kept _____.
A. below the foundation top
B. above the foundation top
C. 120 mm above the foundation top
D. none of the above

Answer: A

2. For design stability, the center of gravity of the total combined engine, driven equipment and
foundation should be kept _________.
A. Anywhere
B. Above the foundation top
C. In line with surface of the foundation
D. Below the foundation top

Answer: D

3. The steam turbine foundation should be designed to support the machine load plus how many
percent of the impact, condenser load, floor loads and dead loads?
A. 15
B. 20
C. 25
D. 30

Answer: C

4. Concrete foundation should have steel bar reinforcements placed vertically and horizontally to
avoid ____.
A. breaking
B. thermal cracking
C. melting
D. vibration

Answer: B

5. Which of the following draft rely on the stack effect to draw off combustion gases?
A. Natural draft
B. Forced draft
C. Induced draft
D. Balanced draft
 6

Answer: A

Problem Solving

1. What is the required base area of the foundation to support an engine with specified speed of
1200 rpm and weight of 9,000 kg. Assume bearing capacity of soil as 47.867 kPa. Use e = 0.11

a. 5.57 m2

b. 7.87 m2

c. 7.75 m2

d. 8.87 m2

2. A steam generator with economizer and air heater has an overall draft loss of 21.78 cm water. If
the stack gases are at 177 ° C and if the atmosphere is at 101.3 kPa and 26 ° C, what theoretical
height of stack in meters in needed when no draft fans are used? Assume that the gas constant
for the flue gases is the same as that for air.

a. 565m b. 535m c. 545m d. 550m

Solution:

P
d a =density of air=
R a+ T a
101.3 kPa
da= =1.180473821 kg/m3
kJ
0.287 +(26+ 273) K
kg−K

P
d g=density of flue gas=
Rg +T g
101.3 kPa
da= =0.7843592722 kg/ m3
kJ
0.287 +(177+ 273) K
kg−K

Pressure = Height x Density

Draft Pressure = 0.2178m (1000kg/m3) = 217.7 kg/m2
Draft Pressure, hW = H(da + dg)
217.8 kg/m2 = H(1.180 - 0.784) kg/m3
H = 549.841m = 550m

3. A foundation measures 12ft x 14ft x 16ft. Find the number of sacks of cement needed for 1:2:4
mixture.
 7
a. 582 sacks
b. 590 sacks
c. 598 sacks
d. 563 sacks

Solutions:
1 yd 3
V = 12 x 14 x 16 = 2688 ft3 ( 3 3
¿ = 99.55 yd3 of concrete
3 ft
3
For every 1 yd concrete, it needs 6 sacks of cement.
Therefore,
No. of sacks = 6(99.55) = 597.33 sacks or 598 sacks

4. Determine the total volume required for a 10m3 of 1:3:6 concrete mixture and 45 liters of water
per bag of cement. Assume one bag of cement contains is 0.09 m3

Given:

Relative Density Density (kg/m3)

Gravel 2.5 1500
Sand 2.85 1700
Cement 3.2 1400

a. 0.5244 m3
b. 0.764 m3
c. 0.023 m3
d. 0.4535 m3

Solution:

p × Vc ×ratio
Vx =
SG× ρwater

1500× 0.09 ×6
Vgravel = = 0.324 m3/ batch
2.5 ×1000

1700× 0.09 ×3
Vsand = = 0.1610526316 m3/ batch
2.85× 1000

1400× 0.09 ×1
Vcement = = 0.039375 m3/batch
3.2× 1000

Volume Total = Vcement + Vsand + Vgravel

= 0.324 + 0.1610526316 + 0.039375

Volume Total = 0.5244276316 m3/ batch = 0.5244 m3/ batch

8
 9
Topic 3 Fuels and combustion

1. In order to increase the gas velocity gas turbines generally have fixed nozzles. This is to allow
the:
A. Compression of gases
B. Condensation of gases
C. Expansion of gases
D. Evaporation of gases

Answer: C

2. Which of the following is basically a jet engine that exhausts into a turbine generator?
A. Aeroderivative gas turbine
B. Industrial gas turbine
C. Brayton engine
D. Joule turbine

Answer: A

3. The temperature of the gas entering the expander section is typically:

A. 1200 C to 1290 C
B. 1000 C to 1200 C
C. 1500 C to 1490 C
D. 1300 C to 1390 C

Answer: A

4. The exhaust temperature which makes the exhaust an ideal heat source for combined cycles is
typically:
A. 540 C to 590 C
B. 600 C to 650 C
C. 300 C to 350 C
D. 440 C to 490 C

Answer: A

5. The formation of gas bubbles in a liquid is called

A. Bubbling
B. Foaming
C. Priming
D. Carryover

Answer: B
 10
Problem solving

1. A diesel electric plant supplies energy for Cepalco. During a 24-hour period, the plant
consumed 200 gallons of fuel at 28 ° C and produced 2930 kw-hr. Industrial fuel used is
28 ° API and was purchased P5.50 per liter at 15.6 ° C. What should be the cost of fuel to
produce one kw-hr?

a. P1.05 per kw-hr

b. P1.10 per kw-hr

c. P1.069 per kw-hr

d.1.00 per kw-hr

Solution:

Solving for density at 15.6 ° C:

141.5
° API = −131.5
SG 15.6

141.5
28= −131.5
SG 15.6

SG15.6=0.887

Density at 15.6 ° C=0.887 (1 ) =0.887 kg /li

Solving for density at 28 ° C

SGt=SG15.6 {1−0.0007 (t−15.6)}

SG28° C =0.887 { 1−0.0007 ( 28−15.6 ) } =0.879

kg
Density at 28 ° C=0.879 ( 1 )=0.879
li

P 5.50
Price per kg ¿ =P 6.20 per kg
0.887

Cost Per kw-hr

200 gal 3.7854 li 0.879 kg P 6.20

¿ x x x
3930 kw−hr gal li kg

¿ P 1.05 per kw−hr

2. The specific gravity of oil at 24C is 0.852. Find its API in degrees.
 11
a. 32.44 C
b. 33.57 C
c. 31.23 C
d. 32.45 C

Solution:

S.G = S.G15.6 (CF) where: CF = 1-0.00072 (T-15.6)

S.G = S.G15.6 (1-0.00072 (T-(15.6))
0.852 = S.G15.6 (1-0.00072 (24-(15.6))
S.G15.6 = 0.85718
141.5
API = -131.5
S . G 15.6
141.5
API = -131.5
0.85718
API = 33.57 C

3. There are 20 kg of flue gases formed per kg of fuel oil burned in the combustion of a fuel oil
C12H26. What is the excess air in percent?

a. 22.64 %
b. 23.27 %
c. 24.73 %
d. 26.27%

Solutions:

Solving for the theoretical air-fuel ratio:

C12H26 + a (O2 + 3.76N2) = bCO2 +cH2o + dN2
C: 12=b
H: 26 = 2c; c = 13
O: 2a = 2b + c; 2a = 2(12) + 13
a = 18.5
N: 2(3.76)a = 2d; 2(3.76)(18.5) = 2d
d = 69.56
C12H26+ 18.5 (O2 +3.76N2) = 12CO2 + 13H2O + 69.56N2
ma
(A/F) T =
mf
18.5 ( 32 ) +18.5(3.76)(28)
= = 15 kg
12 ( 12 )+ 1(26)
Actual =20 kg of flue gas -1 kg of fuel = 19 kg
( A /F) A −( A / F)T 19−15
% excess air = = X 100=26.67 %
( A/ F) A 19
 12
4. How many KJ/kg carried by the superheating of this moisture? If humid air enters a combustion
chamber at 30C which convert into product of combustion at 290C. Dry bulb temperature is
30C and wet bulb temperature is 25C reading in psychrometer. A: F = 15.6. Assume 100% RH.

a. 12.34 KJ/kg
b. 13.23J/kg
c. 15.6KJ/kg
d. 14.43 KJ/kg

Solution:

From steam table:

@T = 30C
Psat =Pv = Pg = 4.246 KPa
@T = 25C
hfg = 2442.30 KJ/kg
Pv
ω = 0.622 ( ¿
Pa
4.246
ω = 0.622 ( ¿ =0.02705 kg H2O/kg DA
101.325−4.246
Wsat ( hfg )−∆ T 0.02705 (2442.30 )−30−25
ωa = ( ¿=( ¿ = 0.0249 kg H2O/ kg DA
hfg +1.8 ∆ T 2442.30+1.8 (30−25)
1
(
Q = ωa 1+
A:F ) CpT 2−ωaCpT 1

Assume Cp for water Cp = 2.094 KJ/kg-K

1
Q = ωaCp 1+( A:F) (T 2−T 1)

1
Q = 0.0249(2.094)(1+ ¿(290-30)
15.6
Q = 14.43 KJ/kg air

5. A fuel has the following volumetric analysis:

CH 4=68 % C 2 H 6=32 %

Assume complete combustion with 15% excess air at 101.325 kPa, 21 ° C wet bulb and 27 ° C
dry bulb. What is the partial pressure of the water vapor in kPa?

a. 9.62 kPa

b. 12.81 kPa

c. 17.28 kPa

d. 15.94 kPa

Solution:

Combustion reaction with theoretical air:

 13
0.68CH4 + 0.32C2H6 + 2.48O2 + 2.48(3.76)N2 = 1.32CO2 + 2.32H2O + 2.48(3.76)N2

Total mols in products of combustion:

= 1.32 + 2.32 + 10.723 + 0.372

= 14.735 mols

Vw
Partial pressure of water vapor, Pw ¿ ( P)
V

2.32
¿ ( 101.325 )=15.95 kPa
14.735

Topic 4 Internal Combustion Engine Power Plant

1. The portion of the piston which extends below the piston pin and serves as a guide for the
piston and connecting rod.
A. Piston skirt
B. Piston ring
C. Piston scoring
D. Piston seizure

Answer: A

2. Grooves in the cylinder wall or piston or in both. It is caused by the piston scraping the cylinder
wall in its movement without proper lubrication.
A. Piston skirt
B. Piston ring
C. Piston scoring
D. Piston seizure

Answer: C

3. An engine where the ignition is caused by heat of compression.

A. Internal combustion engine
B. External combustion engine
C. Compression ignition engine
D. Spark ignition engine

Answer: C

4. Which of the following strokes expels the burned gases?

A. First stroke
B. Second stroke
C. Third stroke
D. Fourth stroke

Answer: D
 14
5. Clearing a cylinder of exhaust gases by forcing into it a current of air which provides clean air
for the next compression stroke.
A. Scavenging
B. Supercharging
C. Choking
D. Knocking

Answer: A

Problem solving

1. A single cylinder engine operating at 2500 rpm develops a torque of 10 N-m. The indicated
power of the engine is 3.0 kW. Find loss due to friction as the percentage of brake power.

a. 15.60%

b. 16.27%

c. 12.73%

d. 14.25%

Solution:

2500 10
Brake Power=2 πNT=2 π ( )( kN −m)
60 1000

¿ 2.61799 kW

Friction Power=Indicated Power−Brake Power

¿ 3.0 kW −2.61799 kW =0.382 kW

Friction Power 0.382 kW

% Loss= = x 100 %
Indicated Power 3.0

% Loss=12.73 %

2. Determine the indicated thermal efficiency of the engine when the mass of fuel and heating
value are 0.38 kg/s and 32,500 KJ/kg and the indicated power is 6,500 kW.
a. 0.526
b. b. 0.546
c. c. 0.345
d. d. 0.675
 15

Solution:
indicated power
indicated thermal efficiency=
m f HHV
6,500 kW
indicated thermal efficiency=
kg kJ
0.38
s (
32,500
kg )
indicated thermal efficiency=0.526

3. The brake thermal efficiency of a diesel engine is 30 percent. If the air to fuel ratio by weight is
20 and the calorific value of the fuel used is 41800 kJ/kg, what brake mean effective pressure
may be expected at S.T.P. conditions?

a. 7.69 bar
b. 6.69 bar
c. 7.35 bar
d. 9.35 bar

4. A gasoline engine works on Otto cycle. It consumes 8 kg of gasoline per hour and develops
power at the rate of 25 kW. The specific gravity of gasoline is 0.8 and its calorific value is
45000 kJ/kg. Find the indicated thermal efficiency of the engine.
a. 56.25%

b. 56.25%

c. 44.34%

d.60.00%

Solution:

8 kg 1 hr 1 min
Heat liberated at the input=m C v =
hr (
x x
60 min 60 sec )
x 0.8

¿ 1.7778 x 10−3 m3 /s

Power at the Input=(1.7778 x 10−8 m3 /s)( 45,000 kJ /kg)=80 kW

Output power 25 kW
ŋith = = =0.5625 x 100 %
Input power 80 kW

ŋith =56.25 %

5. A diesel engine has a brake thermal efficiency of 30%. If the calorific value of fuel used in
10000 kcal kg, calculate the brake specific fuel consumption.

a. 0.26 kg/H. P-hr.

b. 0.24 kg/H. P-hr.
c. 0.21 kg/H. P-hr.
d. 0.19 kg/H. P-hr.
 16

Topic 5 Geothermal Powerplant

1. Converts chemical energy directly into electrical energy.

A. Fuel cell
B. Magnetohydrodynamic generator
C. Battery
D. Thermoelectric generator

Answer: A

2. Is the process of using injection wells to bubble air through groundwater.

A. Air stripping
B. Staged combustion
C. Sparging
D. Soil washing

Answer: C

3. Generates a voltage from incident light, usually light in the visible region.
A. Photovoltaic cell
B. Solar cell
C. Dry cell
D. A or B

Answer: D

4. Beaufort scale is used for measuring what?

A. Beta and gamma radiations
B. Wind speed
C. Insolation
D. Depth of sea

Answer: B

5. Rocks having excessive internal stresses may produce spalling. These rocks are called as ____
A. Stratified rocks
B. Popping rocks
C. Crushed rocks
D. Swelling rocks

Answer: A

Problem solving
 17
1. A liquid dominated geothermal plant with a single flash separator receives water at 204° C.
The separator pressure is 1.04 MPa. A direct-contact condenser operates at 0.034 MPa. The
turbine has a polytropic efficiency of 0.75. For cycle output of 50 MW, what is the mass
flow rate of the well-water in kg/s?
a. 2871 kg/s

b. 186 kg/s

c. 2100 kg/s

d. 2444 kg/s

Solution:

Steam Properties:

At 204° C:

h f =770.38 kJ /kg ; h fg =2009.2 kJ /kg ; h g=2779.6 kJ /kg

s g=6.5729 kJ /kg−K ;

At 0.034 MPa:

h f =301.40 kJ / kg ; h fg =2328.8 kJ /kg ;

sf =0.9793 kJ /kg−K ; s g =6.7463 kJ /kg−K ;

h3 =h g at 1.04 MPa=2779.6

Solving for h4:

S3 = S4 = (Sf + xSfg)4

6.5729 = 0.9793 x x4(6.7463)

X4 = 0.829
 18
h4 = (hf + xhfg)4 = 301.4 + 0.829(2328.8)

h4 = 2232.3 kJ/kg

Solving for the mass flow rate to the turbine, m3:

WT = ms(h3 – h4)nt

50,000 = ms(2779.6 – 2232.7)(0.75)

ms = 121.8 kg/s

Solving for the quality x2 (after throttling):

h1 = h2 = (hf + xhfg)2

870.51 = 770.38 + x2(2009.2)

X2 = 0.049836

Solving for the mass flow rate of the well water:

ms = X2(mg)

121.8 = 0.049836 (mg)

mg = 2,444 kg/s

2. Geothermal resource exists as saturated liquid at 230°C. The geothermal liquid is

withdrawn from the production well at a rate of 230 kg/s, and is flashed to a pressure of 500
kPa by an essentially isenthalpic flashing process where the resulting vapor is separated
from the liquid in a separator and directed to the turbine. The steam leaves the turbine at 10
kPa with a moisture content of 10 percent and enters the condenser where it is condensed
and routed to a reinjection well along with the liquid coming off the separator. Determine
the mass flow rate of steam through the turbine.
a. 38.42 kg/s
b. 26.34 kg/s
c. 65.98 kg/s
d. 89.34 kg/s
Solution:
State 1: At T = 230C
h1= hf = 990.14 KJ/kg
State 2: At P = 500KPa
h1= h2 = 990.14 KJ/kg ; hf2+x2hfg2 ; hf = 640.09 KJ/kg ; hfg = 2,108 KJ/kg
x2 = 0.166
m3 = x2 m3 = (0.166)(230)
m3 = 38.28 kg/s

3. Determine the temperature of the steam In a single-flash geothermal power plant after the
flashing process and the power output from the turbine if the pressure of the steam at the exit of
the flash chamber is 1 MPa., where geothermal water enters the flash chamber (a throttling
valve) at 230°C as a saturated liquid at a rate of 50 kg/s. The steam resulting from the flashing
process enters a turbine and leaves at 20 KPa with a moisture content of 5 percent.
 19
a. 179.9C
b. 123.34C
c. 453.87C
d. 344.78C

Solution:

State 1:
h1 =hf @ 230 =990.14 kJ /kg
h1 =h2=h f 2 + x 2 h fg2
990.14 kJ /kg=762.51+ x 2 ( 2014.6 ) = x 2=0.113
T 2=T sat @1 Mpa=179.9o C

4. Determine the work total. In a single-flash geothermal power plant, geothermal water enters the
flash chamber (a throttling valve) at 230°C as a saturated liquid at a rate of 50 kg/s. The steam
resulting from the flashing process enters a turbine and leaves at 20 KPa with a moisture
content of 5 percent. The steam after the flashing process and the power output from the turbine
has pressure of the steam at the exit of the flash chamber is 1 MPa.

a. 1616 KW
b. 1617 KW
c. 1618 KW
d. 1618 KW
Solution:

State 1:
h1 =hf @ 230 =990.14 kJ /kg
h1 =h2=h f 2 + x 2 h fg2
990.14 kJ /kg=762.51+ x 2 ( 2014.6 ) = x 2=0.113
o
T 2=T sat @1 Mpa=179.9 C
State 3:
h3 =h g@ 1 Mpa =2777.1 kJ /kg
State 4:
h 4=h f 3 + x 3 h fg 3=251.42+(0.05)(2357.5)
h 4=2491.1 kJ /kg

Mass flow rate of vapor after flashing

m 3=x 2 m2
m3=( 0.113 ) 50
m3=5.649 kg / s

W t =m 3 (h3 −h4 )
W t =5.649(2777.1−2491.1)
W t =1616 kW
 20
5. A flashed steam geothermal power plant is located where underground water is at 700 KPa
sat’d. The head pressure of the well is 600 KPa. The flashed steam enters turbine at 500KPa
and expands to 15KPa. Flow rate of ground water is 39.5 kg/s. Find the power produced.

a. 342.54 KW
b. 573.46 KW
c. 564.23 KW
d. 546.78 KW

Solution:
kJ
h 1=hf @ 0.70 Mpa=697.25 −k
kg
@500 kpa

hf =640.23

hfg=2108.5

h 3=hg @0.50 Mpa=2748.7

h 1=h2=hf + x 2 ( hfg )

697.22=640.23+ x 2 ( 2108.5 )

x 2=0.027

ms=0.027 mg

ms=0.027 x 39.5

kg
ms=1.0665
s

@15 kpa

h 4=2211

Power produced=ms ( h 3−h 4 )

¿ 1.0665 ( 2748−2211 )

¿ 573.457 kW
 21
Topic 6 Hydroelectric Powerplant

1. One could expect the possibility of Froude number similarity in all of the following cases
except:
A. Motion of a fluid jet
B. Flow over spillways
C. Surge and flood waves
D. Subsonic airfoils

Answer: D

2. All of the following fluid phenomena are based on the force momentum principle of a flowing
fluid except:
A. Turbines
B. Pelton wheels
C. Diesel automobile engines
D. Jet engines

Answer: C

3. Which of the following is not a similarity between a submerged culvert and a siphon?
A. They both operate full
B. Toricelli’s equation holds
C. Both can experience entrance and exit losses
D. In both, the water flows downhill

Answer: B

4. Flow measuring devices include all of the following except:

A. Flow nozzles
B. Venture area meters
C. Pilot tubes
D. Precision tachometers

Answer: D

5. The following are examples of indirect (secondary) measurements to measure flow rates using
obstruction meters except:
A. Pilot static meters
B. Static pressure probes
C. Weight and mass scales
D. Direction-sensing probes

Answer: C
 22
Problem solving

1. A hydroelectric power plant having 30 sq.km reservoir area and 100 m head is used to generate
power. The energy utilized by the consumers whose load is connected to the power plant during
a 5 hour period is 13.5x106. The overall generation efficiency is 75%. Find the fall in the height
of water in the reservoir after the 5-hour period.

a. 2.202 m
b. 4.452 m
c. 2.134 m
d. 2.345 m

Solutions:

Energy output = Power x time = ( γQh ) ŋ x time

13.5x106 = 9.81(Q)(100)(0.75)(5) ; Q = 3669.752 m3/s
Volume after 5 hours = 3669.725 (5x3600) = 66055050 m3
Volume = A x height; 66055050 = (30x106)
h = 2.202 m

2. A 45 kW of the shaft power is developed by a turbine working under an available head of

40 meters. The energy transferred from the water to the runner is 350 J. Assuming a
mechanical efficiency of 95%, what is the discharge through the turbine in cu.m/s?
a. 1.511 m3/sec b. 0.0345 m3/sec c. 0.135 m3/sec d. 1.234 m3/sec

Solution:
Since the given power of 45 kW is a shaft power, a hydraulic efficiency of, say 87% will be
assumed.
Shaft Power = 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄ℎ𝐸𝐸 𝐸𝐸
𝑜𝑜 ℎ

45 = Q(9.81)(40)(0.95)(0.87)

Q = 0.139 m3/sec

3. A turbine has a mechanical efficiency of 93%, volumetric efficiency of 95%, and total
efficiency of 82%. If the effective head is 40m, find the total head.

a. 37.81m
b. 34.52 m
c. 36.22 m
d. 39.87 m

Solution:

ŋT= ŋM ŋh ŋv
0.8 = 0.93(ŋh)(0.95)
ŋh = 0.9055
Total head = h x ŋh = 40(0.9055) = 36.22 m
 23

4. The fall in the reservoir level after a load of 12 MW has been supplied for 5 hours. A
hydroelectric generating station is supplied from a reservoir of capacity 3,000,000 m 3 at the
head of 150 m. if the area of the reservoir is 3.4 sq. km determine the height. Assume hydraulic
efficiency of 87% and electrical efficiency of 95%.

a. 5.50 cm
b. 5.51 cm
c. 5.52 cm
d. 5.54 cm

Solution:

Power Output = QL ηm ηe
12,000 = Q (9.81) (150) (0.87) (0.9)
Q = 10.41 m3/s

In 5 hours, volume of water consumes:

Q = 10.41 m3/s (5) (3600)
Q = 187,469.98 m3

Volume = Area × Height

187,469.98 m3 = (3.4×106 m2) (Height)
Height = 0.0551 m = 5.51 cm

5. A hydroelectric generating station is supplied from a reservoir of capacity 6,000,000m3 at

the head of 170 m. Assume hydraulic efficiency of 80% and electric efficiency of 90%. The
fall in the reservoir level after a load of 15 MW has been supplied for 3 hours, if the area
of the reservoir is 2.5 sq.km is closest to:
a. 5.39 cm b. 4.38 cm c. 5.98 cm d. 5.32 cm

Solution:
Power Output = 𝑄𝑄𝑄𝑄ℎ𝐸𝐸ℎ 𝐸𝐸𝑒𝑒
45 = Q(9.81)(170)(0.80)(0.90)
Q = 12.492 m3/sec
In 3 hours, volume of water consumed:
Q = 12.492 m3/sec (3 hrs)(3600 sec/1hr)
Q = 134,914 m3
Volume = Area x
Height 134,914 = (2.5
x 106)H H = 0.0539 m
= 5.49 cm
 24
Topic 7 Wind power plant

1. At what range of speed is the electricity from the wind turbine is generated? A.
100 – 125 mph
B. 450 – 650 mph
C. 250 – 450 mph
D. 30-35 mph
Answer: D

2. What are used to turn wind energy into electrical energy?

A. Turbine
B. Generators
C. Yaw motor
D. Blades
Answer: A

3. Wind energy is harnessed as _____ energy with the help of windmill or turbine.
A.Mechanical
B.Solar
C.Electrical
D.Heat
Answer: A
4. At what range of speed is the electricity from the wind turbine is generated?
A. 100 – 125 mph
B. 450 – 650 mph
C. 250 – 450 mph
D. 30-35 mph
Answer: D

5. What are used to turn wind energy into electrical energy?

A.Turbine
B.Generators
C.Yaw motor
D.Blades
Answer: A
 25
Problem solving

6. At a wind speed of 16 m/sec, for a rotor blade radius of 12 m, rotating at 1 rotation per
second. What is its tip speed ratio?

a. 3.2 b. 4.7 c. 5.5 d. 6.2

Solution:
f = 1 rev/sec
Angular velocity = 2 pi f
Rotor tip speed = angular velocity (pi) (12) = 24pi
ms Tip speed ratio = (angular velocity)(radius) / V
Tip speed ratio = 24pi/16
Tip speed ratio = 4.7

7. As a result of the energy crisis brought by the Middle East conflict, it is desired to top a non-
conventional energy source for power generation. One of these methods is to utilize the
potential of 50kph wind by installation of a wind energy conversion system (WECS) composed
of modern motor with diameter of 20m, and overall conversion efficiency of 40%. Determine
the maximum power that may produce.

a. 2,928,908.902 Php
b. 2,000,0000 Php
c. 3,435,678 Php
d. 4,213,564 Php

Solution:

D=20m, V=50kph, conversion efficiency= 40% and

Assume: (standard value)
Ta= 25C, Pa= 101.325kPa, Ra= 0.287kJ/kg-K
Power input= K. E= 0.5{(AxPaxV3)/(RaxTa)}
= 0.5 x (3.1416/4) (20x20) x 101.325 x (50kph x 1000m/3600sec)3
0.287 x (25+273.15)
= 498,336.0319watts x kW/1000watts

Power input= 498.3360kW

Conversion efficiency, ηconv.

ηconv= (BHP/power input) x 100%

 26

Thus, BHP = ηconv x Pinput

= 0.40 x 498.3360kW
BHP = 199.3344kW

API= 15
Where: API= (141.5/SG15.6) - 131.5 and SG15.6 = 141.5/(API+131.5)
Then,
SG15.6 = 141.5/(15+131.5) = 0.965870307 = 0.9659

Density of fuel, ρf
ρf = ρwater/SG= 1000/0.9659= 1035.303862 = 1035.3039kg/m3

And BHP= mass of fuel x heating value of fuel = mf x HHV

So, mf = BHP/HHV
= 199.3344kW/ (41,130 +139.6(15API)
mf = 4.6117 x 10^-3 kg/s

Solving for volume rate:

V= mf /ρf
= 4.6117 x 10^-3 kg/s
1035.3039 kg/m3
= 4.454440865x10^-6m3/s x 3600s/hr x 8760hr/year x 1000Li/1m3
V= 140,475.2471 Li/year

Therefore, the annual savings = V x cost per Li (pesos)

= 140,475.2471Li/year x 20.85pesos/Li

Annual savings = 2,928,908.902 Pesos per year

8. The Suzlon S.66/1250, 1.25 MW rated power at 12 ms rated wind speed design has a rotor
diameter of 66 meters and a rotational speed of 13.9 to 20. Rpm. Find the rotor tip speed.

a. 43.45 to 54.34 m/s

b. 34.56 to 76.43 m/s
c. 48.18 to 71.94 m/s
d. 1 to 20 m/s

Solution:

Angular velocity = 2 pi (13.9-20.) / 60

= 1.46 – 2.18 rad/sec

The range of rotor tip speed can be estimated as:

V = angular velocity(r)
 27
V = (1.46 – 2.18) 66/2

V = 48.18 to 71.94 m/s

9. A wind energy conversion system compose of a modern motor with a diameter of 32m and
produces a power of 550 kW and a 47% efficiency. Determine the speed of the wind.

a. 18.14 m/s

b. 21.25 m/s

c. 13.49 m/s

d. 15.72 m/s

Solution:

Brake power = (conversion eff.)(K.E)

550 = (0.47) ( K.E )

K.E = 1170.212766 kW

Assume standard values:

Ta = 25°C

Pa = 101.325 kPa

π D2 ( P ) ( V 2 )
K.E = ½
4 RT

3 π /4 ( 322 ) ( 101.325 ) ( V 3 )
1170.213 x10 =½( )
0.287(25+273.15)

V = 13.49m/s

10. The, TYHI – Taiyuan TZ1500/70, 1.50 MW rated power at 12 m/s rated wind speed design has
a rotor diameter of 70 meters and a rotational speed of 15 to 23. Rpm. Find the rotor tip speed.

a. 13.45 to 34.34 m/s

b. 24.76 to 46.43 m/s

c. 48.78 to 51.14 m/s

d. 57.98 to 84.3 m/s

Solution:

Angular velocity = 2 π (15−23)/60

 28
= 1.57 – 2.41rad/sec

The range of rotor tip speed can be estimated as:

V = angular velocity(r)

V1 = (1.57) 70/2

V1 = 54.98 m/s

V2 = (2.41) 70/2

V2 = 84.3 m/s
 29

Topic 8 Gas turbine power plant

1. The range of compression ratio in a gas turbine is:

A. 3 to 5
B. 5 to 8
C. 8 to 12
D. 12 to 20

Answer: B

2. What type of gas turbine is used in air craft?

A. Open cycle type
B. Closed cycle type with reheating
C. Closed type with reheating and regeneration
D. Open cycle type with reheating, regeneration and intercooling

Answer: A

3. In a gas turbine combined cycle plant, a waste heat boiler is used to:
A. Heat air from intercooler
B. Gases from regenerator
C. Recover from regenerator
D. None of the above

Answer: C

4. Which cycle is generally used for gas turbine?

A. Otto cycle
B. Dual cycle
C. Carnot cycle
D. Brayton cycle

Answer: D

5. The range of compression ratio in a gas turbine is:

E. 3 to 5
F. 5 to 8
G. 8 to 12
H. 12 to 20

Answer: B
 30

Problem solving

1. Air enters the combustion chamber of a gas turbine unit at 500 kPa, 227 C and 43m/s. The
products of the combustion leave the combustor at 511 kPa, 1004 C and 140m/s. Liquid fuel
enters the heating value of 43,000 KJ/kg. The combustor efficiency is 95%. What is the air-fuel
ratio? Note properties of air:

a. 750.32 kg air/kg fuel

b. 44.95 kg air /kg fuel
c. 76.23 kg air/kg fuel
d. 56.95 kg air/kg fuel

Solution:

By energy balance 1 kg of air :

H1 + ½ (1) ( V12 ) = ( 1 + mf ) ( 1372.35 ) + ½ ( 1 + mf ) V22

Mf = 0.0222485 kg fuel / kg air

1
A/F =
mf

A/F = 44.95 kg air / kg fuel

2. Open cycle gas turbine plant has a thermal efficiency of 20% and operates at full load capacity
of 60MW. The system losses are 40kW. The exhaust gas from the turbine is to be recovered by
the use of an exhausts gas recovery boiler having a 45% boiler efficiency. The steam produced
in the recovery boiler is feed directly to a steam turbine having an overall heat rate of
12500kJ/kW-hr for the set-up. Find the energy carried by exhaust.

a. 200,000 KW
b. 234,876 KW
c. 236,600 KW
d. 234,876 KW

Solution:

η = 20% 60MW, Ploss= 400kW

NB= 0.45 Heat Rate = 12500kJ/kw-hr

Wnet
η=
Qa
 31
6,000
0.20 = ; Qa = 300,000 KW
Qa
Energy carried by exhaust = Input – (KW out + loss) = 300,00-(60,000+400)
Energy carried by exhaust = 239,600KW

3. In a constant pressure open cycle gas turbine air enters at 1 bar and 20°C and leaves the
compressor at 5 bar. Using the following data; Temperature of gases entering the turbine =
680°C, pressure loss in the combustion chamber = 0.1 bar, ηcompressor = 85%, ηturbine =
80%, ηcombustion = 85%, γ = 1.4 and cp = 1.024 kJ/kgK for air and gas, find:

(1) The thermal efficiency of the cycle. Mass of the fuel may be neglected.

a. 14.34%
a. 15.34%
b. 16.34%
c. 17.34%

Solution:
 32

4. A gas turbine power plant is operated between 1 bar and 9 bar pressures and minimum and
maximum cycle temperatures are 25°C and 1250°C. Compression is carried out in two stages
with perfect intercooling. The gases coming out from HP. turbine are heated to 1250°C before
entering into L.P. turbine. The expansions in both turbines are arranged in such a way that each
stage develops same power. Assuming compressors and turbines isentropic efficiencies as 83%,
(1) Determine the cycle efficiency assuming ideal regenerator. Neglect the mass of fuel. (2)
Find the power developed by the cycle in kW if the airflow through the power plant is 16.5
kg/sec.

a. 61.5% & 6954.75 KW

b. 37.32 & 4456.32 KW
c. 68.45 & 6213.45 KW
d. 63.45 & 6987.23 KW

Solution:
 33
5. In a gas turbine unit, air enters the combustion chamber at 550 kPa, 227°𝐶𝐶 and 43
m/s. The products of combustion leave the combustor at 511 kPa, 1004°𝐶𝐶 and 140
m/s. Liquid fuel enters with a heating value of 43,000 kJ/kg. For fuel-air ratio of 0.0229,
what is the combustor efficiency of the unit in percent?

a. 79.8% b. 64.2% c. 93.4% d. 99.2%

Solution:

Heat Supplied by fuel

= 𝑎𝑎𝑜𝑜 𝑄𝑄ℎ = 0.0229(43,000) = 984.7 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑘𝑘𝐸𝐸 𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑖𝐸𝐸
Heat Absorbed

= 𝐶𝐶 (𝑇 − 𝑇 ) + 1 (𝑉𝑉 − 𝑉𝑉 ) 2 2
(
)
2
1 (140) −(43)
2
)

𝑜𝑜 2 1
2
2 1 = 1.0 1004 − 227 + ( 1000
2

= 785.9 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑘𝑘𝐸𝐸 𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑖𝐸𝐸

Combustor Efficiency
=
785 𝑀𝑀100% = 𝟖𝟖𝟗𝟗. 𝟏𝟏%
.9

984
.7

Topic 9 Steam power plant

 34
1. Flows through the nozzles and diffusers with increasing fluid velocity will create an equivalent
A. Decrease in the static enthalpy of fluid
B. Increase in the static enthalpy of fluid
C. Decrease in the internal energy of fluid
D. Decrease in the dynamic enthalpy of fluid

Answer: A

2. The term V 2/2C presponds to the temperature rise during such a process and is called the
A. Kinetic temperature
B. High temperature
C. Dynamic temperature
D. Elevation temperature

Answer: C

3. An inventor proposes to develop electrical power by withdrawing heat from the geyser fields of
northern California and converting it all to work in power turbines. The scheme will not work
because:
A. The geyser fields have only a limited lifetime
B. The salinity of the steam is too great
C. It violates the first law of thermodynamics
D. It violates the second law of thermodynamics

Answer: D

4. The isentropic efficiency of a turbine is given by

A. The ratio of actual to ideal energy extracted
B. The ratio of actual to ideal energy inputted
C. The ratio of ideal to actual energy extracted
D. None of the above

Answer: A

5. Combination of mass and momentum equations into a single equation and plotted in h-s plane
yield a curve called:
A. Fair line
B. Freh line
C. Cutting line
D. Rayleigh line

Answer: D

Problem solving
 35

1. A steam power plant operates on an ideal Rankine cycle with two stages of reheat and has a net
power output of 120 MW. Steam enters all three stages of the turbine at 500°C. The maximum
pressure in the cycle is 15 MPa, and the minimum pressure is 5 kPa. Steam is reheated at 5
MPa the first time and at 1 MPa the second time. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram with respect
to saturation lines, and determine (a) the thermal efficiency of the cycle and (b) the mass flow
rate of the steam.

a. 64.4 % & 45.5 kg/s

b. 45.5 % & 64.4 kg/s
c. 55.5% & 64.4 kg/s
d. 45.5 % & 55.5 kg.s
Solution:
 36
2. If the efficiency of the boiler is 85% and the coal has a heating value of 32,214.9 KJ/kg as fire.
The mass of kg that a steam boiler can generates every 6 hours is 1,950,000. Steam pressure
and temperature is 2000KPa and 650C, respectively. The temperature supplied to the feedwater
is 250C. Find the average amount of coal burned in tons per hour.

a. 90.32 tons/hr
b. 30.48 tons/hr
b. 45.65 tons/hr
c. 83.23 tons/hr

Solution:

From Steam Table:

State 1:
T = 250C
h1 = 1,235.97 KJ/kg

State 2:

P = 2000KPa and T = 650C

h2 = 3,803.77 KJ/kg

ms = 1,950,000 kg/6 hours = 325,000 kg/hr

Boiler Efficiency:

ms(h 2−h1)
η=
mf (Qh)
325,00(3,803.77−1,235.97)
0.85 =
mf (32,214.9)
mf = 30,476.76 kg/hr
kg 1 ton
mf = 30,476.76 ×( )
hr 1000 kg
mf = 30.48 tons/hr
 37

3. The efficiencies of turbine and pump polytropic are 0.8 and 0.7, respectively, pressure losses
between the pump and the turbine inlet are 1.2 MPa. A superheat steam Rankine Cycle has
turbine inlet conditions of 12.5 MPa and 450°C expand in a turbine to 0.005 MPa. What should
be the pump work in kJ/kg?

a. 54.29 KJ/kg
b. 12.32 KJ/kg
c. 23.65 KJ/kg
d. 19.56 KJ/kg

Solution:

where:
V3 = 1/1000
= 0.001 m3/kg
P4 = 12.5 + 1.2
= 13.7 MPa
= 13,700 kPa
P3 = 0.005 MPa
= 5 kPa
np = 0.70

V 3 (P 4−P3) 0.001(13,700−5)
Wp = =
Np 0.7

Wp = 19.56 KJ/kg

4. A steam power plant as shown in figure operating in a Rankine cycle has saturated vapor at 3.0
MPa leaving the boiler. The turbine exhausts to the condenser operating at 10 kPa. Find the
cycle efficiency.

a. 0.323
b. 0.355
c. 0.312
d. 0.232
 38

5. A steam power plant operating in an ideal Rankine cycle has a high pressure of 5 MPa and a
low pressure of 15 kPa. The turbine exhaust state should have a quality of at least 95% and the
turbine power generated should be 7.5 MW. Find the mass flow rate.

a. 4.77 kg/s
b. 4.95 kg/s
c. 4.55 kg/s
d. 4.82 kg/s

Solution:
 39

Topic 10 Nuclear power plant

1. What is the smallest particle of an element that can enter into a chemical reaction?
A. Molecule
B. Ion
C. Atom
D. Isotope

Answer: C

2. Beryllium, magnesium, and calcium all belong to which elemental grouping?

A. Noble elements
B. Halogens
C. Lanthanons
D. Alkaline earth metals

Answer: D

3. The thickness of material required to attenuate radiation to a particular level depends on

A. The particle
B. The particle energy
C. The shielding material
D. The particle, its energy, and the shielding material

Answer: D

4. Particles that are easily stopped within a few millimeter because their double charges generate
path ionization and because they are susceptible to electrostatic interaction are:
A. Alpha neurons
B. Alpha radiations
C. Beta radiations
D. Gamma radiations

Answer: B

5. The ability of a substance to absorb neurons is dependent upon which parameter?

A. Absorption cross section
B. Scattering cross section
C. Total cross section
D. Atomic number

Answer: A
 40

Problem solving

1. Nuclear power plant is to have a capacity of 500 MW- electrical. How many pounds of U 235 are
needed to operate the plant continuously for 6 years. If the plant capacity factor is 75% and the
thermal efficiency is 35%
a. 3.45 x 1023

b. 2.35 x 1023

c. 2.57 x 1021

d. 5.45 x 1023

Solution:

Number of atoms per gram U235 :

( 1 g ) ( avogadr o ' snumber )

=
atomic weiht

( 1 g ) ( 6.03 x 1023 )
=
235

= 2.57 x 1021

2. Nuclear power plant is to have a capacity of 700 MW- electrical. How many pounds of U 235 are
needed to operate the plant continuously for 5 years. If the plant capacity factor is 75% and the
thermal efficiency is 35%.
a. 7,249.43 lbs.

b. 5,265.55 lbs.

c. 8,592.50 lbs.

d. 7,225.65lbs

Solution:

Number of atoms per gram U235 :

( 1 g ) ( avogadr o ' snumber )

=
atomic weiht

( 1 g ) ( 6.03 x 1023 )
=
235

= 2.57 x 1021

Note : one watt will fission 3.1 x 1010 atoms/s or 2.68 x 10 15 atoms/day
 41
21
2.57 x 10
Energy release =
2.68 x 1015

= 0.958955 x 106 watts

= 1MW

Therefore; 1MW-day thermal energy is generated by fissioning of 1g of U235

Hence, 1MWD electrical will need 1/0.35 or 2.86 grams of U235

Then;

Lbs U235 for 5 years :

= 700 (0.75) [ 6 (365) ] ( 2.86)

= 3,288,285 grams x ( 10001 kggrams ) x ( 2.205lb

1 kg
)

= 7,249.43 Lbs

3. A 700 MW PWR nuclear plant uses 4% enriched uranium fuel has a thermal efficiency of 35%.
The burn up allowed of the fissionable portion of the fuel is 25%. Calculate how many metric of
tons of natural uranium is placed in the reactor vessel for one year continuous operation?
(a)7.935 metric tons/yr

(b) 7.617 metric tons/yr

(c) 7.362 metric tons/yr

(d) 7.536 metric tons/yr

Solution:

Q
ETH=
MQh

(700,000)x ( 8760 )
0.35 =
( MF ) x (23,000 KW )

Mf = 761,739.1304 g U235/yr

Mass of natural uranium:

7641,739.1304
=
0.4 x 0.25

= 7,617,391.304 g Nat. U / yr

=7.617 metric tons/yr

4. Each fission of U-235 yields 190 MeV of useful energy. Assuming that 85% of
neutrons absorbed by U-235 cause fission, the rest being absorbed by non- fission
 42
capture to produce an isotope U-236, estimate the fuel consumption of U-235 per
day to produce 3000 MW of thermal power.
a. 5.9 kg/day

b. 6.2 kg/day

c. 3.9 kg/day

d. 4.2 kg/day

Solution:

Each fission yields 190 MeV x 1.60 x 10–13 J/MeV or 3.04 x 10–11 J of useful energy.

Number of fissions required to obtain W-s of energy

1
¿ −11
=3.3 x 10 10
3.04 x 10 J

In one day’s operation (i.e., 86,400 s) of a reactor per MW of thermal power, the number of U-
235 nuclei burned is

(106 W )(3.3 x 1010 fission/ W −s)(86,400 s /day )

¿ =3.35 x 1021 absorptions /day
0.85 fission/absorption

Mass of U-235 consumed to produce 1 MW power is

(3.35 x 1021 da y−1)(235 g/ gmol)

¿ =1.3 g /day
6.023 x 1023 (nuclei/ gmol)

If 1 MW = 1.3 g/day, so in 3000 MW = 3,900 g/day

Therefore, the fuel consumption of U-235 to produce 3000 MW is 3.9 kg/day.

5. Calculate the microscopic absorption cross section of natural uranium, which

consists of 99.285% U-238 and 0.715% U-235. The microscopic cross sections for
0.025 eV neutrons are:
a. 6.7 barns

b. 8.2 barns

c. 5.4 barns

d. 7.6 barns

U −238: σ c =2.72 barns ; σ f =0

U −235: σ c =101 barns ; σ f =579barns

Solution:

For natural uranium, σ a=σ c + σ f

σ a=0.99285 ( 2.72+0 ) +0.00715(101+579)

 43
σ a=7.562552 barns

Topic 11 Combined cycle power plant

1. In the _________air mixes with the fuel and burns.

A. Fire tubes
B. Combustion chamber
C. Water tubes
D. Breeching

Answer: B

2. The function of the steam boiler is to ______.

A. Produce condensate
B. Create heat
C. Produce steam
D. Burn fuel

Answer: C

3. Which of the following is the most common type of water tube boiler?
A. Firebox
B. Scotch marine
C. Vertical
D. Straight-tube multiple pass

Answer: D

4. Excess fuel oil in the fuel oil system returns to the:

A. Combustion chamber
B. Fuel oil tank
C. Burner
D. Suction line

Answer: B

5. It is the system that provides the air necessary for combustion.

A. Feedwater
B. Steam
C. Draft
D. Fuel

Answer: C
 44

Problem solving

1. A refrigeration system for low temperature, operates two stages which utilize ammonia system
that series 30-tons evaporator at -40 degrees. The system uses cascade condenses, and the
condense temp is 50 degrees. Find the cascade pressure in KPa

a. 354.32KPa
b. 381.80KPa
c. 435.76KPa
d. 456.32KPa

Solution:

TH = 50C = 2033.1KPa
TL = -40C = 71.7KPa

Px = √ PH (PL) =√ ( 2033.1 ) (71.7) = 381.80KPa

2. A cascade ref system occupies R-12 system, evaporates has -15C and condense has 5C. Find
the QL and QH in the system.

a. 150.32 KW
b. 165.32 KW
c. 149.923 KW
d. 123.34 KW

Solution:

State 1: -15C
hg =h1 = 180.97 KJ/kg
sg =s1= 0.7051 KJ/kg-K

Px = √ PH (PL) =√ ( 362.6 ) (182.6) = 257.314KPa

State 2: 257.314KPa
 45
s2=s1=0.7051 KJ/kg-K
h200= 182.496KJ/kg
h300= 189.44 KJ/kg
257.314−200 h 2−182.496
=
300−200 189.44−182.496
h2= 186.476KJ/kg

State 3: 257.314KPa
hf =h3= 31.047 KJ/kg
State 4:
h4=h3= 31.047 KJ/kg

QE = (h1-h4)
= (180.97-31.047)
QE= 149.923KJ/kg

3. For a mercury-steam-Sulphur dioxide cycle, the heat rejected in the mercury cycle is given
to the steam cycle and the heat rejected in the steam cycle is utilized in the SO 2 cycle. If
the efficiencies of the mercury, steam and SO 2 cycles are 0.5, 0.4 and 0.25, respectively,
find the overall efficiency of the composite cycle.

a. 65.5% b. 77.5% c. 80.25% d. 70.5%

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Solution

For 3 cycles coupled in series the overall efficiency of the combined cycle is given by

ŋ = 1 − (1 − ŋ1)(1 − ŋ2)(1 − ŋ3)

= 1 − (1 − 0.50)(1 − 0.40)(1 − 0.25)
= 1 − 0.50 ∗ 0.6 ∗ 0.75
= 0.775 ∗ 100% = 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖. 𝟐𝟐%

4. A cascade ref system occupies R-12 system, evaporates has -15C and condense has 5C. Find
the QL and QH in the system.

a. 150.32 KW
b. 165.32 KW
c. 149.923 KW
d. 123.34 KW

Solution:

State 1: -15C
hg =h1 = 180.97 KJ/kg
sg =s1= 0.7051 KJ/kg-K

Px = √ PH (PL) =√ ( 362.6 ) (182.6) = 257.314KPa

State 2: 257.314KPa
s2=s1=0.7051 KJ/kg-K
h200= 182.496KJ/kg
h300= 189.44 KJ/kg
257.314−200 h 2−182.496
=
300−200 189.44−182.496
h2= 186.476KJ/kg

State 3: 257.314KPa
hf =h3= 31.047 KJ/kg
State 4:
h4=h3= 31.047 KJ/kg

QE = (h1-h4)
= (180.97-31.047)
QE= 149.923KJ/kg

5. The gas-turbine cycle of a combined gas–steam power plant has a pressure ratio of 8. Air enters
the compressor at 290 K and the turbine at 1400 K. The combustion gases leaving the gas
turbine are used to heat the steam at 15 MPa to 450°C in a heat exchanger. The combustion
 47
gases leave the heat exchanger at 247°C. Steam expands in a high-pressure turbine to a pressure
of 3 MPa and is reheated in the combustion chamber to 500°C before it expands in a low-
pressure turbine to 10 kPa. The mass flow rate of steam is 30 kg/s. Assuming all the
compression and expansion processes to be isentropic,

determine the thermal efficiency of the combined cycle.

e. 50.7 %
b. 65.3 %
c. 55.6%
d. 53.4 %

Solution: